IF 4.1 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics

Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2026.107993

Wei Wei, Zhaoxun Wang, Yiming Liu, Xuexin Duan, Menglun Zhang

The precise fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) surface nano-topographies remains a significant challenge in advanced manufacturing. Conventional acoustic methods are inherently limited by wavelength-dependent resolution and primarily restricted to two-dimensional (2D) patterning. Here, we demonstrate a novel fabrication strategy based on the enhanced lateral mode of solidly mounted resonator (SMR), which enables the customizable, area-specific fabrication of periodic 3D surface nanostructures. By harnessing Lamb wave propagation and acoustofluidic effects, we fabricate surface nanostructure arrays with vertical feature sizes below 200 nm and inter-feature spacing controlled to within 5 µm. Compared with conventional surface acoustic wave (SAW) methods, this technique improves precision by overcoming wavelength-imposed limitations, while also allowing the rapid generation of diverse, customizable architectures without the need for complex transducer arrays. Furthermore, by tuning the device geometry, nanostructures with diverse symmetries—including circular, square, hexagonal, and octagonal—can be fabricated in less than 10 s. This work establishes a rapid, efficient, and maskless route for generating high-fidelity nanotopography for large-scale replication, holding significant potential for applications in advanced manufacturing, biomedicine, microelectronics, and photonic devices.

三维（3D）表面纳米形貌的精确制造仍然是先进制造中的一个重大挑战。传统的声学方法固有地受到波长相关分辨率的限制，并且主要限于二维（2D）模式。在这里，我们展示了一种基于增强的固体安装谐振器（SMR）横向模式的新型制造策略，该策略可以定制，区域特定的周期性3D表面纳米结构制造。通过利用兰姆波传播和声流效应，我们制造了垂直特征尺寸小于200 nm，特征间距控制在5µm以内的表面纳米结构阵列。与传统的表面声波（SAW）方法相比，该技术通过克服波长限制提高了精度，同时还允许快速生成多样化，可定制的架构，而无需复杂的换能器阵列。此外，通过调整器件的几何形状，可以在不到10秒的时间内制造出各种对称的纳米结构——包括圆形、方形、六边形和八边形。这项工作建立了一种快速、高效、无掩膜的方法，用于大规模复制生成高保真纳米形貌，在先进制造、生物医学、微电子和光子器件中具有重要的应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of the location and probability of acoustic cavitation in healthy and cancerous 3D cell cultures 评价健康和癌变三维细胞培养中声空化的位置和可能性

IF 4.1 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics

Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2026.107999

Ferdousi Sabera Rawnaque , Julianna C. Simon

Acoustic cavitation, or the rapid growth and collapse of pre-existing bubble nuclei under a varying acoustic pressure field, plays a critical role in the safety and efficacy of biomedical ultrasound. However, the availability and behavior of bubble nuclei, which act as seeds for acoustic cavitation, remain largely unexplored in biological tissues. In this study we evaluated the spatial location of bubble nuclei and cavitation thresholds in biological systems by culturing four rat-derived healthy and cancerous cell lines (musculoskeletal L-6 and L-8; hepatic BRL-3A, and McA-RH7777) in two commercial 3D scaffolds: PureCol® EZ-Gel and Cultrex® Ultimatrix. A single element 3.68 MHz focused ultrasound transducer (f#=1) induced low-density cavitation with pulse durations of 10–300 μs at 1 Hz PRF and peak negative pressures up to p- = 6.07 ± 0.13 MPa. The spatial locations of bubbles were monitored and captured using brightfield microscopy and high-speed photography (20,000 fps). Bubble formation was observed exclusively in the extracellular scaffold, with no intracellular cavitation detected in any of the 40 cell culture samples. In 3D cell cultures of healthy musculoskeletal cells, lower cavitation thresholds (∼4.1 MPa) were observed compared to their cancerous counterparts (∼4.9 MPa; p < 0.001) for 200 μs pulses, possibly due to the ECM-modifying behavior of L-8; however, the trend did not extend to liver cells where cavitation thresholds were similar. Increasing pulse length consistently reduced cavitation thresholds across all cell-scaffold combinations. Together, these results suggest that cavitation is predominantly extracellular, which may have implications for the safety and efficacy of emerging therapeutic ultrasound applications.

声空化现象是指在不同声压场下存在的气泡核的快速生长和破裂，对生物医学超声的安全性和有效性起着至关重要的作用。然而，作为声空化种子的泡核的可用性和行为在生物组织中仍未得到充分研究。在这项研究中，我们通过在PureCol®EZ-Gel和Cultrex®Ultimatrix两种商业3D支架中培养四种大鼠来源的健康和癌细胞系（肌肉骨骼L-6和L-8，肝脏BRL-3A和McA-RH7777）来评估生物系统中泡核的空间位置和空化阈值。单元件3.68 MHz聚焦超声换能器（f#=1）在1 Hz PRF下产生低密度空化，脉冲持续时间为10-300 μs，峰值负压高达p- = 6.07±0.13 MPa。利用明场显微镜和高速摄影（20,000 fps）监测和捕捉气泡的空间位置。仅在细胞外支架中观察到气泡形成，在40个细胞培养样本中均未检测到细胞内空化。在健康肌肉骨骼细胞的3D细胞培养中，与癌细胞相比，在200 μs脉冲下观察到较低的空化阈值（~ 4.1 MPa）（~ 4.9 MPa; p < 0.001），可能是由于L-8的ecm修饰行为；然而，这种趋势并没有延伸到空化阈值相似的肝细胞。增加脉冲长度可以降低所有细胞-支架组合的空化阈值。总之，这些结果表明空化主要发生在细胞外，这可能对新兴超声治疗应用的安全性和有效性有影响。

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引用次数: 0

Classification of twinkling artifacts and blood flow for in vivo detection of breast microcalcifications 闪烁伪影和血流分类在体内检测乳房微钙化。

IF 4.1 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics

Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2026.107998

Jinbum Kang , Seongjun Park , Eonho Lee , Hyunwoo Cho , Kangsik Kim , Min Jung Kim , Yangmo Yoo

While mammography is the standard modality for detecting microcalcifications (MCs), their real-time detection with ultrasound imaging can be invaluable, particularly for guiding biopsies. Ultrasound twinkling artifact (TA) imaging allows the sensitive distinction of MCs from background breast tissue; however, it may also be confounded with blood flow in Doppler mode during in vivo scanning. In this paper, we propose a new MC imaging method that classifies TA and blood flow signals to enable in vivo detection of breast MCs. Based on the signal characteristics of TA and blood flow, two optimal features (i.e., mean frequency and spectrum bandwidth) are extracted and used to train a machine learning classifier. To train the classification model, tissue-mimicking and chicken breast phantom containing normal wire (285

μ m

in diameter), MC wire (300

μ m

in diameter) and micro-vessel tube (1

mm

in diameter) were fabricated, and training and validation datasets were acquired under varying flow velocities and pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs). Among the four classifiers, i.e., k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), naïve Bayes and quadratic discriminant, trained with the two optimal features, the SVM achieved the highest accuracy (95.25 %), whereas the remaining models also exhibited strong performance with accuracies exceeding 92 %. The trained SVM model was then validated on a chicken breast MC phantom and in vivo human breast data, and they showed good agreement with color Doppler imaging. The feasibility study demonstrated that the proposed classification approach may enable effective in vivo detection and improve diagnostic accuracy, especially in cases with complex flow patterns in breast lesions.

虽然乳房x光检查是检测微钙化（MCs）的标准方式，但其与超声成像的实时检测是非常宝贵的，特别是指导活检。超声闪烁伪影（TA）成像可以灵敏地区分MCs与背景乳腺组织；然而，在体内扫描时，它也可能与多普勒模式下的血流混淆。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的MCs成像方法，该方法可以对TA和血流信号进行分类，从而实现乳腺MCs的体内检测。基于TA和血流的信号特征，提取两个最优特征（即平均频率和频谱带宽）并用于训练机器学习分类器。为了训练分类模型，制作了含有正常丝（直径285 μm）、MC丝（直径300 μm）和微血管管（直径1 mm）的组织模拟和鸡胸假体，并在不同流速和脉冲重复频率（PRFs）下获取训练和验证数据集。在k近邻（KNN）、支持向量机（SVM）、naïve贝叶斯（Bayes）和二次判别（quadratic discriminant）四种分类器中，使用这两种最优特征训练的SVM准确率最高（95.25%），其余模型准确率均超过92%。然后在鸡胸MC模型和人体内乳房数据上验证了训练好的SVM模型，它们与彩色多普勒成像具有良好的一致性。可行性研究表明，所提出的分类方法可以实现有效的体内检测，提高诊断准确性，特别是在乳腺病变中具有复杂血流模式的情况下。

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引用次数: 0

Guided ultrasonic wave monitoring for osseointegration assessment of an intraosseous transcutaneous amputation prosthesis 引导超声监测骨内经皮截肢假体骨整合评估。

IF 4.1 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics

Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2026.107983

Enze Chen, Paul Fromme

This study investigated the feasibility of guided ultrasonic wave monitoring of bone attachment to uncemented orthopaedic implants during the rehabilitation process (osseointegration), which is crucial for implant stability and long-term survival. Experiments were conducted using a simplified three-layer synthetic bone model of an intraosseous transcutaneous amputation prosthesis (ITAP) implant, used for femoral amputee patients, where epoxy curing simulated the bone ingrowth process associated with increasing bone-implant interface layer stiffness, representing the early stages of osseointegration. Longitudinal guided wave signals were excited and recorded at the distal end of the percutaneous part of the stainless-steel implant. Finite element analysis (FEA) was validated from the experiments and employed to investigate the sensitivity and wave mode selection. FEA simulations showed frequency shifts and group velocity changes of the guided wave modes with increased osseointegration, matching theoretical predictions. Evaluation of the reflected wave pulse in the time domain for both experimental monitoring and FEA simulations showed a significant increase in arrival time (10%) and amplitude drop (>50%). The results showed that the longitudinal guided waves are sensitive to stiffness changes during the bone healing process and provide insights for the development of in-vivo osseointegration monitoring during patient rehabilitation.

本研究探讨了在骨整合康复过程中，引导超声监测骨附着在非骨水泥骨科种植体上的可行性，这对种植体的稳定性和长期存活至关重要。实验采用简化的三层合成骨模型，用于股骨截肢患者的骨内经皮截肢假体（ITAP）种植体，其中环氧固化模拟骨长入过程，增加骨-种植体界面层刚度，代表骨整合的早期阶段。在不锈钢种植体经皮部分远端激发并记录纵向导波信号。通过实验验证了有限元分析方法，并对其灵敏度和波形选择进行了研究。有限元模拟显示，导波模式的频移和群速度随骨整合度的增加而变化，与理论预测相吻合。在实验监测和有限元模拟的时域评估中，反射波脉冲的到达时间显著增加（10%），幅度下降（50%）。结果表明，纵导波对骨愈合过程中刚度变化敏感，为患者康复过程中体内骨整合监测的发展提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Non-contact characterization of thermal barrier coating plates using laser-based zero group velocity modes 利用激光零群速度模式对热障涂层板进行非接触表征

IF 4.1 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics

Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2026.108003

Yu Zhang , Zenghua Liu , Xiaoran Wang , Yuheng Wu , Cunfu He

The service life of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) in aircraft engines is limited by high-temperature degradation and mechanical wear, necessitating non-destructive assessment to monitor their condition. To address the complexity of guided wave dispersion in coated structures, a zero group velocity (ZGV) Lamb wave-based approach is introduced for thickness measurement. This study proposes a method for characterizing thermal barrier coating specimens using ZGV Lamb modes, based on an all-laser ultrasonic excitation and detection system. Finite element simulations were performed to extract ZGV-related parameters, which were fitted to the coating thickness using least squares and multivariate regression analysis. Simple and multiple regression models were developed and validated through laser ultrasonic experiments. The results demonstrate a robust, linear relationship between selected ZGV parameters and coating thickness, allowing accurate estimation of layer thickness. The average relative errors of TBC and substrate thickness estimation are less than 7.71% and 1.55%, respectively. The combination of Lamb wave mode analysis and model-based regression offers a viable and non-contact method for the quantitative evaluation of ceramic coating thickness.

航空发动机热障涂层的使用寿命受到高温降解和机械磨损的限制，因此需要对其进行无损检测。针对涂层结构中导波色散的复杂性，提出了一种基于零群速度（ZGV）兰姆波的厚度测量方法。本研究提出了一种基于全激光超声激发检测系统的ZGV Lamb模对热障涂层试样进行表征的方法。通过有限元模拟提取zgv相关参数，并利用最小二乘法和多元回归分析将参数拟合到涂层厚度上。建立了简单回归模型和多元回归模型，并通过激光超声实验进行了验证。结果表明，所选ZGV参数与涂层厚度之间存在鲁棒的线性关系，可以准确估计涂层厚度。TBC和衬底厚度估计的平均相对误差分别小于7.71%和1.55%。Lamb波模式分析与基于模型的回归相结合，为陶瓷涂层厚度的定量评价提供了一种可行的非接触方法。

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引用次数: 0

LSWNet: A physics-informed neural network for ultrasonic wavefield prediction and elastic constant inversion in unidirectional CFRP LSWNet：用于单向碳纤维复合材料超声波场预测和弹性常数反演的物理信息神经网络。

IF 4.1 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics

Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2026.107977

Hongjuan Yang , Jitong Ma , Zhengyan Yang , Tong Tian , Deshuang Deng , Dongyue Gao , Shuyi Ma , Lei Yang , Zhanjun Wu

Accurate determination of elastic constants is crucial for reliable ultrasonic defect detection in carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). However, non-destructive in-situ characterization of these constants, particularly via full-waveform inversion techniques, is hindered by the computational cost of wavefield simulations. Based on physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), a novel longitudinal and shear wavefield net (LSWNet) method is proposed for the forward wavefield prediction and inversion of ultrasonic waves in a unidirectional CFRP. The longitudinal and shear wave component fields at two moments, ultrasonic measurement data, and the 2D elastic wave equations of isotropic and anisotropic planes for unidirectional CFRP are embedded as physical constraint conditions to predict wavefields and elastic constants. For the inversion of elastic constants, ultrasonic data recorded by a linear phased array on the CFRP surface serve as input, while the LSWNet outputs C₆₆, C₁₃ and C₄₄. To accelerate convergence in large-scale models, weights and biases learned from training on small-scale structures are transferred. The proposed method has been verified through both finite element simulation and experiments. The mean squared errors between the predicted wavefields by PINNs and those obtained from finite element simulation do not exceed 3.2 × 10^-3, and the obtained elastic constants are close to the actual values. Furthermore, the elastic constants obtained via LSWNet are successfully applied to total focusing method, thereby enabling high-resolution detection of delamination damage. Consequently, the proposed method is capable of resolving forward and inverse issues associated with unidirectional CFRP ultrasonic wavefields, as well as in-situ characterization of elastic constants and damage imaging.

准确确定碳纤维增强塑料（CFRP）的弹性常数是可靠的超声缺陷检测的关键。然而，这些常数的无损原位表征，特别是通过全波形反演技术，受到波场模拟计算成本的阻碍。基于物理信息神经网络（PINNs），提出了一种新的纵向和剪切波场网络（LSWNet）方法，用于单向碳纤维复合材料中超声波的正向波场预测和反演。将两个时刻的纵波分量场、横波分量场、超声测量数据、各向同性和各向异性平面的二维弹性波方程作为物理约束条件，对单向CFRP的波场和弹性常数进行了预测。对于弹性常数的反演，采用CFRP表面线性相控阵记录的超声数据作为输入，LSWNet输出C66、C13和C44。为了加速大尺度模型的收敛，从小尺度结构训练中学习到的权重和偏差被转移。通过有限元仿真和实验验证了该方法的有效性。PINNs预测波场与有限元模拟结果的均方误差不超过3.2 × 10-3，得到的弹性常数与实际值接近。此外，将LSWNet获得的弹性常数成功应用于全聚焦方法，实现了分层损伤的高分辨率检测。因此，所提出的方法能够解决与单向CFRP超声波场相关的正演和逆问题，以及弹性常数的原位表征和损伤成像。

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引用次数: 0

Piezoelectrical signals generated in air- and water-saturated cancellous bones by an ultrasound wave 超声波在空气和水饱和的松质骨中产生的压电信号。

IF 4.1 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics

Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2026.107982

Atsushi Hosokawa

Experimental observation of the piezoelectric signals generated in cancellous bone by an ultrasound wave was performed using “piezoelectric cells (PE-cells)”. The PE-cell, in which a cancellous bone specimen is used as a piezoelectric element, can correspond to an ultrasound receiver. In this study, two cancellous bone specimens in which the pore spaces were saturated with air and two waters with normal and low conductivities were used. The piezoelectric signals generated in the air- and water-saturated cancellous bone specimens by an ultrasound wave and the ultrasound signals propagated through the specimens were observed. The amplitudes of the piezoelectric signals in the water-saturated cancellous bone specimens were approximately four times of the amplitude in the air-saturated specimen. Both fast and slow waves, which can propagate mainly in the trabecular elements and the pore fluid, respectively, could be observed for the ultrasound signals in the water-saturated cancellous bone specimens, but only the fast wave could be observed for the signal in the air-saturated specimen. From the observed results, it was suggested that the piezoelectric signal generated in cancellous bone by an ultrasound wave could be largely associated with the motion of the pore fluid.

利用压电细胞（PE-cells）对超声在松质骨中产生的压电信号进行了实验观察。在pe细胞中，松质骨标本用作压电元件，可以与超声波接收器相对应。在本研究中，使用了两个孔隙空间被空气饱和的松质骨标本和两种正常和低导电性的水。观察了超声波在饱和空气和饱和水的松质骨试样中产生的压电信号以及超声信号在试样中的传播。水饱和松质骨试样的压电信号振幅约为空气饱和试样的4倍。在饱和水的松质骨试样中，超声信号可以观察到主要在小梁单元和孔隙流体中传播的快波和慢波，而在饱和空气的松质骨试样中，超声信号只能观察到快波。从观察结果来看，超声波在松质骨中产生的压电信号可能与孔隙流体的运动有很大关系。

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引用次数: 0

Design, fabrication, and characterization of a novel cantilever-based PMUT incorporating a central spring-like folded beam with enhanced transmission performance for air applications 一种新型悬臂式PMUT的设计、制造和表征，该PMUT采用中央弹簧状折叠梁，具有增强的空气传输性能。

IF 4.1 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics

Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2026.107978

Yanyuan Ba , Yiming Li , Yicheng Wang

Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT), owing to the miniaturization, low power consumption, and ease of driving, have become a viable alternative to traditional piezoelectric ceramic transducers in air-coupled ultrasonic ranging applications. However, PMUT suffer from significantly degraded transmission performance due to residual stresses inherent in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication processes, which substantially limits their detection range and accuracy in airborne applications. To address this issue, this work presents a novel cantilever-based PMUT design, which incorporates micro-slits along the diagonal of the diaphragm to form four triangular cantilever beams. Additionally, inspired by springs, a flexible spring-folded beam structure is designed at the tail end of the cantilever beams to achieve cooperative vibration of the cantilevers through low stiffness mechanical coupling. This design significantly reduces the diaphragm stiffness, fully releases the residual stress, and enhances the mechanical response of the PMUT. Experimental results confirm that, under a low drive voltage of 1 V_PP (−5 V offset), the novel PMUT achieves a high resonant displacement of 16,752 nm at its resonant frequency of 73.67 kHz, representing an increase of 10,951 nm compared to the 4,823 nm displacement of the conventional PMUT. At a 10 cm air distance, the device generates a high sound pressure of 4.8 Pa, equivalent to 107.6 dB (Ref. 2 × 10⁻⁵ Pa), which is approximately 6.86 dB higher than conventional PMUT. The new PMUT exhibits a receiving sensitivity of 0.85 mV/Pa, which is an improvement of 0.63 mV/Pa over conventional PMUT. This design significantly enhances the transmission performance of PMUT, showing great potential in high-precision air ranging applications.

压电微机械超声换能器（PMUT）由于其小型化、低功耗和易于驾驶等优点，已成为传统压电陶瓷换能器在空气耦合超声测距应用中的可行替代方案。然而，由于微机电系统（MEMS）制造过程中固有的残余应力，PMUT的传输性能明显下降，这极大地限制了它们在机载应用中的探测范围和精度。为了解决这个问题，这项工作提出了一种新颖的基于悬臂梁的PMUT设计，它结合了沿隔膜对角线的微缝，形成四个三角形悬臂梁。此外，受弹簧的启发，在悬臂梁的尾端设计了柔性弹簧折叠梁结构，通过低刚度机械耦合实现悬臂梁的协同振动。这种设计显著降低了膜片刚度，充分释放了残余应力，提高了PMUT的机械响应。实验结果证实，在1 VPP的低驱动电压（-5 V偏移）下，新型PMUT在73.67 kHz的谐振频率下实现了16752 nm的高谐振位移，比传统PMUT的4823 nm的位移增加了10951 nm。在10 cm的空气距离上，该器件产生4.8 Pa的高声压，相当于107.6 dB (Ref. 2 × 10-5 Pa)，比传统的PMUT高约6.86 dB。新型PMUT的接收灵敏度为0.85 mV/Pa，比传统PMUT提高了0.63 mV/Pa。该设计大大提高了PMUT的传输性能，在高精度空中测距应用中显示出巨大的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Predicting transcranial ultrasound insertion loss using skull CT: A deep learning approach 利用颅骨CT预测经颅超声插入损失：一种深度学习方法。

IF 4.1 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics

Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2026.107976

Ning Wang , Han Li , Jinpeng Liao , Tyler Halliwell , Zhihong Huang

Transcranial ultrasound (tUS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique with applications in brain disorders. However, ultrasound attenuation induced by the skull significantly affects focal energy transmission. The loss of ultrasound intensity can be quantified by insertion loss (IL). Accurate IL prediction is crucial for optimizing ultrasound delivery. Conventional grid-based numerical methods for IL prediction are computationally expensive and highly sensitive to parameter variations. To address these challenges, we hypothesized that skull structural features are inherently correlated with IL and can be effectively captured through deep learning method. In this study, we conducted transmission experiments on 20 human skull specimens to measure IL at three frequencies of 220 kHz, 650 kHz, and 1000 kHz. We proposed a modified dual-path Inception-based neural network (mDPI-Net) for IL prediction based on skull computed tomography (CT) scan. Comparison results showed that mDPI-Net outperformed homogeneous pseudo-spectral methods (Peak Pressure Error: 26.6% vs. 34.3%, IL Deviation: 2.47 dB vs. 4.64 dB), and is comparable to the inhomogeneous simulations (Peak Pressure Error: 26.6% vs. 21.0%, IL Deviation: 2.47 dB vs. 1.69 dB), while achieving higher computational efficiency, increasing from 15 min/sample to 0.5 s/sample. The proposed approach demonstrated that the skull CT scan could inherently encode structural information relevant to IL. Under a well-fixed experimental setup, deep learning has the potential to enable real-time or rapid pre-operative IL predictions, and achieve more precise dose control in tUS applications such as neuromodulation, transcranial drug delivery, and non-invasive brain stimulation.

经颅超声（tUS）是一种非侵入性的神经调节技术，在脑部疾病中具有广泛的应用。然而，颅骨引起的超声衰减明显影响焦点能量的传输。超声强度的损失可以通过插入损失（IL）来量化。准确的IL预测是优化超声输送的关键。传统的基于网格的IL预测数值方法计算成本高，对参数变化高度敏感。为了解决这些挑战，我们假设颅骨结构特征与IL具有内在相关性，并且可以通过深度学习方法有效地捕获。在本研究中，我们对20个人类头骨标本进行了透射实验，测量了220 kHz、650 kHz和1000 kHz三个频率下的IL。我们提出了一种改进的基于双路径起始的神经网络（mDPI-Net），用于基于颅骨计算机断层扫描（CT）的IL预测。对比结果表明，mDPI-Net优于均匀伪谱方法（峰值压力误差：26.6% vs. 34.3%， IL偏差：2.47 dB vs. 4.64 dB），与非均匀模拟方法（峰值压力误差：26.6% vs. 21.0%， IL偏差：2.47 dB vs. 1.69 dB）相当，同时实现更高的计算效率，从15分钟/样本增加到0.5秒/样本。所提出的方法表明，颅骨CT扫描可以固有地编码与IL相关的结构信息。在固定良好的实验设置下，深度学习有可能实现实时或快速的术前IL预测，并在tUS应用中实现更精确的剂量控制，如神经调节、经颅给药和非侵入性脑刺激。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of ultrasonic amplitude on morphology and wetting behavior of mild steel deposition layer in direct energy deposition-Arc 超声振幅对直接能量沉积电弧中低碳钢沉积层形貌及润湿行为的影响。

IF 4.1 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics

Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2026.107969

Feilong Ji , Yan Zhou , Lihong Zhou , Bowen Dong , Shuo Duan , Zeqi Hu , Xunpeng Qin

The morphology of deposition layer in direct energy deposition-Arc (DED-Arc) critically affects the forming accuracy and performance of the manufactured components. To address morphology control challenges, this study investigates the role of ultrasonic amplitude in geometric characteristics and wetting behavior of mild steel deposition layers. An ultrasonic-assisted DED-Arc platform was established, integrating numerical models for ultrasonic field propagation and molten pool fluid dynamics to analyze temperature gradients under optimal ultrasonic excitation source. Simulation results revealed that positioning the ultrasonic excitation source at the substrate’s geometric center achieved uniform vibration distribution. Ultrasonic vibration reduced the molten pool’s maximum temperature gradient by 28.2% (horizontal) and 24.9% (vertical), enhancing thermal uniformity. Experimental findings demonstrated that increasing ultrasonic amplitude (0–16 μm) decreased deposition layer height (3.09–2.56 mm), depth (1.98–1.60 mm), contact angle (57°-44°) and dilution rate (38.1%–33.5%), while increasing width (8.21–9.04 mm). The surface roughness (Ra, Rz) decreased by 20.3% and 39.3% respectively. High-speed imaging of glycerol droplet spreading revealed that ultrasonic vibration reduced contact angles from 58° to 46° and increased spreading area by 38.2% within 2 s, demonstrating enhanced wettability. A critical threshold of 16 μm amplitude was identified, beyond which molten pool instability degraded morphology. Ultrasonic vibration enhanced wetting by generating a viscous momentum transfer layer at the melt-substrate interface, driving outward expansion of the triple-phase contact line. These results provide quantitative guidelines for optimizing DED-Arc processes in automotive and aerospace applications requiring precise morphology control.

直接能量电弧沉积过程中沉积层的形貌对成形精度和成形件的性能有重要影响。为了解决形貌控制方面的挑战，本研究探讨了超声振幅在低碳钢沉积层几何特征和润湿行为中的作用。建立了超声辅助电弧电弧平台，结合超声场传播数值模型和熔池流体动力学模型，分析了最佳超声激励源下的温度梯度。仿真结果表明，将超声激励源定位在衬底几何中心位置可以实现均匀的振动分布。超声振动使熔池最大温度梯度在水平方向和垂直方向分别降低28.2%和24.9%，增强了熔池的热均匀性。实验结果表明：超声振幅（0 ~ 16 μm）越大，沉积层高度（3.09 ~ 2.56 mm）、深度（1.98 ~ 1.60 mm）、接触角（57°~ 44°）和稀释率（38.1% ~ 33.5%）降低，宽度（8.21 ~ 9.04 mm）增大。表面粗糙度（Ra, Rz）分别降低了20.3%和39.3%。高速成像显示，超声振动使甘油液滴的接触角在2 s内从58°减小到46°，扩散面积增加38.2%，表明润湿性增强。确定了16 μm振幅的临界阈值，超过该阈值熔池不稳定性会导致熔池形貌退化。超声振动通过在熔体-衬底界面处产生粘性动量传递层来增强润湿，驱动三相接触线向外扩展。这些结果为优化需要精确形貌控制的汽车和航空航天应用中的d -电弧工艺提供了定量指导。

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