Pub Date : 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107605
Ali Mcheik, Garance Sauderais , Adrien Arnaud, Samuel Rodriguez
In the first part of this work (Rodriguez et al. 2016), the selective focusing through identification and experimental acoustic signature extraction (SelF-EASE) method was presented, and its potential for accurate ultrasound focusing was assessed via numerical experiments. In the second part of this work, the inversion procedure and focusing signal extraction are improved in terms of reliability and computation time, and experimental results are presented. First, the improved signature extraction process is evaluated with two experimental aluminum samples. Second, the improved focusing process is experimentally performed on a target immersed in water behind an unknown aberration layer. Compared with the time-of-flight methods, the measured intensity fields greatly improve in terms of accuracy without any further knowledge of the medium.
{"title":"Selective focusing through target identification and experimental acoustic signature extraction: Through-aberration experiments","authors":"Ali Mcheik, Garance Sauderais , Adrien Arnaud, Samuel Rodriguez","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the first part of this work (Rodriguez et al. 2016), the selective focusing through identification and experimental acoustic signature extraction (SelF-EASE) method was presented, and its potential for accurate ultrasound focusing was assessed via numerical experiments. In the second part of this work, the inversion procedure and focusing signal extraction are improved in terms of reliability and computation time, and experimental results are presented. First, the improved signature extraction process is evaluated with two experimental aluminum samples. Second, the improved focusing process is experimentally performed on a target immersed in water behind an unknown aberration layer. Compared with the time-of-flight methods, the measured intensity fields greatly improve in terms of accuracy without any further knowledge of the medium.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 107605"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107619
Ji-Zhen Liu , Zi-Bin Lin , Yong-Jing Li , Yu-Gui Peng , Bin Li , Shi-Lin Yan , Xue-Feng Zhu
Acoustic energy harvesting assisted by metamaterial devices, deemed as a promising way of utilizing green energy, has been extensively investigated in the science and engineering communities during the past years, considering the ubiquitous sound waves in nature. To date, one of the biggest challenges in the acoustic energy harvesting lies in the improvement of efficiency and output power. In this work, we propose to use the phase reversal Fresnel zone plate (PR-FZP) for efficient acoustic energy harvesting in aquatic environment instead of using the traditional FZP. We first show in simulations that the PR-FZP generates a focusing with much larger intensity than traditional FZP at different operation frequencies and focal lengths. Then we conduct experiments and demonstrate a 141% enhancement in output power of the piezo-receiver by using PR-FZP, in comparison to the FZP case. Here the capacitor charging tests show a 162.5% enhancement in the average charging rate and a 249.3% enhancement in average charging power, in contrast to the FZP case. With the harvested acoustic energy stored in the battery, we can drive a propeller to rotate which can further induce motion underwater. Our research has significant implications for the development of sound-driven devices with versatile functionalities.
{"title":"Efficient conversion of waterborne acoustic waves into electrical energy by using the phase-reversal Fresnel zone plate","authors":"Ji-Zhen Liu , Zi-Bin Lin , Yong-Jing Li , Yu-Gui Peng , Bin Li , Shi-Lin Yan , Xue-Feng Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acoustic energy harvesting assisted by metamaterial devices, deemed as a promising way of utilizing green energy, has been extensively investigated in the science and engineering communities during the past years, considering the ubiquitous sound waves in nature. To date, one of the biggest challenges in the acoustic energy harvesting lies in the improvement of efficiency and output power. In this work, we propose to use the phase reversal Fresnel zone plate (PR-FZP) for efficient acoustic energy harvesting in aquatic environment instead of using the traditional FZP. We first show in simulations that the PR-FZP generates a focusing with much larger intensity than traditional FZP at different operation frequencies and focal lengths. Then we conduct experiments and demonstrate a 141% enhancement in output power of the piezo-receiver by using PR-FZP, in comparison to the FZP case. Here the capacitor charging tests show a 162.5% enhancement in the average charging rate and a 249.3% enhancement in average charging power, in contrast to the FZP case. With the harvested acoustic energy stored in the battery, we can drive a propeller to rotate which can further induce motion underwater. Our research has significant implications for the development of sound-driven devices with versatile functionalities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 107619"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143552292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-26DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107618
Yiyuan Li , Shuxin Sun , Boyi Li , Ying Li , Chengcheng Liu , Dean Ta
<div><div>Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), as one of the most prevalent complications of diabetes, leads to significant pain and financial burden to patients. Currently, there was no effective treatment for DPN since the glucose control was just a prevention and the drug therapy only relieved the DPN pain. As a non-invasive physical therapy, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is utilized in the musculoskeletal and nerve injuries therapy. Studies revealed that LIPUS could regenerate nerves by the mechanical stimulation via oxidative stress pathway, which was thought as the important factor for DPN, and might have potential in the DPN therapy. This study aimed to identify a new therapeutic strategy for DPN using LIPUS. We analyzed the therapy effect and explored the therapeutic mechanism of LIPUS on DPN in mice.</div><div>This study involved animal experiments and C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to DPN model and Sham groups. The DPN model group was fed a high-fat chow diet and injected with streptozotocin (STZ) for 3 consecutive days (40 mg/kg/d), whereas the Sham group was fed a normal diet and injected with an equal volume of sodium citrate buffer. After the DPN model confirmed with the 84-day modeling process, the DPN mice were randomly allocated into the DPN group and the LIPUS group. The LIPUS group underwent ultrasound treatments with a center frequency of 1 MHz, a duty cycle of 20 %, and a spatial average temporal average intensity (<em>I<sub>SATA</sub></em>) of 200 <span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>W</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> for 20 min/d, 5 d/w. After the 56-day treatment, all mice were euthanized. LIPUS therapeutic effects were evaluated through measurements of fasting blood glucose (FBG), behavioral tests, oxidative stress tests, morphological analysis, immunofluorescence, and western blot analysis.</div><div>The results indicated that DPN mice had significantly higher FBG levels <strong>(28.77 ± 2.95 mmol/L)</strong> compared with sham mice <strong>(10.31 ± 1.49 mmol/L).</strong> Additionally, DPN mice had significantly lower mechanical threshold (<strong>4.13 ± 0.92 g</strong>) and higher thermal latency (<strong>16.20 ± 2.39 s</strong>) compared with the sham mice (<strong>7.31 ± 0.83 g, 11.67 ± 1.21 s</strong>). After receiving LIPUS treatment, the glucose tolerance tests (GTT) suggested that LIPUS treatment improved glucose tolerance, which was shown by a decrease in the area under the curve (AUC) for glucose in the LIPUS group (AUC = <strong>2452 ± 459.33 min*mmol/L</strong>) compared with the DPN group (AUC = <strong>3271 ± 420.90 min*mmol/L</strong>). Behavioral tests showed that LIPUS treatment significantly alleviated DPN-induced abnormalities by improving the mechanical threshold from <strong>2.79 ± 0.79 g</strong> in the DPN group to <strong>5.50 ± 1.00 g</strong> in the LIPUS group, and significantly decreasing thermal latency from <strong>12.38 ±
{"title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound relieved the diabetic peripheral neuropathy in mice via anti-oxidative stress mechanism","authors":"Yiyuan Li , Shuxin Sun , Boyi Li , Ying Li , Chengcheng Liu , Dean Ta","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), as one of the most prevalent complications of diabetes, leads to significant pain and financial burden to patients. Currently, there was no effective treatment for DPN since the glucose control was just a prevention and the drug therapy only relieved the DPN pain. As a non-invasive physical therapy, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is utilized in the musculoskeletal and nerve injuries therapy. Studies revealed that LIPUS could regenerate nerves by the mechanical stimulation via oxidative stress pathway, which was thought as the important factor for DPN, and might have potential in the DPN therapy. This study aimed to identify a new therapeutic strategy for DPN using LIPUS. We analyzed the therapy effect and explored the therapeutic mechanism of LIPUS on DPN in mice.</div><div>This study involved animal experiments and C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to DPN model and Sham groups. The DPN model group was fed a high-fat chow diet and injected with streptozotocin (STZ) for 3 consecutive days (40 mg/kg/d), whereas the Sham group was fed a normal diet and injected with an equal volume of sodium citrate buffer. After the DPN model confirmed with the 84-day modeling process, the DPN mice were randomly allocated into the DPN group and the LIPUS group. The LIPUS group underwent ultrasound treatments with a center frequency of 1 MHz, a duty cycle of 20 %, and a spatial average temporal average intensity (<em>I<sub>SATA</sub></em>) of 200 <span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>W</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> for 20 min/d, 5 d/w. After the 56-day treatment, all mice were euthanized. LIPUS therapeutic effects were evaluated through measurements of fasting blood glucose (FBG), behavioral tests, oxidative stress tests, morphological analysis, immunofluorescence, and western blot analysis.</div><div>The results indicated that DPN mice had significantly higher FBG levels <strong>(28.77 ± 2.95 mmol/L)</strong> compared with sham mice <strong>(10.31 ± 1.49 mmol/L).</strong> Additionally, DPN mice had significantly lower mechanical threshold (<strong>4.13 ± 0.92 g</strong>) and higher thermal latency (<strong>16.20 ± 2.39 s</strong>) compared with the sham mice (<strong>7.31 ± 0.83 g, 11.67 ± 1.21 s</strong>). After receiving LIPUS treatment, the glucose tolerance tests (GTT) suggested that LIPUS treatment improved glucose tolerance, which was shown by a decrease in the area under the curve (AUC) for glucose in the LIPUS group (AUC = <strong>2452 ± 459.33 min*mmol/L</strong>) compared with the DPN group (AUC = <strong>3271 ± 420.90 min*mmol/L</strong>). Behavioral tests showed that LIPUS treatment significantly alleviated DPN-induced abnormalities by improving the mechanical threshold from <strong>2.79 ± 0.79 g</strong> in the DPN group to <strong>5.50 ± 1.00 g</strong> in the LIPUS group, and significantly decreasing thermal latency from <strong>12.38 ±","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 107618"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143527115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-26DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107603
Sangmo Kang
This study presents a spectral analysis of photoacoustic ultrasound generation in layered structures comprising metal thin films and polymer layers, applying a semi-analytical approach where general solutions are derived analytically and their arbitrary constants are determined numerically. The investigation focused on elucidating the fundamental mechanisms involved in generating ultrasonic waves through incident laser light, encompassing comprehensive examinations of photoacoustic phenomena such as light absorption, heat generation and diffusion, thermal expansion, and the generation and propagation of elastic/acoustic waves. Subsequently, the study aimed to identify the operating principles underlying the enhancement of ultrasonic wave production through addition of either a metal thin film or a polymer layer. Special emphasis was placed on characterizing optical and acoustic resonances that occur during the photoacoustic conversion process. Finally, the study provided a detailed analysis of the impacts of key parameters, including the wavelength and pulse frequency of the laser light, as well as the materials and dimensions of the metal thin films and polymer layers, on the performance of the photoacoustic ultrasound generator. Insights gained from this spectral analysis significantly enhanced academic understanding of photoacoustic conversion mechanisms in layered photoacoustic generators. Moreover, these insights are expected to offer valuable guidance for optimizing and improving ultrasound generation techniques across various disciplines, including biomedical imaging, non-destructive testing, and materials science.
{"title":"Spectral analysis of photoacoustic ultrasound generation in metal-polymer layered structures using a semi-analytical approach","authors":"Sangmo Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a spectral analysis of photoacoustic ultrasound generation in layered structures comprising metal thin films and polymer layers, applying a semi-analytical approach where general solutions are derived analytically and their arbitrary constants are determined numerically. The investigation focused on elucidating the fundamental mechanisms involved in generating ultrasonic waves through incident laser light, encompassing comprehensive examinations of photoacoustic phenomena such as light absorption, heat generation and diffusion, thermal expansion, and the generation and propagation of elastic/acoustic waves. Subsequently, the study aimed to identify the operating principles underlying the enhancement of ultrasonic wave production through addition of either a metal thin film or a polymer layer. Special emphasis was placed on characterizing optical and acoustic resonances that occur during the photoacoustic conversion process. Finally, the study provided a detailed analysis of the impacts of key parameters, including the wavelength and pulse frequency of the laser light, as well as the materials and dimensions of the metal thin films and polymer layers, on the performance of the photoacoustic ultrasound generator. Insights gained from this spectral analysis significantly enhanced academic understanding of photoacoustic conversion mechanisms in layered photoacoustic generators. Moreover, these insights are expected to offer valuable guidance for optimizing and improving ultrasound generation techniques across various disciplines, including biomedical imaging, non-destructive testing, and materials science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 107603"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-25DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107613
Honglei Chen , Jie Mi , Xinjian Zhu , Yifang Li , Kailiang Xu , Dean Ta
Tissue optical and mechanical properties are key indicators of bone health, and influence the generation and propagation of photoacoustic guided waves (PAGWs). The effectiveness of mechanical property characterization based on mode dispersion features of ultrasonic guided waves has been demonstrated in the diagnosis of osteoporosis; however, variation in PAGW characteristics with bone optical properties is less analyzed. It limits the development of ultrasound in precision diagnosis of bone diseases. In this study, the excitation of PAGWs was simulated using bulk thermal flux in the finite element method, taking into account the optical penetration depth in bone. The influence of laser parameters, as well as the absorption and scattering coefficients of bone, on the waveform and mode amplitude of PAGWs was analyzed. Research results indicate the mode components and their amplitude are influenced by the spatial distribution of thermal stress, force source of PAGWs, and wave structure of modes. The signal amplitude of PAGWs increases with the absorption coefficient, the radius and rise time of laser beam, while it decreases with the scattering coefficient. For in-plane and out-of-plane displacements, the optical properties exert different effects on the amplitudes of anti-symmetric and symmetric modes. The amplitude change ratio between A0 and S0 modes decreases with increasing optical penetration depth, exhibiting distinct trends with frequency for in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. These results demonstrate the relationship between mode amplitude of PAGWs and the optical properties of 1 mm thick bone plates, thereby enhancing the understanding of the theory of photoacoustic bone assessment.
{"title":"Quantitative analysis of variation in photoacoustic guided wave characteristics with bone optical properties","authors":"Honglei Chen , Jie Mi , Xinjian Zhu , Yifang Li , Kailiang Xu , Dean Ta","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tissue optical and mechanical properties are key indicators of bone health, and influence the generation and propagation of photoacoustic guided waves (PAGWs). The effectiveness of mechanical property characterization based on mode dispersion features of ultrasonic guided waves has been demonstrated in the diagnosis of osteoporosis; however, variation in PAGW characteristics with bone optical properties is less analyzed. It limits the development of ultrasound in precision diagnosis of bone diseases. In this study, the excitation of PAGWs was simulated using bulk thermal flux in the finite element method, taking into account the optical penetration depth in bone. The influence of laser parameters, as well as the absorption and scattering coefficients of bone, on the waveform and mode amplitude of PAGWs was analyzed. Research results indicate the mode components and their amplitude are influenced by the spatial distribution of thermal stress, force source of PAGWs, and wave structure of modes. The signal amplitude of PAGWs increases with the absorption coefficient, the radius and rise time of laser beam, while it decreases with the scattering coefficient. For in-plane and out-of-plane displacements, the optical properties exert different effects on the amplitudes of anti-symmetric and symmetric modes. The amplitude change ratio between A<sub>0</sub> and S<sub>0</sub> modes decreases with increasing optical penetration depth, exhibiting distinct trends with frequency for in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. These results demonstrate the relationship between mode amplitude of PAGWs and the optical properties of 1 mm thick bone plates, thereby enhancing the understanding of the theory of photoacoustic bone assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 107613"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107604
Runye Lu, Yanfeng Shen
This short communication reports an enhanced nonlinear ultrasonics methodology leveraging zero group velocity (ZGV) modes for fatigue crack detection. Conventional nonlinear ultrasonics has been widely investigated as a promising tool for monitoring incipient damage due to its high sensitivity. Nevertheless, nonlinear features are vulnerable and could be easily covered by other nonlinearity sources from electronic instruments, actuator bonding layers, and distributed material nonlinearity. To address such challenges, this short communication exploits the ZGV mode to amplify the second harmonic signal features at fatigue cracks. ZGV modes are endowed with unique characteristics of a zero-value group velocity with a finite wavenumber, introducing a localized resonance and confining the wave energy in the vicinity of a fatigue crack, which will greatly enhance the signal nonlinear features. This short communication develops as follows: firstly, theoretical fundamentals of ZGV Lamb modes are laid out for preparing the investigation. Then, the half-ZGV frequency is selected for wave actuation, targeting at generating the second harmonic at the ZGV resonance. Finite element simulations demonstrate that the half-ZGV frequency actuation triggers the ZGV resonance at the fatigue crack, thus considerably enhancing the second harmonic features compared to the standard actuation. Furthermore, the superb caliber of such a method is further demonstrated by several peculiar characteristics of the nonlinear ZGV generation from temporal, spectral, and spatial perspectives. This communication finishes with concluding remarks and suggestions for future work.
{"title":"Zero group velocity mode nonlinear ultrasonics for fatigue crack detection","authors":"Runye Lu, Yanfeng Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This short communication reports an enhanced nonlinear ultrasonics methodology leveraging zero group velocity (ZGV) modes for fatigue crack detection. Conventional nonlinear ultrasonics has been widely investigated as a promising tool for monitoring incipient damage due to its high sensitivity. Nevertheless, nonlinear features are vulnerable and could be easily covered by other nonlinearity sources from electronic instruments, actuator bonding layers, and distributed material nonlinearity. To address such challenges, this short communication exploits the ZGV mode to amplify the second harmonic signal features at fatigue cracks. ZGV modes are endowed with unique characteristics of a zero-value group velocity with a finite wavenumber, introducing a localized resonance and confining the wave energy in the vicinity of a fatigue crack, which will greatly enhance the signal nonlinear features. This short communication develops as follows: firstly, theoretical fundamentals of ZGV Lamb modes are laid out for preparing the investigation. Then, the half-ZGV frequency is selected for wave actuation, targeting at generating the second harmonic at the ZGV resonance. Finite element simulations demonstrate that the half-ZGV frequency actuation triggers the ZGV resonance at the fatigue crack, thus considerably enhancing the second harmonic features compared to the standard actuation. Furthermore, the superb caliber of such a method is further demonstrated by several peculiar characteristics of the nonlinear ZGV generation from temporal, spectral, and spatial perspectives. This communication finishes with concluding remarks and suggestions for future work.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 107604"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107600
Udita Pant , Sauvik Banerjee , Tribikram Kundu
In fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems, debonding is the most common failure mode that emphasizes importance of timely detection and assessment of debonded areas to ensure structural integrity. In this study, a novel debond imaging algorithm is proposed that utilizes nonlinear features of surface guided waves generated by a movable contact type wedge transducer. The technique employs a newly developed damage index (DI) based on higher and combined harmonic peaks (HCHP) along with Convex Hull algorithm for localization and sizing of debonds. Three defect cases – single, multiple and irregular are studied using an experimentally validated three-dimensional numerical model. In addition to the proposed HCHP damage index, the side-band peak count (SPC) based non-linear DI —is also used for debond imaging. All three cases are also studied using an algorithm based on the conventional linear ultrasonics feature i.e., signal amplitude. To assess and compare imaging accuracy across different scenarios, Intersection over Union (IoU) value is utilized. The findings reveal that while all three techniques demonstrate satisfactory debond localization and sizing, the nonlinear ultrasonics-based DI algorithms exhibit significantly superior performance in terms of IoU values. In addition, the technique allows rapid scanning of the area with a movable contact transducer pair that enhances its feasibility for real-world applications. The improved performance of the nonlinear ultrasonics-based DI algorithms (HCHP and SPC) demonstrates their potential to enhance the full imaging of debonds of different sizes and shapes in FRP-strengthened structures, thereby advancing nondestructive evaluation techniques.
{"title":"Imaging of debonds in a FRP strengthened concrete beam using linear and nonlinear features of surface guided waves generated by a wedge transducer","authors":"Udita Pant , Sauvik Banerjee , Tribikram Kundu","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems, debonding is the most common failure mode that emphasizes importance of timely detection and assessment of debonded areas to ensure structural integrity. In this study, a novel debond imaging algorithm is proposed that utilizes nonlinear features of surface guided waves generated by a movable contact type wedge transducer. The technique employs a newly developed damage index (DI) based on higher and combined harmonic peaks (HCHP) along with Convex Hull algorithm for localization and sizing of debonds. Three defect cases – single, multiple and irregular are studied using an experimentally validated three-dimensional numerical model. In addition to the proposed HCHP damage index, the side-band peak count (SPC) based non-linear DI —is also used for debond imaging. All three cases are also studied using an algorithm based on the conventional linear ultrasonics feature i.e., signal amplitude. To assess and compare imaging accuracy across different scenarios, Intersection over Union (IoU) value is utilized. The findings reveal that while all three techniques demonstrate satisfactory debond localization and sizing, the nonlinear ultrasonics-based DI algorithms exhibit significantly superior performance in terms of IoU values. In addition, the technique allows rapid scanning of the area with a movable contact transducer pair that enhances its feasibility for real-world applications. The improved performance of the nonlinear ultrasonics-based DI algorithms (HCHP and SPC) demonstrates their potential to enhance the full imaging of debonds of different sizes and shapes in FRP-strengthened structures, thereby advancing nondestructive evaluation techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 107600"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-18DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107602
Baicheng Xing , Xiaoyan Ma , Yufeng Zhou
Boiling histotripsy (BH) has proven effective in noninvasively disintegrating various soft tissues through cavitation effects. Although liquefied tissue appears as hypoechoic in sonography, the transition of BH-induced bubbles from hyperechoic to hypoechoic in the focal region typically requires several minutes. To facilitate rapid clinical assessment, a tandem pulse sequence of high-power BH pulses (with an acoustic power of 1484 W, a pulse duration of 10 ms, and a pulse repetition frequency of 1 Hz) followed by low-power long ultrasound pulses (with an acoustic power of 240 W, a pulse duration of 100 ms, and a pulse repetition frequency of 1 Hz) was introduced to expedite bubble clearance, resulting in an immediate hypoechoic presentation in sonography. This method was evaluated through high-speed photography, red blood cell (RBC) phantom, and ex vivo tissue experiments. High-speed photography experiments captured the enhanced bubble clearance induced by the low-power long pulses, validating our hypothesis. In RBC phantom experiments, conventional BH sequences yielded hypoechic patterns after 4.39 ± 0.84 min, whereas the tandem pulse sequences achieved hypoechic appearance instantaneously post-treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, the tandem pulse sequences increased the erosion area in the RBC layer by 7.8 folds, from 2.36 ± 0.88 mm2 to 18.43 ± 5.15 mm2 (p < 0.05), at the equivalent energy output. Ex vivo bovine liver experiments mirrored these findings, with hypoechoic appearance at > 10 min vs. 0 min (p < 0.05) and liquefied areas of 33.78 ± 3.28 mm2 vs. 66.52 ± 11.24 mm2 (p < 0.05), respectively. In summary, our results suggest that the strategic modulation of cavitation activities not only accelerates the immediate hypoechoic appearance in sonography but also enlarges the area of BH-induced disintegration. The tandem pulse sequence strategy presents a promising avenue for enhancing the efficacy and efficiency of BH treatment in clinical applications.
{"title":"Enhancing boiling histotripsy efficacy with a tandem pulse sequence: Immediate hypoechoic Sonograhy and expanded lesion size","authors":"Baicheng Xing , Xiaoyan Ma , Yufeng Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Boiling histotripsy (BH) has proven effective in noninvasively disintegrating various soft tissues through cavitation effects. Although liquefied tissue appears as hypoechoic in sonography, the transition of BH-induced bubbles from hyperechoic to hypoechoic in the focal region typically requires several minutes. To facilitate rapid clinical assessment, a tandem pulse sequence of high-power BH pulses (with an acoustic power of 1484 W, a pulse duration of 10 ms, and a pulse repetition frequency of 1 Hz) followed by low-power long ultrasound pulses (with an acoustic power of 240 W, a pulse duration of 100 ms, and a pulse repetition frequency of 1 Hz) was introduced to expedite bubble clearance, resulting in an immediate hypoechoic presentation in sonography. This method was evaluated through high-speed photography, red blood cell (RBC) phantom, and <em>ex vivo</em> tissue experiments. High-speed photography experiments captured the enhanced bubble clearance induced by the low-power long pulses, validating our hypothesis. In RBC phantom experiments, conventional BH sequences yielded hypoechic patterns after 4.39 ± 0.84 min, whereas the tandem pulse sequences achieved hypoechic appearance instantaneously post-treatment (<em>p</em> < 0.05). Moreover, the tandem pulse sequences increased the erosion area in the RBC layer by 7.8 folds, from 2.36 ± 0.88 mm<sup>2</sup> to 18.43 ± 5.15 mm<sup>2</sup> (<em>p</em> < 0.05), at the equivalent energy output. <em>Ex vivo</em> bovine liver experiments mirrored these findings, with hypoechoic appearance at > 10 min vs. 0 min (<em>p</em> < 0.05) and liquefied areas of 33.78 ± 3.28 mm<sup>2</sup> vs. 66.52 ± 11.24 mm<sup>2</sup> (<em>p</em> < 0.05), respectively. In summary, our results suggest that the strategic modulation of cavitation activities not only accelerates the immediate hypoechoic appearance in sonography but also enlarges the area of BH-induced disintegration. The tandem pulse sequence strategy presents a promising avenue for enhancing the efficacy and efficiency of BH treatment in clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 107602"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143452876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-17DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107601
Xiaodong Sui , Ru Zhang , Yaozhi Luo , Yi Fang
Bolts, functioning as critical components in connecting structures, play an essential role across various engineering industries. The guided wave method has demonstrated significant potential in detecting bolt looseness with high efficiency. However, identifying the looseness condition of the joint with multiple bolts remains challenging. Various machine learning methods were introduced to extract features from the received signals, yet those that possess a clear physical interpretation in engineering tend to achieve superior application outcomes. Therefore, a physics-informed convolutional neural network (PICNN) is presented for bolt looseness localization and severity estimation for a lap joint connected by eight bolts. A small number of SH-typed magnetostrictive transducers, arranged in a pitch-catch configuration, were used to obtained the transmitted waves from various wave propagation paths. The combined time–frequency spectrum derived from the wavelet transform results of four transmitted waves was used as the input to the model. The relationship between the normalized wave energy transmission ratios and the local bolt looseness severity was revealed by the backpropagation neural network, which is regarded as the wave energy propagation mechanism within the PICNN. Numerical and experimental results indicate that the bolt looseness conditions can be successfully estimated. Time masking and frequency masking data augmentation was performed on the limited experimental samples, and the transfer learning technique was proposed to enhance the bolt looseness detection accuracy.
{"title":"Multiple bolt looseness detection using SH-typed guided waves: Integrating physical mechanism with monitoring data","authors":"Xiaodong Sui , Ru Zhang , Yaozhi Luo , Yi Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bolts, functioning as critical components in connecting structures, play an essential role across various engineering industries. The guided wave method has demonstrated significant potential in detecting bolt looseness with high efficiency. However, identifying the looseness condition of the joint with multiple bolts remains challenging. Various machine learning methods were introduced to extract features from the received signals, yet those that possess a clear physical interpretation in engineering tend to achieve superior application outcomes. Therefore, a physics-informed convolutional neural network (PICNN) is presented for bolt looseness localization and severity estimation for a lap joint connected by eight bolts. A small number of SH-typed magnetostrictive transducers, arranged in a pitch-catch configuration, were used to obtained the transmitted waves from various wave propagation paths. The combined time–frequency spectrum derived from the wavelet transform results of four transmitted waves was used as the input to the model. The relationship between the normalized wave energy transmission ratios and the local bolt looseness severity was revealed by the backpropagation neural network, which is regarded as the wave energy propagation mechanism within the PICNN. Numerical and experimental results indicate that the bolt looseness conditions can be successfully estimated. Time masking and frequency masking data augmentation was performed on the limited experimental samples, and the transfer learning technique was proposed to enhance the bolt looseness detection accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 107601"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143452875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107598
Botao Ning , Liang Zeng , Kaidi Fan , Feiyu Chen
Impact, which may occur during manufacturing, serving and maintaining, is a significant threat to in-service composite structures, e.g. wind turbine blades. It calls for developing a method for assessment and localization of impact. In this paper, a single-sensor impact localization method based on deep learning is proposed. Specifically, a multiscale feature fusion convolutional neural network is designed, which, in combination with a convolutional block attention module, adaptively extracts features from single-sensor signals to achieve accurate region-level source localization. Complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise is employed to reduce noise and extract intrinsic mode functions from acoustic emission signals, enabling more effective feature extraction. The decomposed signals are then converted into grayscale images, forming a dataset for the deep learning model. This approach allows for the extraction of rich feature information. A steel ball drop experiment is conducted to simulate the low-speed impact response of the wind turbine blade spar. The experimental results show significant advantages in localization accuracy. This study offers a promising solution for acoustic emission source region localization in complex composite structures.
{"title":"Low-speed impact localization of wind turbine blades with a single sensor utilizing multiscale feature fusion convolutional neural networks","authors":"Botao Ning , Liang Zeng , Kaidi Fan , Feiyu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Impact, which may occur during manufacturing, serving and maintaining, is a significant threat to in-service composite structures, e.g. wind turbine blades. It calls for developing a method for assessment and localization of impact. In this paper, a single-sensor impact localization method based on deep learning is proposed. Specifically, a multiscale feature fusion convolutional neural network is designed, which, in combination with a convolutional block attention module, adaptively extracts features from single-sensor signals to achieve accurate region-level source localization. Complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise is employed to reduce noise and extract intrinsic mode functions from acoustic emission signals, enabling more effective feature extraction. The decomposed signals are then converted into grayscale images, forming a dataset for the deep learning model. This approach allows for the extraction of rich feature information. A steel ball drop experiment is conducted to simulate the low-speed impact response of the wind turbine blade spar. The experimental results show significant advantages in localization accuracy. This study offers a promising solution for acoustic emission source region localization in complex composite structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 107598"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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