Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107509
Yan Wang , Yuan Wang , Siyu Chen , Chengxiang Zhu , Dawei Wu , Chunling Zhu , Xiyun Lu
Ultrasonic detection technique (UDT) serves as a pivotal method for monitoring aircraft icing conditions. However, the inherently porous and irregular shape of atmospheric ice leads to a pronounced attenuation of ultrasonic wave energy during propagation. Current ultrasonic transducers (UTs) fall short of meeting the requisite sensitivity and depth parameters for effective detection. This study proposes an innovative focused ultrasonic transducer (FUT) designed to extend the range of ice detection capabilities. Constructed using a 1–3 piezoelectric composite configuration, this FUT is characterized by its flexibility and slender profile. The focusing effect was accomplished through a deliberate bending mechanism. The FUT demonstrates its efficacy in detecting ice on aluminium skin surfaces. Furthermore, we validated the focusing effect and conducted a thorough optimization process. A comparative analysis between the FUT and traditional planar UTs revealed that the FUT enhances detection energy by approximately 30%, while also nearly doubling the detection range for glaze ice. These findings underscore the FUT’s promising potential for applications in the detection of substantial ice.
超声波探测技术（UDT）是监测飞机结冰状况的重要方法。然而，大气中的冰本身多孔且形状不规则，导致超声波能量在传播过程中明显衰减。目前的超声波传感器（UT）无法满足有效探测所需的灵敏度和深度参数。本研究提出了一种创新的聚焦超声波换能器 (FUT)，旨在扩大冰探测能力的范围。这种 FUT 采用 1-3 级压电复合结构，具有柔韧性和细长外形的特点。聚焦效果是通过特意的弯曲机制实现的。FUT 证明了其在检测铝皮表面的冰层方面的功效。此外，我们还验证了聚焦效果，并进行了全面优化。FUT 与传统平面 UT 的对比分析表明，FUT 可将检测能量提高约 30%，同时还将釉冰的检测范围扩大了近一倍。这些发现凸显了 FUT 在大量冰检测方面的应用潜力。
{"title":"Focused ultrasonic transducer for aircraft icing detection","authors":"Yan Wang , Yuan Wang , Siyu Chen , Chengxiang Zhu , Dawei Wu , Chunling Zhu , Xiyun Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrasonic detection technique (UDT) serves as a pivotal method for monitoring aircraft icing conditions. However, the inherently porous and irregular shape of atmospheric ice leads to a pronounced attenuation of ultrasonic wave energy during propagation. Current ultrasonic transducers (UTs) fall short of meeting the requisite sensitivity and depth parameters for effective detection. This study proposes an innovative focused ultrasonic transducer (FUT) designed to extend the range of ice detection capabilities. Constructed using a 1–3 piezoelectric composite configuration, this FUT is characterized by its flexibility and slender profile. The focusing effect was accomplished through a deliberate bending mechanism. The FUT demonstrates its efficacy in detecting ice on aluminium skin surfaces. Furthermore, we validated the focusing effect and conducted a thorough optimization process. A comparative analysis between the FUT and traditional planar UTs revealed that the FUT enhances detection energy by approximately 30%, while also nearly doubling the detection range for glaze ice. These findings underscore the FUT’s promising potential for applications in the detection of substantial ice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 107509"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142717180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laser ultrasonic imaging is a promising technique for structural health monitoring because it is noncontact and nondestructive. However, this technique will only find more industrial applications if it has a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and short data acquisition time. In existing delay-and-sum algorithms, such as the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) and the total focusing method, a higher SNR requires more A-scan signals, which mean a longer data acquisition time. It is difficult for these algorithms to consider these two aspects simultaneously. Thus, in this study, we propose a post-processing algorithm that extracts neglected information from laser ultrasonic B-scan data to improve the SNR of the SAFT without increasing the data acquisition time. The SNR was increased by multiplying the SAFT image intensity with the echo array similarity defined using the directivity and echo shape information of laser ultrasound. In experiments, SNR was increased from 4.1 dB to 31.3 dB for two submillimeter defects having a diameter of 0.5 mm and depth of 15 mm. Deeper defects can be detected because of the improved SNR. In this study, two submillimeter defects with a depth of 30 mm were detected. Compared with existing delay-and-sum algorithms, the proposed algorithm performs well in terms of both SNR and data acquisition time, which can promote its use in more industrial applications.
激光超声波成像技术具有非接触和无损的特点，是一种很有前途的结构健康监测技术。然而，只有在信噪比（SNR）高和数据采集时间短的情况下，这种技术才能得到更多的工业应用。在现有的延迟和算法中，如合成孔径聚焦技术（SAFT）和全聚焦法，较高的信噪比需要更多的 A 扫描信号，这意味着较长的数据采集时间。这些算法很难同时考虑这两个方面。因此，在本研究中，我们提出了一种后处理算法，从激光超声 B 扫描数据中提取被忽略的信息，在不增加数据采集时间的情况下提高 SAFT 的信噪比。利用激光超声的指向性和回波形状信息定义的回波阵列相似度乘以 SAFT 图像强度，从而提高信噪比。在实验中，对于两个直径为 0.5 毫米、深度为 15 毫米的亚毫米缺陷，信噪比从 4.1 分贝提高到 31.3 分贝。由于信噪比的提高，可以检测到更深的缺陷。在这项研究中，检测到了两个深度为 30 毫米的亚毫米缺陷。与现有的延迟求和算法相比，所提出的算法在信噪比和数据采集时间方面都有很好的表现，可以促进其在更多工业应用中的使用。
{"title":"Improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the laser ultrasonic synthetic aperture focusing technique to detect submillimeter internal defects using echo array similarity","authors":"Huabin He, Jianguo He, Zhihui Xia, Kaihua Sun, Chao Wang, Qian Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser ultrasonic imaging is a promising technique for structural health monitoring because it is noncontact and nondestructive. However, this technique will only find more industrial applications if it has a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and short data acquisition time. In existing delay-and-sum algorithms, such as the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) and the total focusing method, a higher SNR requires more A-scan signals, which mean a longer data acquisition time. It is difficult for these algorithms to consider these two aspects simultaneously. Thus, in this study, we propose a post-processing algorithm that extracts neglected information from laser ultrasonic B-scan data to improve the SNR of the SAFT without increasing the data acquisition time. The SNR was increased by multiplying the SAFT image intensity with the echo array similarity defined using the directivity and echo shape information of laser ultrasound. In experiments, SNR was increased from 4.1 dB to 31.3 dB for two submillimeter defects having a diameter of 0.5 mm and depth of 15 mm. Deeper defects can be detected because of the improved SNR. In this study, two submillimeter defects with a depth of 30 mm were detected. Compared with existing delay-and-sum algorithms, the proposed algorithm performs well in terms of both SNR and data acquisition time, which can promote its use in more industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 107513"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107514
Qinglei Zeng , Yuetongxu Li , Zhaoyu Deng , Gutian Zhang , Chengwei Zhang , Haifeng Huang , Xiaozhou Liu
Non-invasive, accurate diagnosis and treatment have increasingly gained attention in medical research. The nonlinear response mechanism of ultrasound contrast agents and their medical application have become major topics in ultrasound imaging studies. This paper reports on a second-harmonic focused ultrasonic device based on micro-bubble contrast agents, which is designed to solve the problems associated with a weak second-harmonic intensity. A periodic array of circular holes is embedded in the center of a specifically shaped resin plate, and contrast agents are encapsulated in the circular holes using thin resin tape. The functional mechanism is theoretically explained and experimentally verified. This device enables second-harmonic ultrasound imaging with a higher ultrasonic lateral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio than the conventional system without the device.
{"title":"Research on the second-harmonic focused ultrasonic device based on micro-bubble contrast agents","authors":"Qinglei Zeng , Yuetongxu Li , Zhaoyu Deng , Gutian Zhang , Chengwei Zhang , Haifeng Huang , Xiaozhou Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-invasive, accurate diagnosis and treatment have increasingly gained attention in medical research. The nonlinear response mechanism of ultrasound contrast agents and their medical application have become major topics in ultrasound imaging studies. This paper reports on a second-harmonic focused ultrasonic device based on micro-bubble contrast agents, which is designed to solve the problems associated with a weak second-harmonic intensity. A periodic array of circular holes is embedded in the center of a specifically shaped resin plate, and contrast agents are encapsulated in the circular holes using thin resin tape. The functional mechanism is theoretically explained and experimentally verified. This device enables second-harmonic ultrasound imaging with a higher ultrasonic lateral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio than the conventional system without the device.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 107514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107505
Xiaoqing Wu , Yubing Li , Chang Su , Panpan Li , Weijun Lin
Ultrasound computed tomography (USCT) has emerged as a promising platform for imaging tissue properties, offering non-ionizing and operator-independent capabilities. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining quantitative images of multiple acoustic parameters (sound speed and impedance) for soft tissues using full waveform inversion (FWI), which are justified with both numerical and experimental cases. A 3D reconstruction based on a series of 2D slice images is presented for the experimental case of ex vivo soft tissues. To improve the robustness of the reconstruction process, a hierarchical FWI strategy is adopted, gradually iterating from low to high frequencies. In parallel, we employ a graph-space optimal transport misfit function, avoiding convergence into local minima and minimizing inversion artifacts caused by skin-related supercritical reflections. Our method first carries out sound speed inversion based on transmitted waves in the low and middle frequency bands, and then uses all types of waves in the high frequency band for simultaneous inversion of both sound speed and impedance. Compared to conventional strategies, the proposed approach can accurately reconstruct physical models consistent with the actual soft tissue sample. These high-resolution ultrasound images of acoustic parameters are promising to allow for quantitative differentiation among different types of tissues (e.g., muscles and fats). These results have significant implications for advancing our understanding of tissue properties and for potentially contributing to disease diagnosis through USCT, which is a flexible and cost-effective alternative to X-ray computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging at no significant sacrifices for resolution.
{"title":"Optimal transport assisted full waveform inversion for multiparameter imaging of soft tissues in ultrasound computed tomography","authors":"Xiaoqing Wu , Yubing Li , Chang Su , Panpan Li , Weijun Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrasound computed tomography (USCT) has emerged as a promising platform for imaging tissue properties, offering non-ionizing and operator-independent capabilities. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining quantitative images of multiple acoustic parameters (sound speed and impedance) for soft tissues using full waveform inversion (FWI), which are justified with both numerical and experimental cases. A 3D reconstruction based on a series of 2D slice images is presented for the experimental case of ex vivo soft tissues. To improve the robustness of the reconstruction process, a hierarchical FWI strategy is adopted, gradually iterating from low to high frequencies. In parallel, we employ a graph-space optimal transport misfit function, avoiding convergence into local minima and minimizing inversion artifacts caused by skin-related supercritical reflections. Our method first carries out sound speed inversion based on transmitted waves in the low and middle frequency bands, and then uses all types of waves in the high frequency band for simultaneous inversion of both sound speed and impedance. Compared to conventional strategies, the proposed approach can accurately reconstruct physical models consistent with the actual soft tissue sample. These high-resolution ultrasound images of acoustic parameters are promising to allow for quantitative differentiation among different types of tissues (e.g., muscles and fats). These results have significant implications for advancing our understanding of tissue properties and for potentially contributing to disease diagnosis through USCT, which is a flexible and cost-effective alternative to X-ray computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging at no significant sacrifices for resolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 107505"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142745898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107497
Tarek Kaddoura, Mohammad Hadi Masoumi, Roger Zemp
3D synthetic aperture (SA) imaging of volumes can be obtained using sparse 2D ultrasound arrays. However, even with just 256 elements, the volumetric imaging rate can be relatively slow due to having to transmit on each element in succession. Hadamard Aperiodic Interval (HAPI) codes can be used to image the full SA dataset in one extended transmit to speed up the synthetic aperture imaging, but their long nature produces large deadzones if the same elements are used as both transmitters and receivers. In this simulation study, we use a 2D Costas sparse array with separate transmitters and receivers to remedy the deadzone problem, and use it with the HAPI-coded imaging scheme to obtain fully transmit–receive focused, wide field-of-view 3D volumes with high-resolution and high SNR at ultrafast volumetric imaging rates of more than 500 volumes per second, almost nine times faster than non-coded SA imaging with the same imaging parameters. We show similar PSF performance compared to non-coded SA, and a 26 dB improvement in SNR with order-256 HAPI codes. We also present cyst simulations showing similar contrast for the HAPI-coded SA method compared to non-coded SA in the context of no noise, and improved contrast in the context of noise.
使用稀疏的二维超声阵列可以获得体积的三维合成孔径（SA）成像。然而，即使只有 256 个元素，由于必须在每个元素上连续传输，容积成像速度也会相对较慢。Hadamard Aperiodic Interval (HAPI) 编码可用于在一次扩展发射中对整个 SA 数据集成像，以加快合成孔径成像速度，但如果将相同的元素用作发射器和接收器，其长特性会产生较大的死区。在这项模拟研究中，我们使用了具有独立发射器和接收器的二维科斯塔斯稀疏阵列来解决死区问题，并将其与 HAPI 编码成像方案结合使用，以每秒超过 500 幅的超快体积成像速度获得了具有高分辨率和高信噪比的全发射-接收聚焦宽视场三维体积，其速度几乎是相同成像参数下非编码 SA 成像速度的九倍。与非编码 SA 相比，我们展示了相似的 PSF 性能，而使用阶次 256 HAPI 编码，信噪比提高了 26 分贝。我们还进行了模拟实验，结果显示在无噪声的情况下，HAPI 编码 SA 方法与非编码 SA 方法的对比度相似，而在有噪声的情况下，对比度有所提高。
{"title":"Ultrafast 3D synthetic aperture imaging with Hadamard-encoded aperiodic interval codes and aperiodic sparse arrays with separate transmitters and receivers","authors":"Tarek Kaddoura, Mohammad Hadi Masoumi, Roger Zemp","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D synthetic aperture (SA) imaging of volumes can be obtained using sparse 2D ultrasound arrays. However, even with just 256 elements, the volumetric imaging rate can be relatively slow due to having to transmit on each element in succession. Hadamard Aperiodic Interval (HAPI) codes can be used to image the full SA dataset in one extended transmit to speed up the synthetic aperture imaging, but their long nature produces large deadzones if the same elements are used as both transmitters and receivers. In this simulation study, we use a 2D Costas sparse array with separate transmitters and receivers to remedy the deadzone problem, and use it with the HAPI-coded imaging scheme to obtain fully transmit–receive focused, wide field-of-view 3D volumes with high-resolution and high SNR at ultrafast volumetric imaging rates of more than 500 volumes per second, almost nine times faster than non-coded SA imaging with the same imaging parameters. We show similar PSF performance compared to non-coded SA, and a 26 dB improvement in SNR with order-256 HAPI codes. We also present cyst simulations showing similar contrast for the HAPI-coded SA method compared to non-coded SA in the context of no noise, and improved contrast in the context of noise.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 107497"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107494
Romain Rousseau, Pierre Grandjean, Nicolas Quaegebeur, Loïc Charlebois-Vachon, Philippe Micheau
This paper presents a new type of airborne transducer for generating broadband ultrasound with a high Sound Pressure Level (SPL). The concept is based on the Harmonic Acoustic Pneumatic Source (HAPS) that uses pressurized air in conjunction with a flow chopper made up of a rotating cage with slots connected to a specific exhaust. The fundamental frequency depends on the number of slots and the rotation speed of the cage. An analytical model of the HAPS coupled with a numerical model of the exhaust is used to predict the radiated acoustic pressure and to estimate the influence of dimensional parameters on pressure level generated by the source. Experiments are conducted with two cages: one with one slot in order to generate pulses periodically and one with slots to generate periodic sound. The level of sound pressure is measured as a function of distance ( to m), the cage rotation (up to krpm) and directivity ( to °). For the fundamental frequency at kHz, the maximum SPL of dB ( Pa rms) is /measured at m, and decreases to dB ( Pa rms) at m. At m, the second and third harmonics can generate a SPL equal or greater than dB above kHz and up to kHz. Discrepancies between the experiments results and numerical model are observed in terms of SPL, directivity and in-axis pressure.
本文介绍了一种用于产生高声压级（SPL）宽带超声波的新型机载换能器。该概念基于谐波声学气动源（HAPS），它使用加压空气与由旋转笼组成的斩流器，旋转笼上的槽与特定的排气管相连。基频取决于槽的数量和笼子的旋转速度。HAPS 的分析模型与排气的数值模型相结合，用于预测辐射声压，并估算尺寸参数对声源产生的压力水平的影响。实验使用了两个笼子：一个带有一个槽，用于产生周期性脉冲；另一个带有 122 个槽，用于产生周期性声音。测量的声压级是距离（0.004 至 0.5 米）、笼子旋转（最高 11 千转/分）和指向性（0 至 90°）的函数。对于 22 kHz 的基频，在 0.004 m 处测得的最大声压级为 150 dB（632 Pa rms），在 0.5 m 处降至 122 dB（35 Pa rms）。实验结果与数值模型在声压级、指向性和轴内压力方面存在差异。
{"title":"Generation of broadband airborne ultrasound using an Harmonic Acoustic Pneumatic Source","authors":"Romain Rousseau, Pierre Grandjean, Nicolas Quaegebeur, Loïc Charlebois-Vachon, Philippe Micheau","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a new type of airborne transducer for generating broadband ultrasound with a high Sound Pressure Level (SPL). The concept is based on the Harmonic Acoustic Pneumatic Source (HAPS) that uses pressurized air in conjunction with a flow chopper made up of a rotating cage with slots connected to a specific exhaust. The fundamental frequency depends on the number of slots and the rotation speed of the cage. An analytical model of the HAPS coupled with a numerical model of the exhaust is used to predict the radiated acoustic pressure and to estimate the influence of dimensional parameters on pressure level generated by the source. Experiments are conducted with two cages: one with one slot in order to generate pulses periodically and one with <span><math><mrow><mn>122</mn></mrow></math></span> slots to generate periodic sound. The level of sound pressure is measured as a function of distance (<span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>004</mn></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></math></span> m), the cage rotation (up to <span><math><mrow><mn>11</mn></mrow></math></span> krpm) and directivity (<span><math><mn>0</mn></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mn>90</mn></mrow></math></span>°). For the fundamental frequency at <span><math><mrow><mn>22</mn></mrow></math></span> kHz, the maximum SPL of <span><math><mrow><mn>150</mn></mrow></math></span> dB (<span><math><mrow><mn>632</mn></mrow></math></span> Pa rms) is /measured at <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>004</mn></mrow></math></span> m, and decreases to <span><math><mrow><mn>122</mn></mrow></math></span> dB (<span><math><mrow><mn>35</mn></mrow></math></span> Pa rms) at <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></math></span> m. At <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></math></span> m, the second and third harmonics can generate a SPL equal or greater than <span><math><mrow><mn>115</mn></mrow></math></span> dB above <span><math><mrow><mn>22</mn></mrow></math></span> kHz and up to <span><math><mrow><mn>66</mn></mrow></math></span> kHz. Discrepancies between the experiments results and numerical model are observed in terms of SPL, directivity and in-axis pressure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 107494"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107510
Yi He , Guojie Luo , Jie Huang , Yehai Li , Hoon Sohn , Zhongqing Su
The recent advances in micromanufacturing have been pushing boundaries of the new generation of semiconductor devices, which, in the meantime, brings new challenges in the material and structural characterization – a key step to ensure the device quality through the micromanufacturing process. An ultrafast laser-enable optoacoustic characterization methodology is developed, targeting in situ calibration and delineation of the three-dimensional (3-D), nanoscopic interior features of opaque semiconductor chips. With the guidance of ultrafast electron–phonon coupling effect and velocity-perturbated optical interference, a femtosecond-laser pump–probe set-up based on Sagnac interferometer is configured to generate and acquire picosecond ultrasonic bulk waves (P-UBWs) traversing the microchips. The interior features of the microchips shift the phase of acquired P-UBW signals, reflected in the perturbed probe laser beam. The phase shifts are calibrated to compute signal correlation of P-UBW signals between different acquiring positions, whereby to delineate the interior features in an intuitive manner. The approach is experimentally validated by characterizing nanoscopic, invisible interior aurum(Au)-gratings with periodically varied depths in typical microchips. Results highlight that the 3-D nanoscopic features of the microchips can be revealed with a microscopic and a nanoscopic spatial resolution, respectively along the transverse and depth directions of the chip, where the Au-gratings become “visible” with a depth variance of a few tens of nanometers only. This proposed approach has provided a fast, nondestructive approach to “see” through an opaque microchip with a nanoscopic resolution.
{"title":"Ultrafast laser-enabled optoacoustic characterization of three-dimensional, nanoscopic interior features of microchips","authors":"Yi He , Guojie Luo , Jie Huang , Yehai Li , Hoon Sohn , Zhongqing Su","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recent advances in micromanufacturing have been pushing boundaries of the new generation of semiconductor devices, which, in the meantime, brings new challenges in the material and structural characterization – a key step to ensure the device quality through the micromanufacturing process. An ultrafast laser-enable optoacoustic characterization methodology is developed, targeting <em>in situ</em> calibration and delineation of the three-dimensional (3-D), nanoscopic interior features of opaque semiconductor chips. With the guidance of ultrafast electron–phonon coupling effect and velocity-perturbated optical interference, a femtosecond-laser pump–probe set-up based on Sagnac interferometer is configured to generate and acquire picosecond ultrasonic bulk waves (P-UBWs) traversing the microchips. The interior features of the microchips shift the phase of acquired P-UBW signals, reflected in the perturbed probe laser beam. The phase shifts are calibrated to compute signal correlation of P-UBW signals between different acquiring positions, whereby to delineate the interior features in an intuitive manner. The approach is experimentally validated by characterizing nanoscopic, invisible interior aurum(Au)-gratings with periodically varied depths in typical microchips. Results highlight that the 3-D nanoscopic features of the microchips can be revealed with a microscopic and a nanoscopic spatial resolution, respectively along the transverse and depth directions of the chip, where the Au-gratings become “visible” with a depth variance of a few tens of nanometers only. This proposed approach has provided a fast, nondestructive approach to “see” through an opaque microchip with a nanoscopic resolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 107510"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107511
Zhongyan Jin , Qihong Zhou , Zeguang Pei , Ge Chen
Localization and size estimation of composite damage are challenging but essential for composite performance evaluation. This paper proposes a new methodology for the size estimation of multi-damage in composite laminates using Lamb wave technology. The pure A0 modal of Lamb wave is excited to avoid dispersion and multi-modal effects of Lamb wave. An extraction algorithm is introduced to obtain the first wave packet and time-of-flight. According to the results obtained by the extraction algorithm, the Bayesian-hybrid localization algorithm based on the reconstruction algorithm for probabilistic inspection of damage and modified delay-and-sum (MDAS) is performed to localize damages. The damage boundaries are obtained through convex enveloping a series of damage boundary points identified by MDAS. An adaptive Gaussian mixture model based on Akaike’s Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion is designed to remove abnormal boundary points. The proposed method is numerically investigated and validated through multi-damage experiments. The results demonstrate that it can accurately estimate the locations and boundaries of multi-damage in composite laminates.
{"title":"An algorithm for multi-damage size estimation of composite laminates","authors":"Zhongyan Jin , Qihong Zhou , Zeguang Pei , Ge Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Localization and size estimation of composite damage are challenging but essential for composite performance evaluation. This paper proposes a new methodology for the size estimation of multi-damage in composite laminates using Lamb wave technology. The pure A<sub>0</sub> modal of Lamb wave is excited to avoid dispersion and multi-modal effects of Lamb wave. An extraction algorithm is introduced to obtain the first wave packet and time-of-flight. According to the results obtained by the extraction algorithm, the Bayesian-hybrid localization algorithm based on the reconstruction algorithm for probabilistic inspection of damage and modified delay-and-sum (MDAS) is performed to localize damages. The damage boundaries are obtained through convex enveloping a series of damage boundary points identified by MDAS. An adaptive Gaussian mixture model based on Akaike’s Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion is designed to remove abnormal boundary points. The proposed method is numerically investigated and validated through multi-damage experiments. The results demonstrate that it can accurately estimate the locations and boundaries of multi-damage in composite laminates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 107511"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107508
Juxing He , Shibin Zhang , Pengcheng Zheng , Xiaoli Fang , Hulin Yao , Mijing Sun , Dongchen Sui , Yanlong Yao , Chongxi Song , Zheng Zhou , Xin Ou
With the exploding demand of rapid information transmission, high-frequency acoustic filtering devices are becoming an immediate need. Longitudinal leaky surface acoustic wave (LL-SAW) devices with unique advantages can be a promising platform. In this paper, we introduce a 100 nm intermediate oxide layer into the X-cut lithium niobate on silicon carbide (LiNbO3/SiC) to improve the in-band performance of LL-SAW resonators. First, the dispersion curves of the structures are analyzed by finite element method. In this part, we successfully interpret the intrinsic low quality factor (Q) of LL-SAW on LiNbO3/SiC in general design, and predict the enhancement of Q by introducing an intermediate oxide layer without degradation on spurious response. Then, one port resonators considered in the simulation are fabricated and measured. As a result, enhancements in Bode Q among the whole passband are confirmed. Compared with devices state of art, resonators with leading performances are demonstrated. The fabricated resonators have peak-valley admittance ratio of 63.87 dB, Bode Q of ∼300 at fr and ∼530 at far, 15.66 % and phase velocity of 6187.3 m/s. Additionally, the resonant frequency of SH1 mode shifts to higher frequency. This work enables the design of next generation high frequency mobile communication filters.
{"title":"Band edge modulation for high-performance LL-SAW resonators on LiNbO3/SiC by introducing an ultra-thin intermediate oxide layer","authors":"Juxing He , Shibin Zhang , Pengcheng Zheng , Xiaoli Fang , Hulin Yao , Mijing Sun , Dongchen Sui , Yanlong Yao , Chongxi Song , Zheng Zhou , Xin Ou","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the exploding demand of rapid information transmission, high-frequency acoustic filtering devices are becoming an immediate need. Longitudinal leaky surface acoustic wave (LL-SAW) devices with unique advantages can be a promising platform. In this paper, we introduce a 100 nm intermediate oxide layer into the X-cut lithium niobate on silicon carbide (LiNbO<sub>3</sub>/SiC) to improve the in-band performance of LL-SAW resonators. First, the dispersion curves of the structures are analyzed by finite element method. In this part, we successfully interpret the intrinsic low quality factor (<em>Q</em>) of LL-SAW on LiNbO<sub>3</sub>/SiC in general design, and predict the enhancement of <em>Q</em> by introducing an intermediate oxide layer without degradation on spurious response. Then, one port resonators considered in the simulation are fabricated and measured. As a result, enhancements in <em>Bode Q</em> among the whole passband are confirmed. Compared with devices state of art, resonators with leading performances are demonstrated. The fabricated resonators have peak-valley admittance ratio of 63.87 dB, <em>Bode Q</em> of ∼300 at <em>f<sub>r</sub></em> and ∼530 at <em>f<sub>ar</sub></em>, <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>k</mtext><mrow><mtext>eff</mtext></mrow><mtext>2</mtext></msubsup><mspace></mspace><mtext>of</mtext></mrow></math></span> 15.66 % and phase velocity of 6187.3 m/s. Additionally, the resonant frequency of SH1 mode shifts to higher frequency. This work enables the design of next generation high frequency mobile communication filters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 107508"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142606636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with oxidative stress, which is integral to the development of various pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, using NSC-34-a hybrid cell line established by fusing motor neuron–rich embryonic spinal cord cells with mouse neuroblastoma cells-we investigated the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation on oxidative (reactive oxygen species)/ER stress-induced neurodegeneration. An ultrasound transducer with a center frequency of 1.15 MHz and a spatial peak temporal average intensity of 357 mW/cm2 was used for delivering ultrasound (for 8 min, via a water-filled tube) to motor neuron cells seeded in a plastic culture dish. LIPUS stimulation significantly increased the level of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and inhibited the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins such as BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), and caspase-12, thus extending the survival of motor neurons. LIPUS stimulation also enhanced Ca2+ signaling and activated the Ca2+-dependent transcription factors as nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Furthermore, LIPUS stimulation induced the activation of the serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (AKT). Thus, LIPUS stimulation prevented oxidative/ER stress–mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, as a safe and noninvasive method, LIPUS stimulation can facilitate further development of ultrasound neuromodulation as a tool for neuroscience research.
{"title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound reduces oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in motor neuron cells","authors":"Thi-Thuyet Truong , Chih-Chung Huang , Wen-Tai Chiu","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with oxidative stress, which is integral to the development of various pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, using NSC-34-a hybrid cell line established by fusing motor neuron–rich embryonic spinal cord cells with mouse neuroblastoma cells-we investigated the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation on oxidative (reactive oxygen species)/ER stress-induced neurodegeneration. An ultrasound transducer with a center frequency of 1.15 MHz and a spatial peak temporal average intensity of 357 mW/cm<sup>2</sup> was used for delivering ultrasound (for 8 min, via a water-filled tube) to motor neuron cells seeded in a plastic culture dish. LIPUS stimulation significantly increased the level of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and inhibited the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins such as BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), and caspase-12, thus extending the survival of motor neurons. LIPUS stimulation also enhanced Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling and activated the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent transcription factors as nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Furthermore, LIPUS stimulation induced the activation of the serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (AKT). Thus, LIPUS stimulation prevented oxidative/ER stress–mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, as a safe and noninvasive method, LIPUS stimulation can facilitate further development of ultrasound neuromodulation as a tool for neuroscience research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 107499"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142523241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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