Pub Date : 2022-12-05DOI: 10.15282/jceib.v8i2.8771
R. Jalil, H. Bojet, M. Sarif, T. Khadiran, P. Elham, A. Nicholas, J. Zainudin, C. Wan, R. A. Dayus
Bamboo has a very rapid growth rate and has been considered a promising non-wood biomass material that has the potential as a feedstock for charcoal production. This study was carried out to elucidate the physico-chemical and energy characteristic of bamboo charcoal produced from two (2) different species which were Aur Kuning Bamboo and Beting Bamboo. Each bamboo was carbonized at a temperature of 300 to 400oC for a duration of two hours. It was found that the density and volatile matter content of bamboo charcoal have decreased, while the ash content, fixed carbon (FC) content and calorific value (CV) have increased after being converted into charcoal. The results show that Aur Kuning Bamboo has good quality bamboo charcoal in comparison with Beting Bamboo in terms of its FC and CV content. Based on the average value, the FC (82.10%) and CV of Aur Kuning Bamboo (27.23%) were higher than FC (70.42%) and CV (26.05%) of Beting Bamboo with 16.59% (FC) and 4.53% (CV) different. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant effect for different species of bamboo and a significant correlation between physical and energy properties. In conclusion, Aur Kuning Bamboo harvested from Sarawak wild forest has a higher potential to be a feedstock for charcoal production that will be useful for various applications in the near future.
{"title":"Physico-chemical and Energy Characteristic of Charcoal Derived from Two (Different) Sarawak Wild Bamboo Species","authors":"R. Jalil, H. Bojet, M. Sarif, T. Khadiran, P. Elham, A. Nicholas, J. Zainudin, C. Wan, R. A. Dayus","doi":"10.15282/jceib.v8i2.8771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jceib.v8i2.8771","url":null,"abstract":"Bamboo has a very rapid growth rate and has been considered a promising non-wood biomass material that has the potential as a feedstock for charcoal production. This study was carried out to elucidate the physico-chemical and energy characteristic of bamboo charcoal produced from two (2) different species which were Aur Kuning Bamboo and Beting Bamboo. Each bamboo was carbonized at a temperature of 300 to 400oC for a duration of two hours. It was found that the density and volatile matter content of bamboo charcoal have decreased, while the ash content, fixed carbon (FC) content and calorific value (CV) have increased after being converted into charcoal. The results show that Aur Kuning Bamboo has good quality bamboo charcoal in comparison with Beting Bamboo in terms of its FC and CV content. Based on the average value, the FC (82.10%) and CV of Aur Kuning Bamboo (27.23%) were higher than FC (70.42%) and CV (26.05%) of Beting Bamboo with 16.59% (FC) and 4.53% (CV) different. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant effect for different species of bamboo and a significant correlation between physical and energy properties. In conclusion, Aur Kuning Bamboo harvested from Sarawak wild forest has a higher potential to be a feedstock for charcoal production that will be useful for various applications in the near future.","PeriodicalId":235976,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114868700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-05DOI: 10.15282/jceib.v8i2.8659
V. Alberto, A. Gupta
Keratin powder is produced from the drying of keratin solution extracted from chicken feathers. Powdered form of keratin protein eases the storage and transport of keratin and can be further developed into nutrient supplements. The objective of this research is to convert liquid keratin obtained from chicken feathers into powder through different methods and also to identify the effects of various drying methods on the keratin sample. Liquid keratin was converted into solid particles through spray drying, freeze drying and vacuum-oven drying where the products were visually observed and analysed using FTIR and SEM to determine the effects of the drying methods on the keratin sample. The SEM results show that the product of spray drying produced smaller spherical particles with diameter ~3µm-17µm while freeze drying and vacuum-oven drying produced coarse, flaky irregular-shaped particles with diameter ~70µm-470µm and ~100µm-530µm respectively. FTIR spectroscopy shows that the keratin samples remained their characteristics as a true protein including spray drying when encapsulated with Arabic gum even at high temperatures up to 110°C. Conclusively, spray drying should be considered for future development of keratin as a nutrient supplement while freeze drying and vacuum-oven drying for storage and transport of keratin.
{"title":"Various Drying Techniques for Conversion of Extracted Chicken Feather Keratin Solution to Powder","authors":"V. Alberto, A. Gupta","doi":"10.15282/jceib.v8i2.8659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jceib.v8i2.8659","url":null,"abstract":"Keratin powder is produced from the drying of keratin solution extracted from chicken feathers. Powdered form of keratin protein eases the storage and transport of keratin and can be further developed into nutrient supplements. The objective of this research is to convert liquid keratin obtained from chicken feathers into powder through different methods and also to identify the effects of various drying methods on the keratin sample. Liquid keratin was converted into solid particles through spray drying, freeze drying and vacuum-oven drying where the products were visually observed and analysed using FTIR and SEM to determine the effects of the drying methods on the keratin sample. The SEM results show that the product of spray drying produced smaller spherical particles with diameter ~3µm-17µm while freeze drying and vacuum-oven drying produced coarse, flaky irregular-shaped particles with diameter ~70µm-470µm and ~100µm-530µm respectively. FTIR spectroscopy shows that the keratin samples remained their characteristics as a true protein including spray drying when encapsulated with Arabic gum even at high temperatures up to 110°C. Conclusively, spray drying should be considered for future development of keratin as a nutrient supplement while freeze drying and vacuum-oven drying for storage and transport of keratin.","PeriodicalId":235976,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124229364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-05DOI: 10.15282/jceib.v8i2.8779
T. Palniandy, A. I. Nafsun, N. Mohd Jamil, F. Herz, N. Azmi, M. H. Muhammad Zaki
Lignocellulosic biomass has a potential to be coverted to bioethanol which can be a new alternative for fossil fuel. Empty fruit bunches (EFB) is one of the most abundant lignocellulosic biomass in Malaysia, which has high content of cellulose and posses favorable physiochemical characteristics for bioethanol production via a process called simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). In SSF process, the reaction is initiated by diffusion and consolidation of the enzyme and its substrate. Thus, optimum stirring speed is crucial, as diffusion rate of substrates is influenced by the agitation of reaction mixture. The influence of stirring speed on the glucose and ethanol concentration in SSF process was investigated in the current study. Initially, 5 % (g/ml) of pretreated EFB in 1.5 liter of 0.05 M buffer citrate pH 4.8 were sterilized in autoclave at 121°C for 20 minutes. Then, enzyme Cellic Ctec-2 solution with concentration (1%) were added together with 1.5% (g/ml) Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast in the bioreactor. The process was conducted in the bioreactor under temperature of 37°C with stirring speed of 100 rpm for 72 hours. SSF process experiments were repeated with the same setup except by varying the stirring speed (150 and 200 rpm) independently. From the results, the glucose concentration and ethanol yield of 200 rpm indicated less concentration in every 24 hours compared to 150 rpm and 100 rpm. The stirring speed of 150 rpm shows the highest glucose concentration (1.914 mg/ml) and ethanol yield (16%) obtained after 72 hours and determined as the best stirring speed for this experiment.
{"title":"Influence of Stirring Speed on Glucose and Ethanol Production in Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Process","authors":"T. Palniandy, A. I. Nafsun, N. Mohd Jamil, F. Herz, N. Azmi, M. H. Muhammad Zaki","doi":"10.15282/jceib.v8i2.8779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jceib.v8i2.8779","url":null,"abstract":"Lignocellulosic biomass has a potential to be coverted to bioethanol which can be a new alternative for fossil fuel. Empty fruit bunches (EFB) is one of the most abundant lignocellulosic biomass in Malaysia, which has high content of cellulose and posses favorable physiochemical characteristics for bioethanol production via a process called simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). In SSF process, the reaction is initiated by diffusion and consolidation of the enzyme and its substrate. Thus, optimum stirring speed is crucial, as diffusion rate of substrates is influenced by the agitation of reaction mixture. The influence of stirring speed on the glucose and ethanol concentration in SSF process was investigated in the current study. Initially, 5 % (g/ml) of pretreated EFB in 1.5 liter of 0.05 M buffer citrate pH 4.8 were sterilized in autoclave at 121°C for 20 minutes. Then, enzyme Cellic Ctec-2 solution with concentration (1%) were added together with 1.5% (g/ml) Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast in the bioreactor. The process was conducted in the bioreactor under temperature of 37°C with stirring speed of 100 rpm for 72 hours. SSF process experiments were repeated with the same setup except by varying the stirring speed (150 and 200 rpm) independently. From the results, the glucose concentration and ethanol yield of 200 rpm indicated less concentration in every 24 hours compared to 150 rpm and 100 rpm. The stirring speed of 150 rpm shows the highest glucose concentration (1.914 mg/ml) and ethanol yield (16%) obtained after 72 hours and determined as the best stirring speed for this experiment.","PeriodicalId":235976,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131315500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-05DOI: 10.15282/jceib.v8i2.8900
A. Mutalib, N. F. Jaafar, T. Torlaema, N. Salamun
In this study, TiO2 supported on fibrous Zeolite Y (FY) was synthesized via ultrasonic co-impregnation for desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT). The physicochemical properties of the prepared TiO2/FY were characerized by XRD and TEM. Next, to determine the efficiency capacity of TiO2/FY in the fuel desulfurization process, several photocatalytic tests with different parameters including time (0 – 180 min), TiO2/FY dosage (0.1 - 5 g/L), initial pH (2 - 8), and initial concentration (50 – 400 mg/L) were conducted accordingly. A high DBT removal (87%) was successfully accomplished at the optimum conditions of 5 g/L TiO2/FY, pH 8, and 300 mg/L, which may be contributed from the fibrous structure as recorded by TEM and high crystallinity from the XRD analysis. It can be concluded that the TiO2/FY own great potential to be applied as an efficient material for the fuel desulphurization.
{"title":"Preparation of Titanium Oxide-Fibrous Zeolite Y Catalyst for Desulfurization of Fuel","authors":"A. Mutalib, N. F. Jaafar, T. Torlaema, N. Salamun","doi":"10.15282/jceib.v8i2.8900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jceib.v8i2.8900","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, TiO2 supported on fibrous Zeolite Y (FY) was synthesized via ultrasonic co-impregnation for desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT). The physicochemical properties of the prepared TiO2/FY were characerized by XRD and TEM. Next, to determine the efficiency capacity of TiO2/FY in the fuel desulfurization process, several photocatalytic tests with different parameters including time (0 – 180 min), TiO2/FY dosage (0.1 - 5 g/L), initial pH (2 - 8), and initial concentration (50 – 400 mg/L) were conducted accordingly. A high DBT removal (87%) was successfully accomplished at the optimum conditions of 5 g/L TiO2/FY, pH 8, and 300 mg/L, which may be contributed from the fibrous structure as recorded by TEM and high crystallinity from the XRD analysis. It can be concluded that the TiO2/FY own great potential to be applied as an efficient material for the fuel desulphurization.","PeriodicalId":235976,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127654593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-12DOI: 10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7030
A. H. Mustafa, S. S. Rashid, M. A. Rahim, R. Roslan, W. A. M. Musa, B. Sikder, A. Sasi
Lignocellulosic biomass is nature's most abundant alternative source of biofuels replacing traditional fossil fuels. Globally, more than 70% of renewable energy depends on biomass and contributes 14% of the total energy supply. The pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is to remove lignin, modify the lignin structure, reduce the cellulose crystallinity and increase the porosity and surface area of lignocellulosic material. The pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most expensive steps for biomass conversion and consumes about 40% of total costs. Traditionally physical and chemical methods have been used for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. However, these methods are unsustainable and have a huge negative impact on the environment. Pretreatment by the lignocellulosic laccase enzyme can overcome these problems. So the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass has been studied, presenting special attention to the enzymatic pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.
{"title":"Enzymatic Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass: An Overview","authors":"A. H. Mustafa, S. S. Rashid, M. A. Rahim, R. Roslan, W. A. M. Musa, B. Sikder, A. Sasi","doi":"10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7030","url":null,"abstract":"Lignocellulosic biomass is nature's most abundant alternative source of biofuels replacing traditional fossil fuels. Globally, more than 70% of renewable energy depends on biomass and contributes 14% of the total energy supply. The pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is to remove lignin, modify the lignin structure, reduce the cellulose crystallinity and increase the porosity and surface area of lignocellulosic material. The pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most expensive steps for biomass conversion and consumes about 40% of total costs. Traditionally physical and chemical methods have been used for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. However, these methods are unsustainable and have a huge negative impact on the environment. Pretreatment by the lignocellulosic laccase enzyme can overcome these problems. So the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass has been studied, presenting special attention to the enzymatic pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.","PeriodicalId":235976,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129629133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-12DOI: 10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7771
F. N. Gonawan, M. Romli, M. Zuhan, M. A. T. Jaya
An immobilized enzyme is a biocatalyst that speeds up the conversion of a chemical reaction. The application of enzymes for chemical synthesis is an effort toward a responsible production initiative to ensure the sustainability of chemical synthesis. Therefore, in the present work, Candida rugosa lipase was immobilized onto glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan beads through covalent bond linkages. Chitosan is biodegradable and contains amine groups, which serve as bases for lipase binding via cross-linking with bifunctional cross-linkers like glutaraldehyde. The immobilization of lipase on the chitosan beads was confirmed by determining lipase activity through the hydrolysis of a standard substrate. The effect of lipase and glutaraldehyde concentrations on the immobilization and activity yield was investigated. In general, lipase and glutaraldehyde concentrations have a significant effect on immobilization and activity yield. The interaction between the investigated parameters is significant toward the activity yield rather than the immobilization yield. The optimized immobilization procedures give lipase activity up to 46 IU by using 0.013 g/mL lipase and 2 %/v/v glutaraldehyde. It was found that the immobilized enzyme was rather stable and could be recycled 7 times. Therefore, immobilization of lipase onto glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan support is feasible.
{"title":"Immobilization of Candida Rugosa Lipase on the Glutaraldehyde-Activated Chitosan Beads","authors":"F. N. Gonawan, M. Romli, M. Zuhan, M. A. T. Jaya","doi":"10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7771","url":null,"abstract":"An immobilized enzyme is a biocatalyst that speeds up the conversion of a chemical reaction. The application of enzymes for chemical synthesis is an effort toward a responsible production initiative to ensure the sustainability of chemical synthesis. Therefore, in the present work, Candida rugosa lipase was immobilized onto glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan beads through covalent bond linkages. Chitosan is biodegradable and contains amine groups, which serve as bases for lipase binding via cross-linking with bifunctional cross-linkers like glutaraldehyde. The immobilization of lipase on the chitosan beads was confirmed by determining lipase activity through the hydrolysis of a standard substrate. The effect of lipase and glutaraldehyde concentrations on the immobilization and activity yield was investigated. In general, lipase and glutaraldehyde concentrations have a significant effect on immobilization and activity yield. The interaction between the investigated parameters is significant toward the activity yield rather than the immobilization yield. The optimized immobilization procedures give lipase activity up to 46 IU by using 0.013 g/mL lipase and 2 %/v/v glutaraldehyde. It was found that the immobilized enzyme was rather stable and could be recycled 7 times. Therefore, immobilization of lipase onto glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan support is feasible.","PeriodicalId":235976,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128444866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-12DOI: 10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7795
N. Daud, Nurul Huda Insyirah Mohammad Najib
This research focused on the development of suitable materials for capturing and storing CO2 (CCS). Ferum-metal organic framework (Fe-MOF) and zeolite were prepared as adsorbents for the CO2 adsorption process. These adsorbents were characterised by employing X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysers. The adsorptive capacity of CO2 was conducted in an assembled facility containing of a metallic tubular container set up with a pure CO2 gas stream from a cylinder-shaped tank. The performance of these two adsorbents was investigated using two different parameters which are operating pressure and dosage of adsorbents. The exit concentration of CO2 was analyzed periodically using gas chromatography. Based on the FTIR and XRD studies, the findings suggest that the zeolite and Fe-MOF were successfully formed. The optimal adsorption conditions obtained for both adsorbents were 0.3 g of adsorbent dose and 1 bar of operating pressure. In conclusion, zeolite exhibits better performance as a CO2 adsorber due to its higher adsorption capacity than Fe-MOF.
{"title":"CO₂ Adsorption on Zeolites and Fe-MOF for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)","authors":"N. Daud, Nurul Huda Insyirah Mohammad Najib","doi":"10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7795","url":null,"abstract":"This research focused on the development of suitable materials for capturing and storing CO2 (CCS). Ferum-metal organic framework (Fe-MOF) and zeolite were prepared as adsorbents for the CO2 adsorption process. These adsorbents were characterised by employing X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysers. The adsorptive capacity of CO2 was conducted in an assembled facility containing of a metallic tubular container set up with a pure CO2 gas stream from a cylinder-shaped tank. The performance of these two adsorbents was investigated using two different parameters which are operating pressure and dosage of adsorbents. The exit concentration of CO2 was analyzed periodically using gas chromatography. Based on the FTIR and XRD studies, the findings suggest that the zeolite and Fe-MOF were successfully formed. The optimal adsorption conditions obtained for both adsorbents were 0.3 g of adsorbent dose and 1 bar of operating pressure. In conclusion, zeolite exhibits better performance as a CO2 adsorber due to its higher adsorption capacity than Fe-MOF.","PeriodicalId":235976,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125260783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-12DOI: 10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7782
S. Krishnan, M. Nasrullah, S. Mohamad
This research presents an investigation on the pellet size and adhesive ratio towards the production of kenaf pellet. The examined operating parameters were pellet size (2 - 3 cm) and adhesive ratio (0 - 15 wt%). The sample was densified through hot and cold molding press machine at 130 °C and 7 MPa. The analysis of the pellet was done through scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, calorific value, and combustion analysis. SEM analysis was used to study the surface morphology of the different starch content in kenaf pellets. The best surface recorded was the pellet with a 2.5 cm diameter at 10 wt% starch ratios as it shows clearly the structure of the starch. Calorific value analysis was recorded and the highest value obtained for the pellet with 15 wt% of starch is 46.2 kJ/kg. The highest mass yield for the pyrolysis process was achieved for the pellet at 15 wt% starch content. Pellet production is useful for fossil fuel in exchange for coal as it is more environmentally friendly and classified as renewable energy. Besides, pellet form can be conveniently used for storage and transportation.
{"title":"Effect of Pellet Size and Adhesive Ratio on the Production of Kenaf Pellet as a Fossil Fuel","authors":"S. Krishnan, M. Nasrullah, S. Mohamad","doi":"10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7782","url":null,"abstract":"This research presents an investigation on the pellet size and adhesive ratio towards the production of kenaf pellet. The examined operating parameters were pellet size (2 - 3 cm) and adhesive ratio (0 - 15 wt%). The sample was densified through hot and cold molding press machine at 130 °C and 7 MPa. The analysis of the pellet was done through scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, calorific value, and combustion analysis. SEM analysis was used to study the surface morphology of the different starch content in kenaf pellets. The best surface recorded was the pellet with a 2.5 cm diameter at 10 wt% starch ratios as it shows clearly the structure of the starch. Calorific value analysis was recorded and the highest value obtained for the pellet with 15 wt% of starch is 46.2 kJ/kg. The highest mass yield for the pyrolysis process was achieved for the pellet at 15 wt% starch content. Pellet production is useful for fossil fuel in exchange for coal as it is more environmentally friendly and classified as renewable energy. Besides, pellet form can be conveniently used for storage and transportation.","PeriodicalId":235976,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127383539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-12DOI: 10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7702
S. Dan, J. Jaafar, N. M. Saleh, S. N. Timmiati, N. Kamarudin
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) were reported to have many advantages to be used as an ideal drug carrier. In this study, MSN was prepared using the sol gel method with the addition of a pore expander namely triethoxysilyl propylamine (APTES). The prepared MSNs were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study the crystallinity and topology of the MSN. Adsorption of doxorubicin (DOX) which is a type of anticancer drug onto the MSN was carried out at different temperatures ranging from 50 oC to 80 oC to obtain different drug loading capacities. The mechanism for the adsorption of DOX onto MSN has also been explained in this study. The drug release profile of DOX from MSN-DOX was then evaluated after the adsorption process to know the effect of different drug loading values on the release level and rate. Based on the findings, drug loading values obtained at adsorption temperatures of 50 oC to 80 oC were 77.58%, 80.27%, 88.86% and 84.69%, respectively. The highest adsorption percentage was obtained at 70 oC. As for the drug release study, high drug loading resulted in faster drug release. The drug loading value that released drug at the slowest rate was 77.58% at the rate of 0.038% min-1 with a percentage of release 22.82% after 24 hours.
{"title":"Temperature Variation on Doxorubicin Adsorption by Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and its Effect towards Release Rate","authors":"S. Dan, J. Jaafar, N. M. Saleh, S. N. Timmiati, N. Kamarudin","doi":"10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7702","url":null,"abstract":"Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) were reported to have many advantages to be used as an ideal drug carrier. In this study, MSN was prepared using the sol gel method with the addition of a pore expander namely triethoxysilyl propylamine (APTES). The prepared MSNs were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study the crystallinity and topology of the MSN. Adsorption of doxorubicin (DOX) which is a type of anticancer drug onto the MSN was carried out at different temperatures ranging from 50 oC to 80 oC to obtain different drug loading capacities. The mechanism for the adsorption of DOX onto MSN has also been explained in this study. The drug release profile of DOX from MSN-DOX was then evaluated after the adsorption process to know the effect of different drug loading values on the release level and rate. Based on the findings, drug loading values obtained at adsorption temperatures of 50 oC to 80 oC were 77.58%, 80.27%, 88.86% and 84.69%, respectively. The highest adsorption percentage was obtained at 70 oC. As for the drug release study, high drug loading resulted in faster drug release. The drug loading value that released drug at the slowest rate was 77.58% at the rate of 0.038% min-1 with a percentage of release 22.82% after 24 hours.","PeriodicalId":235976,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124912085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-21DOI: 10.15282/jceib.v7i2.6917
N. Osman, M. Ismail, Norzahir Sapawe
This research investigates the potential of the oil palm frond (OPF), a well-known biomass from the oil palm industry, as a feasible silica precursor that can be utilised in the removal of phenol from an aqueous solution. Dried OPF was combusted to obtain OPF ash that was treated with citric acid before being synthesised as silica nanomaterial via the sol-gel method. The FTIR results of synthesised silica exhibit a similar peak with commercially available silica. Silica material was then used for phenol removal under different parameters including pH, contact time, dosage, concentration, and temperature, then analysed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The optimum condition was obtained at pH 7 within 45 mins of contact time using 0.2 g/L silica dosage under 10 ppm of phenol concentration at 303 K that aid in enhancing phenol removal by the OPF-based silica. At this condition, silica nanomaterial successfully removed up to 68% of phenol in an aqueous solution with adsorption capacity of the adsorbent is within the range of 34 mg/g. These results demonstrate the potential application of silica nanomaterial from OPF as an adsorbent in phenol removal from wastewater.
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