Veterinaria italiana最新文献

Bats are mammals with vital role played in numerous ecosystem services, however bats can be important reservoirs or hosts for several microorganisms. Rabies is a zoonosis caused by Rabies lyssavirus (RABV) that affects the central nervous system (CNS) of all mammals, including bats and humans. The action of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) could be responsible for inhibiting different stages of the viral replication cycle. A major family of ISGs are the Interferon-induced proteins with tetrapeptide repeats (IFITs) and your action against infections caused by viruses from different families was proven. This study describes the expression of BatIFIT5 by RT-qPCR in different species of healthy and naturally infected with RABV bats. A total, of 36 bats were analyzed (18 positive and 18 negative for rabies) and 16 (44.44%) were positive for BatIFIT5. Here we analyzed fourteen species of bats with different eating and behavioral habits. Seven genetics lineages of RABV were evaluated and included in these 14 species of bats, no cases of RABV spillover were identified. In addition, we did not verified relationship between the bat species expression of BatIFIT5 and RABV. Many points about immunology of bats are unknown and here we analyzed one of these points.

Wild passerine birds may serve as environmental reservoirs and as vectors for the long-distance dispersal of microorganisms and resistance determinants. However, there is no much knowledge on pathogenic bacteria in wild birds in Iran. The present study aimed to analyze antibiotic resistance in wild passerine birds collected from the northeast region of Iran as the rich breeding bird fauna with a special focus on Escherichia coli virulence, integron, and phylogenetic groups. A total of 326 isolates were collected and identified from the cloaca of wild birds using a swab. The results showed a high percentage of resistance to tetracycline (45.8%) and ampicillin (26.7%). The resistance genes, tet(A), tet(B), tet(M), and tet(L) were detected in tetracycline-resistant isolates, while the blaTEM gene was the most prevalent in ampicillin-resistant isolates (38.6%). Out of the 129 E. coli isolates examined, 99 isolates were found to have virulence gene, with the highest prevalence of the fimbriae (fimH) gene (22.4%). Additionally, the E. coli strains were most often classified into phylogenetic groups B1 (48.8%) followed by B2 (19.3%). Also, the highest average frequency of class 1 integron was detected among our isolates. Results indicated that wild birds are reservoirs of multidrug resistance and virulence genes that may have the potential to be transferred to other organisms, including humans.

The article describes the results and the experience gained in using a participatory approach to design a strategic development plan (SDP) in a veterinary public health institute. The bottom-up approach utilised was co-designed between the units of "Research and Innovation" and "Training". It included a survey administered to the institute staff (570 people) to collect inputs on three relevant areas: i) innovative research topics; ii) innovation needed to improve services; iii) new tools to carry out activities. After the survey, the following criteria were used to prioritise the research topics: appropriateness, relevance, capacity, impact and innovativeness. Based on the priority topics identified, small working groups were set up on a voluntary basis. The working groups, following the EuropeAid method, co-designed a SDP, set over a three-year period, with indications on aims, objectives, outputs, activities, SMART indicators, means of verification and targets. The method proved useful in continuing the process of institutional innovation, especially by stimulating the participation and commitment of younger innovative staff at the bottom of the hierarchical pyramid. The integration of the described method into regular management procedures would be desirable, to achieve more effective results.

The management of cattle ticks, particularly Rhipicephalus microplus, poses a global challenge in subtropical regions like Ecuador due to its impact on meat and milk productivity, leading to economic losses. Misuse of acaricides has resulted in resistance and multi-resistance, diminishing their effectiveness. This study evaluated resistance to amitraz, alpha-cypermethrin, and ivermectin using the Larval Packet test, laboratory-reared tick larvae collected from cattle were tested. Data on farm management and tick control practices were gathered via a questionnaire in Northwest Pichincha and Quijos River Valley over two years. Resistance rates in the first year (2020-2021) were 67.21% for amitraz, 57.38% for ivermectin, and 67.21% for alpha-cypermethrin. One year later (2021-2022), resistance levels were 59.57% for amitraz, 57.45% for ivermectin, and 68.09% for alpha-cypermethrin, with multi-resistance rates at 67.21% and 65.96% respectively. No significant differences were found between years or locations. Analysis of larval survival data determined lethal doses for tested acaricides. The study emphasizes the association between the lack of acaricide rotation, the incorrect dosage, and the absence of non-chemical measures in tick management could be associated with the development of resistances in ticks. Likewise, this study promotes the need for collaborative efforts to improve control practices and maintain acaricide efficacy.

We describe the computation of metrics to inform the selection of areas for a regionalised approach to bovine tuberculosis eradication in Ireland. Our aim was not to recommend suitable regions but to elucidate the criteria used in metric selection and comment on the diversity of metric values amongst regions. The 26 counties of Ireland were compared using 20 metrics, grouped into five categories: region size and cattle population, herd fragmentation, cattle movement, bovine TB testing, badger population and control. Fragmentation metrics, measuring the proportion of herds with land in at least two counties, varied considerably by county, from 1% to 24 %.  Between 25 % and 92 % of moves into herds came from a different county, illustrating the likely disruption in trade that a regionalized approach could entail. Cattle movement networks were combined with a risk model to calculate the proportion of moves which would be deemed risky under a risk-based trading regime and these results were compared to a more traditional approach based on the herd type and test history of each herd, with many fewer moves potentially restricted using the latter approach. We show how correlation between region size and some of the metrics complicates their interpretation.

Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Mycoplasma bovis are the most commonly isolated mastitis pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new mixed vaccine against mastitis caused by  Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Mycoplasma bovis. For this purpose, a mixed inactivated vaccine was administered subcutaneously to 24 heifers as one dose (2 mL) on the 45th day before birth and the second dose 21 days later. In 9 heifers, 2 mL of PBS was administered as placebo instead of vaccine. Then, heifers were divided into 3 groups as 7 vaccinated and 3 unvaccinated animals. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Mycoplasma bovis were administered to the groups through intramammary route. Three vaccinated heifers were considered the common control without bacteria in all groups. The parameters considered to assess the effect of vaccination were clinical findings, bacterial count in milk, somatic cell count, and antibody titers. Clinical signs were observed only in the unvaccinated placebo group. Bacteria count and somatic cell count in milk increased in vaccinated and unvaccinated heifers. However, this increase was less in vaccinated animals and gradually returned to the normal level. In the unvaccinated heifers, it was ever high. Serum antibody titers were measured before and after vaccination. Antibody titers were high in vaccinated heifers after vaccination and were negative in unvaccinated heifers. In conclusion, the mixed vaccine had beneficial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Mycoplasma bovis mastitis and stimulated the immune response of vaccinated heifers.

This study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and to determine the virus distribution in unvaccinated goats in the Pantnagar region of Uttarakhand state, India. A total of 212 serum samples from goats were collected randomly from various villages in three districts (Udhamsingh Nagar, Nainital, and Almora) of Uttarakhand. Serum samples were tested for anti-PPRV antibodies by a commercially available kit. RNA was extracted from the clinical samples and it was subjected to one-step RT-PCR, followed by virus isolation from positive samples. A total of 41 animals from various villages were found to be seropositive with a prevalence rate of 19.33%. PPR outbreaks were also reported from the Tarai region of Uttarakhand, and detection by PCR confirmed PPRV in 8 goats. Two representative swab samples were subjected to virus isolation in Vero cells and both samples showed typical cytopathic effects. The present study shows that PPRV is circulating in the Tarai region of Uttarakhand and mass vaccination for PPR must be followed in this region to increase herd immunity to a protective level. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation of PPRV seroprevalence in unvaccinated goats of Uttarakhand, India.

Obtaining the complete or near-complete genome sequence of pathogens is becoming increasingly crucial for epidemiology, virology, clinical science and practice. This study aimed to detect viruses and conduct genetic characterization of genomes using metagenomics in order to identify the viral agents responsible for a calf's diarrhoea. The findings showed that bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and bovine rotavirus (BRV) are the primary viral agents responsible for the calf's diarrhoea. The current study successfully obtained the first-ever near-complete genome sequence of a bovine coronavirus (BCoV) from Türkiye. The G+C content was 36.31% and the genetic analysis revealed that the Turkish BCoV strain is closely related to respiratory BCoV strains from France and Ireland, with high nucleotide sequence and amino acid identity and similarity. In the present study, analysis of the S protein of the Turkish BCoV strain revealed the presence of 13 amino acid insertions, one of which was found to be shared with the French respiratory BCoV. The study also identified a BRV strain through metagenomic analysis and detected multiple mutations within the structural and non-structural proteins of the BRV strain, suggesting that the BRV Kirikkale strain may serve as an ancestor for reassortants with interspecies transmission, especially involving rotaviruses that infect rabbits and giraffes.

The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of TNF-alpha (TNF-α) in dogs naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis (D. immitis) and to assess whether there are any changes in TNF-α concentration and their dependence during therapy for heartworm disease (HWD). For this study, 14 client-owned dogs with HWD were selected. Clinical and parasitological examinations (modified Knott test for circulating microfilariae and SNAP Test IDEXX for circulating D. immitis antigen) had been used for diagnosing D. immitis and HWD. All dogs were treated with an alternative therapy for HWD (oral doxycycline 10 mg/kg b.w., once daily for 6 weeks, then alternately 4 weeks without and 2 weeks with the medication, and oral ivermectin 6-14 µg/kg b.w., every 2 weeks). The dogs blood sera at the moment of HWD diagnosis, during and at the end of therapy were frozen for further quantifying of TNF-α (Canine TNF-alpha ELISA kit, Thermo scientific). At the moment of HWD diagnosis TNF-α was detected in 9 dogs (7.21±12.44 pg/ml). Concentration of TNF-α was not significantly change during the therapy, neither related to the level of D. immitis antigen nor to antigen level changes. The alternative therapy for HWD has no influence on TNF-α concentration dynamics.

The present research delved into the transmission patterns, diagnostic methods, molecular traits, and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium species. The research was undertaken to enhance comprehension of the epidemiology and the potential for zoonotic transmission. A total of 80 goat-kid samples were tested, 7 were confirmed positive by mZN microscopy and 12 by nested-PCR. By PCR, 18SSUrRNA, HSP70, and GP60 amplicons were tested for Cryptosporidium. The restriction enzymes viz., SspI, VspI and MboII were used to genotype 12 Cryptosporidium positive samples by which C. parvum and C. bovis mixed infections were detected. Quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR was used to transcriptionally screen the COWP-subunit genes to assess the severity of the infection in goat-kids, which showed upregulation of COWP6 and COWP4, while COWP9 and COWP3 genes were downregulated. A silent mutation was found at the codon CCA→CCC, which is being reported for the first time in goat field isolates. Phylogenetic and sequencing analyses confirmed the presence of the anthropozoonotic IIe subtype.