Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101428
Mikel Alexander González , Teresa Letra Mateus , Filipa Teixeira Rodrigues , Filipa Martins , Néstor Martínez-Calabuig , Ana Saldaña , Rosario Panadero , Josep Estruch , Daniel Bravo-Barriga , Laura Carrera-Faja
Since its first description in southern Spain, Lipoptena andaluciensis (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) has drawn increasing attention due to its uncertain origin and distribution. In this study, we report new records of L. andaluciensis from geographically distant regions, including the Castelo Branco district in Portugal and three different northern Spanish provinces (Lérida, Tarragona, and Aragón). A total of 26 specimens, identified as unwinged L. andaluciensis based on morphological traits and COI barcoding, were collected between 2022 and 2024 during several field surveys on red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Additionally, Lipoptena cervi and Hippobosca equina were also collected on hosts. These recent records, indicate that the species may have been previously overlooked or misidentified, underscores the need for enhanced taxonomic resolution and expanded surveillance. To facilitate accurate identification, we provide a pictorial key to distinguish among the six European Lipoptena species, with special emphasis on Lipoptena fortisetosa, L. cervi, and L. andaluciensis. We also highlight the importance of combining detailed morphological and molecular analyses of both recent and historical specimens to prevent misidentifications and to better understand the biogeography of this emerging species.
{"title":"New records of Lipoptena andaluciensis (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) in the Iberian Peninsula with a pictorial key of the genus","authors":"Mikel Alexander González , Teresa Letra Mateus , Filipa Teixeira Rodrigues , Filipa Martins , Néstor Martínez-Calabuig , Ana Saldaña , Rosario Panadero , Josep Estruch , Daniel Bravo-Barriga , Laura Carrera-Faja","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since its first description in southern Spain, <em>Lipoptena andaluciensis</em> (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) has drawn increasing attention due to its uncertain origin and distribution. In this study, we report new records of <em>L</em>. <em>andaluciensis</em> from geographically distant regions, including the Castelo Branco district in Portugal and three different northern Spanish provinces (Lérida, Tarragona, and Aragón). A total of 26 specimens, identified as unwinged <em>L</em>. <em>andaluciensis</em> based on morphological traits and COI barcoding, were collected between 2022 and 2024 during several field surveys on red deer (<em>Cervus elaphus</em>) and roe deer (<em>Capreolus capreolus</em>). Additionally, <em>Lipoptena cervi</em> and <em>Hippobosca equina</em> were also collected on hosts. These recent records, indicate that the species may have been previously overlooked or misidentified, underscores the need for enhanced taxonomic resolution and expanded surveillance. To facilitate accurate identification, we provide a pictorial key to distinguish among the six European <em>Lipoptena</em> species, with special emphasis on <em>Lipoptena fortisetosa</em>, <em>L</em>. <em>cervi</em>, and <em>L</em>. <em>andaluciensis.</em> We also highlight the importance of combining detailed morphological and molecular analyses of both recent and historical specimens to prevent misidentifications and to better understand the biogeography of this emerging species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101428"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sardine flesh is highly valued for its nutritional qualities; however, isopod parasitic infections can cause substantial economic losses in sardine production. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the infection rate and morphology of the isopod Ryukyua circularis in Elbeheira Governorate, Egypt. A total of 633 samples of European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) specimens were purchased from local markets in Edko City, Elbeheira, Governorate, over 12 months. Isopod parasites were carefully removed from host fish specimens, with attachment sites and density recorded before immediate preservation in 70% ethanol for microscopical examination. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to identify the isopods. A PCR assay of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene was used for molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis. The overall infection rate was 3% (19 infected out of 633). The infection rate was marginally elevated in female specimens (3.29%) compared to male specimens (2.91%). According to the season, the infection occurred only in colder seasons—winter (4.69%) and spring (5.26%). This reflects temperature-limited transmission or greater host aggregation in cooler months, supporting targeted seasonal surveillance for fishery management. Fish weighing <15 g had a higher infection rate (3.91%) than those weighing >15 g (1.34%), suggesting increased juvenile vulnerability, potentially guiding size-selective harvesting or monitoring to reduce parasite impacts on sardine stocks. The PCR amplified 443 bp of the target sequence of the 28S rDNA gene. BLAST searches revealed that the isopod sequence shared 77.88–79.91% identities with previously reported Ryukyua circularis isolates. Phylogenetic analysis positioned the present sequence within the Ryukyua circularis clade, along with sequences from India. This study presents the first report on the infection rate, SEM, and molecular characterization of Ryukyua circularis in sardines from Elbeheira Governorate, Egypt.
{"title":"First report and morpho-molecular analysis of Ryukyua circularis (Isopoda: Cymothoidae) in the European pilchard, Sardina pilchardus, from Egypt","authors":"Heba Wheeb , Wael Felefel , Mahmoud AbouLaila , Soad Menshawy","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sardine flesh is highly valued for its nutritional qualities; however, isopod parasitic infections can cause substantial economic losses in sardine production. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the infection rate and morphology of the isopod <em>Ryukyua circularis</em> in Elbeheira Governorate, Egypt. A total of 633 samples of European pilchard (<em>Sardina pilchardus</em>) specimens were purchased from local markets in Edko City, Elbeheira, Governorate, over 12 months. Isopod parasites were carefully removed from host fish specimens, with attachment sites and density recorded before immediate preservation in 70% ethanol for microscopical examination. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to identify the isopods. A PCR assay of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene was used for molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis. The overall infection rate was 3% (19 infected out of 633). The infection rate was marginally elevated in female specimens (3.29%) compared to male specimens (2.91%). According to the season, the infection occurred only in colder seasons—winter (4.69%) and spring (5.26%). This reflects temperature-limited transmission or greater host aggregation in cooler months, supporting targeted seasonal surveillance for fishery management. Fish weighing <15 g had a higher infection rate (3.91%) than those weighing >15 g (1.34%), suggesting increased juvenile vulnerability, potentially guiding size-selective harvesting or monitoring to reduce parasite impacts on sardine stocks. The PCR amplified 443 bp of the target sequence of the 28S rDNA gene. BLAST searches revealed that the isopod sequence shared 77.88–79.91% identities with previously reported <em>Ryukyua circularis</em> isolates. Phylogenetic analysis positioned the present sequence within the <em>Ryukyua circularis</em> clade, along with sequences from India. This study presents the first report on the infection rate, SEM, and molecular characterization of <em>Ryukyua circularis</em> in sardines from Elbeheira Governorate, Egypt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101426"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101424
Lidan Wang , Yao Pan , Xingyu Zhou , Xin Guo , Yanan Yan , Guoshan Wei , Youying Li , Xiaoping Ma , Hongrui Guo , Zhicai Zuo , Lan Lan , Yue Xie
Louse infestations pose a serious threat to yak production, affecting animal health and causing substantial economic losses. However, until now there has been limited information available regarding yak lice infestations. Herein, we collected lice samples from Ganzi Tibetan yaks and amplified the nuclear small subunit ribosomal 18S and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes for evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses. Stereoscopic and scanning electron microscope observations showed high morphological similarity between the yak lice and the cattle sucking louse Linognathus vituli (Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Linognathidae). Pairwise nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparisons, genetic distance analysis and phylogenetic relationships strongly supported that the yak lice belonged to the same species, L. vituli and together shared a sister-species relationship with congeneric other species in the genus Linognathus. This was the first study to report L. vituli in yaks, based on combined micromorphological (scanning electron microscope) and molecular (nuclear-plus-mitochondrial DNA) evidence, and this finding should contribute to a more complete understanding of evolutionary biology, diagnostics and control of this sucking louse in the plateau yaks and other bovine animals.
{"title":"Morphological and molecular evidence of Linognathus vituli infestation in yaks from Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China","authors":"Lidan Wang , Yao Pan , Xingyu Zhou , Xin Guo , Yanan Yan , Guoshan Wei , Youying Li , Xiaoping Ma , Hongrui Guo , Zhicai Zuo , Lan Lan , Yue Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Louse infestations pose a serious threat to yak production, affecting animal health and causing substantial economic losses. However, until now there has been limited information available regarding yak lice infestations. Herein, we collected lice samples from Ganzi Tibetan yaks and amplified the nuclear small subunit ribosomal 18S and mitochondrial cytochrome <em>c</em> oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes for evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses. Stereoscopic and scanning electron microscope observations showed high morphological similarity between the yak lice and the cattle sucking louse <em>Linognathus vituli</em> (Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Linognathidae). Pairwise nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparisons, genetic distance analysis and phylogenetic relationships strongly supported that the yak lice belonged to the same species, <em>L. vituli</em> and together shared a sister-species relationship with congeneric other species in the genus <em>Linognathus</em>. This was the first study to report <em>L. vituli</em> in yaks, based on combined micromorphological (scanning electron microscope) and molecular (nuclear-plus-mitochondrial DNA) evidence, and this finding should contribute to a more complete understanding of evolutionary biology, diagnostics and control of this sucking louse in the plateau yaks and other bovine animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101424"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101421
Md. Haydar Ali , Md. Shahadat Hossain , Sharmin Shahid Labony , Mohammod Kamruj Jaman Bhuiyan , Md. Touhidul Islam , Md. Abu Hadi Noor Ali Khan , Md. Abdul Alim , Anisuzzaman
Fasciolosis is a snail-borne zoonotic trematode infection caused by ingesting aquatic vegetation contaminated with the metacercariae of ruminant liver flukes such as Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, and their hybrid or parthenogenetic forms. The disease significantly affects the health and productivity of ruminants globally. This study determined some epidemiologic aspects of fasciolosis along with economic significance in terms of condemnation of bovine liver in two distinct areas of Bangladesh from July 2022 to June 2025 through a slaughterhouse-based study and confirmed their vector snails. Although the overall mean prevalence of fasciolosis in both study areas was below 50%, but the prevalence was significantly higher (Mymensingh, 71.4%, 140 out of 196) in floodplains than in the highland (Madhupur, 10.8%, 22 out of 204). Overall losses were 36.5% (172 kg out of 471 kg) due to the condemnation of the liver. Condemnation of liver was also significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the floodplain (71.2%, 166 kg out of 233 kg) than in the highland (2.5%, 6.0 kg out of 238 kg). The total economic loss caused by the condemnation of the liver at both sites' abattoirs was estimated at 2586.8 US$ (3, 15,360 taka). Also, the predicted monetary loss was calculated as 278,445.98US$ (33,945,350 taka) per year only due to condemnation of livers. Only L. auricularia and L. luteola were found to act as the intermediate hosts of fasciolid flukes in Bangladesh, which transmitted both F. gigantica and parthenogenetic Fasciola. In conclusion, the results suggest that fasciolosis is highly prevalent, particularly in the floodplains and is the prime cause of liver condemnation, resulting in massive economic losses. Also, we confirmed that lymnaeid snails play crucial roles in the transmission cycle of both F. gigantica and parthenogenetic Fasciola. in Bangladesh. Results of the present study will help to draw attention of researchers, policymakers, One Health personnel and government to control zoonotic fascioliosis in Bangladesh.
{"title":"Epidemiology, economic losses, and snail intermediate hosts of bovine fasciolosis in Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Haydar Ali , Md. Shahadat Hossain , Sharmin Shahid Labony , Mohammod Kamruj Jaman Bhuiyan , Md. Touhidul Islam , Md. Abu Hadi Noor Ali Khan , Md. Abdul Alim , Anisuzzaman","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fasciolosis is a snail-borne zoonotic trematode infection caused by ingesting aquatic vegetation contaminated with the metacercariae of ruminant liver flukes such as <em>Fasciola hepatica</em> and <em>Fasciola gigantica</em>, and their hybrid or parthenogenetic forms. The disease significantly affects the health and productivity of ruminants globally. This study determined some epidemiologic aspects of fasciolosis along with economic significance in terms of condemnation of bovine liver in two distinct areas of Bangladesh from July 2022 to June 2025 through a slaughterhouse-based study and confirmed their vector snails. Although the overall mean prevalence of fasciolosis in both study areas was below 50%, but the prevalence was significantly higher (Mymensingh, 71.4%, 140 out of 196) in floodplains than in the highland (Madhupur, 10.8%, 22 out of 204). Overall losses were 36.5% (172 kg out of 471 kg) due to the condemnation of the liver. Condemnation of liver was also significantly (<em>p</em> < 0.01) higher in the floodplain (71.2%, 166 kg out of 233 kg) than in the highland (2.5%, 6.0 kg out of 238 kg). The total economic loss caused by the condemnation of the liver at both sites' abattoirs was estimated at 2586.8 US$ (3, 15,360 taka). Also, the predicted monetary loss was calculated as 278,445.98US$ (33,945,350 taka) per year only due to condemnation of livers. Only L. <em>auricularia</em> and <em>L. luteola</em> were found to act as the intermediate hosts of fasciolid flukes in Bangladesh, which transmitted both <em>F. gigantica</em> and parthenogenetic <em>Fasciola</em>. In conclusion, the results suggest that fasciolosis is highly prevalent, particularly in the floodplains and is the prime cause of liver condemnation, resulting in massive economic losses. Also, we confirmed that lymnaeid snails play crucial roles in the transmission cycle of both <em>F. gigantica</em> and parthenogenetic <em>Fasciola</em>. in Bangladesh. Results of the present study will help to draw attention of researchers, policymakers, One Health personnel and government to control zoonotic fascioliosis in Bangladesh.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101421"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101422
V. Pinarello Kleiber , E. Waniwa , D.A. Wilkinson , M. Mutseekwa , V. Grosbois , T. Nemaungwe , E. Kupahwana , T. Chikaka , M. Bourgarel , D.M. Pfukenyi , P.V. Makaya , T. Hove , L. Guerrini , H. De Nys
Several Theileria species infect cattle and wildlife in eastern and southern Africa. Among them, Theileria (T.) parva is the most economically important, causing severe disease and substantial livestock losses in Zimbabwe. Recent shifts in spatio-temporal patterns of theileriosis outbreaks highlight the need for updated information on circulating Theileria species and strains to better understand the infection process and to guide control strategies. Between November 2020 and May 2021, 147 whole blood, 145 dried blood spots, 87 fecal, and 22 organ samples were collected from 158 cattle in Bindura and Makoni districts. Samples were analyzed using pan-Theileria 18S rRNA and T. parva-specific PCRs, followed by Sanger sequencing. Overall, Theileria DNA was detected in 83.3% of the cases. Species distribution was as follows: T. parva 63.1%, T. velifera 23.9%, T. taurotragi (2.3%), T. mutans (2.3%), with mixed infections (3.1%) detected mainly in organ samples. Partial sequences of the sporozoite surface antigen p67 and schizont antigen Tp2 were amplified from 44 and 23 T. parva-positive samples, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses showed clustering with the Kenyan Muguga isolate, a component of the widely used T. parva vaccine cocktail, rather than with Zimbabwe's Boleni strain, suggesting potential divergence from the local vaccine strain. In addition, dried blood spots (n = 145) and feces (n = 87) were screened by 18S rRNA PCR for Theileria. PCR detection from DBS showed 59.3% relative sensitivity, 64.0% relative specificity, and 60.1% overall relative accuracy compared to WB, while fecal PCR showed 12.7% relative sensitivity, 85.7% relative specificity, and 18.6% relative overall accuracy. Despite reduced sensitivity, non-invasive fecal sampling, an innovative method, remains useful for population-level surveillance in wildlife or areas where blood collection is impractical. Although not the primary focus of this study, WB were also screened for other tick-borne pathogens (E. ruminantium, A. marginale, B. bovis, and B. bigemina) to broaden the Theileria results. This study provides updated insight into Theileria species diversity and T. parva strain composition in outbreak-prone districts of Zimbabwe. The findings underscore the importance of integrating molecular surveillance into routine monitoring programs and considering circulating strain diversity when evaluating and adopting effective vaccination strategies.
在非洲东部和南部，一些伊勒氏菌感染了牛和野生动物。其中，细小芽孢杆菌（T.）在经济上最重要，在津巴布韦造成严重疾病和大量牲畜损失。近年来，肠杆菌病暴发的时空格局发生了变化，这突出表明需要获得有关肠杆菌种类和菌株的最新信息，以便更好地了解感染过程并指导控制战略。在2020年11月至2021年5月期间，从宾杜拉和马科尼地区的158头牛中收集了147个全血样本、145个干血点、87个粪便样本和22个器官样本。使用pan-Theileria 18S rRNA和T. parva特异性pcr对样品进行分析，然后进行Sanger测序。总体而言，83.3%的病例检出了伊氏杆菌DNA。种类分布：细小T.（63.1%）、白绒T.（23.9%）、牛头T.（2.3%）、变形T.(2.3%)，主要在器官标本中检出混合性感染（3.1%）。分别从44份和23份细小绦虫阳性样本中扩增出孢子体表面抗原p67和分裂体抗原Tp2的部分序列。系统发育分析显示与肯尼亚Muguga分离株（广泛使用的T. parva疫苗混合物的一个组成部分）聚集在一起，而不是与津巴布韦的Boleni菌株聚集在一起，这表明与当地疫苗菌株可能存在差异。此外，采用18S rRNA PCR技术对干血斑（145例）和粪便（87例）进行了希氏菌的筛选。与WB相比，DBS PCR检测的相对灵敏度为59.3%，相对特异性为64.0%，总体相对准确性为60.1%，而粪便PCR检测的相对灵敏度为12.7%，相对特异性为85.7%，相对总体准确性为18.6%。尽管敏感性降低，但非侵入性粪便取样作为一种创新方法，对于野生动物或血液采集不可行的地区的种群水平监测仍然有用。虽然不是本研究的主要重点，但WB也筛选了其他蜱传病原体（E. ruminantium， A. marginale， B. bovis和B. bigemina），以扩大他们的结果。这项研究提供了有关津巴布韦暴发易发地区伊勒氏菌物种多样性和细小绦虫菌株组成的最新见解。研究结果强调了将分子监测纳入常规监测计划的重要性，并在评估和采用有效的疫苗接种策略时考虑到循环菌株多样性。
{"title":"Molecular characterization of Theileria species and Theileria parva genetic diversity associated with bovine theileriosis outbreaks in Zimbabwe","authors":"V. Pinarello Kleiber , E. Waniwa , D.A. Wilkinson , M. Mutseekwa , V. Grosbois , T. Nemaungwe , E. Kupahwana , T. Chikaka , M. Bourgarel , D.M. Pfukenyi , P.V. Makaya , T. Hove , L. Guerrini , H. De Nys","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several <em>Theileria</em> species infect cattle and wildlife in eastern and southern Africa. Among them, <em>Theileria</em> (<em>T</em>.) <em>parva</em> is the most economically important, causing severe disease and substantial livestock losses in Zimbabwe. Recent shifts in spatio-temporal patterns of theileriosis outbreaks highlight the need for updated information on circulating <em>Theileria</em> species and strains to better understand the infection process and to guide control strategies. Between November 2020 and May 2021, 147 whole blood, 145 dried blood spots, 87 fecal, and 22 organ samples were collected from 158 cattle in Bindura and Makoni districts. Samples were analyzed using pan-<em>Theileria</em> 18S rRNA and <em>T. parva</em>-specific PCRs, followed by Sanger sequencing. Overall, <em>Theileria</em> DNA was detected in 83.3% of the cases. Species distribution was as follows: <em>T. parva</em> 63.1%, <em>T. velifera</em> 23.9%, <em>T. taurotragi</em> (2.3%), <em>T. mutans</em> (2.3%), with mixed infections (3.1%) detected mainly in organ samples. Partial sequences of the sporozoite surface antigen p67 and schizont antigen Tp2 were amplified from 44 and 23 <em>T. parva</em>-positive samples, respectively<em>.</em> Phylogenetic analyses showed clustering with the Kenyan Muguga isolate, a component of the widely used <em>T. parva</em> vaccine cocktail, rather than with Zimbabwe's Boleni strain, suggesting potential divergence from the local vaccine strain. In addition, dried blood spots (<em>n</em> = 145) and feces (<em>n</em> = 87) were screened by 18S rRNA PCR for <em>Theileria</em>. PCR detection from DBS showed 59.3% relative sensitivity, 64.0% relative specificity, and 60.1% overall relative accuracy compared to WB, while fecal PCR showed 12.7% relative sensitivity, 85.7% relative specificity, and 18.6% relative overall accuracy. Despite reduced sensitivity, non-invasive fecal sampling, an innovative method, remains useful for population-level surveillance in wildlife or areas where blood collection is impractical. Although not the primary focus of this study, WB were also screened for other tick-borne pathogens (<em>E. ruminantium</em>, <em>A. marginale</em>, <em>B. bovis</em>, and <em>B. bigemina</em>) to broaden the <em>Theileria</em> results. This study provides updated insight into <em>Theileria</em> species diversity and <em>T. parva</em> strain composition in outbreak-prone districts of Zimbabwe. The findings underscore the importance of integrating molecular surveillance into routine monitoring programs and considering circulating strain diversity when evaluating and adopting effective vaccination strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101422"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tropical theileriosis is a major protozoan infection affecting the health and productivity of livestock worldwide. However, according to most previous studies, a discrepancy in the distribution of prevalence has been observed across different bioclimatic zones in eastern Algeria. This prompted us to conduct an inferential study aimed at identifying the risk factors that impact the dynamics of prevalence. A total of 166 blood samples from cattle showing clinical signs of tropical theileriosis were analyzed by PCR, and a logistic regression model was performed to identify the risk factors associated with prevalence dynamics.
PCR analysis revealed that among the clinically suspect cattle, 49.70 % (83/166) tested positive for T. annulata, representing the apparent prevalence of infection in this symptomatic population. A General Liner Model (GLM) model identified the following risk factors: a higher prevalence in older cattle (odds ratio [OR] = 0.62, 95 % confidence interval [CI]:0.1–2.1), particularly among females (OR = 0.7, 95 % CI:0.39–2.80). Cattle heavily infested with ticks were at particular risk (OR = 1.7, 95 % CI: 0.3–3.0). This study also revealed an increase in the dynamic of prevalence distribution across the bioclimatic zones, with the highest rates observed in the arid zone, followed by semi-arid and sub-humid zones (51.8 %, 39.8 %; 8.4 % respectively). The observed results contradict previous findings and are attributed to the unique characteristics of the vector endemic to the arid zone, which were investigated for the first time in eastern Algeria.
{"title":"Impact of risk factors on the prevalence of bovine tropical theileriosis in Eastern Algeria","authors":"Raniya Nabi , Nabil Benazi , Ghania Tail , Hocine Ziam , Laurence Momeux , Assia Beneldjouzi , Gordon Langsley , Naouel Eddaikra","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tropical theileriosis is a major protozoan infection affecting the health and productivity of livestock worldwide. However, according to most previous studies, a discrepancy in the distribution of prevalence has been observed across different bioclimatic zones in eastern Algeria. This prompted us to conduct an inferential study aimed at identifying the risk factors that impact the dynamics of prevalence. A total of 166 blood samples from cattle showing clinical signs of tropical theileriosis were analyzed by PCR, and a logistic regression model was performed to identify the risk factors associated with prevalence dynamics.</div><div>PCR analysis revealed that among the clinically suspect cattle, 49.70 % (83/166) tested positive for <em>T. annulata</em>, representing the apparent prevalence of infection in this symptomatic population. A General Liner Model (GLM) model identified the following risk factors: a higher prevalence in older cattle (odds ratio [OR] = 0.62, 95 % confidence interval [CI]:0.1–2.1), particularly among females (OR = 0.7, 95 % CI:0.39–2.80). Cattle heavily infested with ticks were at particular risk (OR = 1.7, 95 % CI: 0.3–3.0). This study also revealed an increase in the dynamic of prevalence distribution across the bioclimatic zones, with the highest rates observed in the arid zone, followed by semi-arid and sub-humid zones (51.8 %, 39.8 %; 8.4 % respectively). The observed results contradict previous findings and are attributed to the unique characteristics of the vector endemic to the arid zone, which were investigated for the first time in eastern Algeria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101417"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101420
Julio Bellezze , Marcelo Martínez Pería , Carolina Soledad Thompson , Susana Torioni de Echaide , Victor Vanzini , Ignacio Eduardo Echaide , María Evangelina Primo
Bovine anaplasmosis is a worldwide infectious disease caused by the intraerythrocytic bacterium Anaplasma marginale, which is transmitted by ticks and fomites. The aim of this work was to validate a double-antigen sandwich ELISA (dasELISA) for the identification of Anaplasma spp. antibodies on individual and bulk tank milk (BTM) samples to use as a screening method. A dasELISA for the detection of antibodies against Anaplasma spp. in milk was validated using individual samples (milk, whole blood, and serum) from A. marginale-infected (n = 29) and uninfected (n = 100) cows, using nested PCR as a reference standard technique. Analogous samples from 76 A. centrale-vaccinated cows were used to evaluate cross-reactivity. The concordance between serum and milk results was evaluated by analyzing paired samples from 293 dairy cows. dasELISA performance on BTM was evaluated using samples from 114 dairy herds from the anaplasmosis low endemicity region. The Anaplasma spp. infection status of the herd was established by testing 29–30 cows per herd by serological and molecular techniques. Finally, 3,049 BTM samples were analyzed by dasELISA to assess the proportion of dairy herds infected (PDHI) with Anaplasma spp. in the main dairy area of Argentina, which is located between 28 and 34°S latitude. The dasELISA cut-off in individual milk samples was ≥3 % of positivity (%P), with a diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) of 96.5 % (95 % CI, 82.2–99.9) and a diagnostic specificity (DSp) of 86.0 % (95 % CI, 77.6–92.1). The concordance between dasELISA on milk and serum results was 85.7 %, with a κ value of 0.71 (95 % CI = 0.63–0.78). The DSe of the dasELISA in BTM samples from herds of known status, using a cut-off ≥3 %P, was 89.5 %, and the DSp was 95.6 %. dasELISA detected 100 % of herds in which A. marginale had been confirmed by nPCR. When the field study was performed, 20 % of the BTM samples were positive by dasELISA. The PDHI decreased as the latitude increased, which is in agreement with the heterogeneity of the area evaluated regarding the endemicity of A. marginale and the presence/absence of its main vector, Rhipicephalus microplus. This PDHI would be overestimated by infection with A. centrale in herds where vaccination is usually carried out. dasELISA could be used as a screening assay for anti-Anaplasma spp. antibodies detection in individual milk samples and for epidemiologic surveillance in BTM samples.
{"title":"Validation and field evaluation of a double-antigen sandwich ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Anaplasma spp. in individual and bulk tank milk samples in dairy cattle","authors":"Julio Bellezze , Marcelo Martínez Pería , Carolina Soledad Thompson , Susana Torioni de Echaide , Victor Vanzini , Ignacio Eduardo Echaide , María Evangelina Primo","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine anaplasmosis is a worldwide infectious disease caused by the intraerythrocytic bacterium <em>Anaplasma marginale</em>, which is transmitted by ticks and fomites. The aim of this work was to validate a double-antigen sandwich ELISA (dasELISA) for the identification of <em>Anaplasma</em> spp. antibodies on individual and bulk tank milk (BTM) samples to use as a screening method. A dasELISA for the detection of antibodies against <em>Anaplasma</em> spp. in milk was validated using individual samples (milk, whole blood, and serum) from <em>A. marginale-</em>infected (<em>n</em> = 29) and uninfected (<em>n</em> = 100) cows, using nested PCR as a reference standard technique. Analogous samples from 76 <em>A. centrale</em>-vaccinated cows were used to evaluate cross-reactivity. The concordance between serum and milk results was evaluated by analyzing paired samples from 293 dairy cows. dasELISA performance on BTM was evaluated using samples from 114 dairy herds from the anaplasmosis low endemicity region. The <em>Anaplasma</em> spp. infection status of the herd was established by testing 29–30 cows per herd by serological and molecular techniques. Finally, 3,049 BTM samples were analyzed by dasELISA to assess the proportion of dairy herds infected (PDHI) with <em>Anaplasma</em> spp. in the main dairy area of Argentina, which is located between 28 and 34°S latitude. The dasELISA cut-off in individual milk samples was ≥3 % of positivity (%P), with a diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) of 96.5 % (95 % CI, 82.2–99.9) and a diagnostic specificity (DSp) of 86.0 % (95 % CI, 77.6–92.1). The concordance between dasELISA on milk and serum results was 85.7 %, with a κ value of 0.71 (95 % CI = 0.63–0.78). The DSe of the dasELISA in BTM samples from herds of known status, using a cut-off ≥3 %P, was 89.5 %, and the DSp was 95.6 %. dasELISA detected 100 % of herds in which <em>A. marginale</em> had been confirmed by nPCR. When the field study was performed, 20 % of the BTM samples were positive by dasELISA. The PDHI decreased as the latitude increased, which is in agreement with the heterogeneity of the area evaluated regarding the endemicity of <em>A. marginale</em> and the presence/absence of its main vector, <em>Rhipicephalus microplus</em>. This PDHI would be overestimated by infection with <em>A. centrale</em> in herds where vaccination is usually carried out. dasELISA could be used as a screening assay for anti-<em>Anaplasma</em> spp. antibodies detection in individual milk samples and for epidemiologic surveillance in BTM samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101420"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101419
Alsagher O. Ali , Wael Qossa , Fatma A. Khalifa , Hassan Y.A.H. Mahmoud , Caroline F. Frey , Ragab M. Fereig
Neosporosis is a globally distributed protozoan disease caused by Neospora caninum, which causes significant economic losses due to its abortifacient effects, particularly in the cattle and buffalo industries. In Egypt, numerous studies have investigated this parasite in cattle; however, research on water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) remains limited. This study conducted a cross-sectional survey to determine the seroprevalence of N. caninum-specific antibodies in 342 water buffaloes in Sohag Governorate. Serum samples were collected from buffaloes representing various locations, age groups, sexes, physiological and pathological conditions, as well as other animal- and environment-related factors. A commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was used for antibody detection. The overall seroprevalence of N. caninum was found to be 58.8 % (201/342). Several potential risk factors were evaluated, including body weight, reproductive disorders, seasonality, and contact with dogs, but only season (summer) and anestrus had a significant effect on seroprevalence. In conclusion, the high seroprevalence observed in this study suggests a widespread presence of N. caninum infection among water buffaloes in Sohag. These findings highlight the urgent need for implementing more effective control strategies to mitigate the impact of this parasite on the buffalo population in the region.
{"title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Neospora caninum infection in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Sohag, Egypt","authors":"Alsagher O. Ali , Wael Qossa , Fatma A. Khalifa , Hassan Y.A.H. Mahmoud , Caroline F. Frey , Ragab M. Fereig","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><strong>Neosporosis</strong> is a globally distributed protozoan disease caused by <em>Neospora caninum</em>, which causes significant economic losses due to its abortifacient effects, particularly in the cattle and buffalo industries. In Egypt, numerous studies have investigated this parasite in cattle; however, research on water buffaloes (<em>Bubalus bubalis</em>) remains limited. This study conducted a cross-sectional survey to determine the seroprevalence of <em>N. caninum</em>-specific antibodies in 342 water buffaloes in Sohag Governorate. Serum samples were collected from buffaloes representing various locations, age groups, sexes, physiological and pathological conditions, as well as other animal- and environment-related factors. A commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was used for antibody detection. The overall seroprevalence of <em>N. caninum</em> was found to be <strong>58.8 % (201/342)</strong>. Several potential risk factors were evaluated, including body weight, reproductive disorders, seasonality, and contact with dogs, but only season (summer) and anestrus had a significant effect on seroprevalence. In conclusion, the high seroprevalence observed in this study suggests a widespread presence of <em>N. caninum</em> infection among water buffaloes in Sohag. These findings highlight the urgent need for implementing more effective control strategies to mitigate the impact of this parasite on the buffalo population in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101419"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101418
Caroline Tostes Secato , Carlos António Matos , Ana Cláudia Calchi , Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves , Renan Bressianini do Amaral , Anna Claudia Baumel Mongruel , Eliz Oliveira Franco , Rosangela Zacarias Machado , Marcos Rogério André
Due to the importance of livestock in Mozambique, studies on the occurrence and genetic diversity of tick-borne agents are highly relevant. The present study aimed to investigate, through molecular methods, the occurrence and genetic diversity of Ehrlichia minasensis, Babesia spp., and Anaplasma marginale in cattle from Mozambique. DNA was extracted from blood samples of 222 cattle from five districts in Maputo, Mozambique. Of the 222 blood samples from cattle in Mozambique, 22 (9.9 %) were positive in the PCR based on the dsb gene of Ehrlichia sp.; 60 (27 %) in the nested PCR assay based on the rap-1α gene of B. bigemina; 50 (22.5 %) in the nPCR based on the sbp-2 gene of B. bovis; and 215 (96.8 %) in the qPCR based on the msp1β gene of A. marginale. Positivity for B. bovis, B. bigemina, and E. minasensis was associated with dairy cattle, which may be due to their higher susceptibility to infestation by Rhipicephalus microplus, the tick vector for all three agents. High genetic diversity of B. bovis was observed for the msa-2b gene, while low diversity was found for the msa-2c marker. The msa-2b genotypes of B. bovis detected in cattle from Maputo were shared with isolates from Brazil, Mozambique, the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and China. Most of the msa-2c genotypes identified in this study appeared to be exclusive to the studied region. High genetic diversity of A. marginale was observed, with 15 novel strains and three previously reported strains identified in cattle from the study area. Genotype E was the most prevalent, followed by genotype G. The phenomenon of superinfection with different A. marginale strains infecting a single animal was also observed. Genetic diversity indices indicated that the tandem repeats (SSRs) were highly diverse (high GDM1 values) among each other and within the study region, although with low dispersal (low GDM2 values).
{"title":"Genetic diversity of Ehrlichia sp., Babesia spp., and Anaplasma marginale in cattle from Mozambique","authors":"Caroline Tostes Secato , Carlos António Matos , Ana Cláudia Calchi , Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves , Renan Bressianini do Amaral , Anna Claudia Baumel Mongruel , Eliz Oliveira Franco , Rosangela Zacarias Machado , Marcos Rogério André","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the importance of livestock in Mozambique, studies on the occurrence and genetic diversity of tick-borne agents are highly relevant. The present study aimed to investigate, through molecular methods, the occurrence and genetic diversity of <em>Ehrlichia minasensis</em>, <em>Babesia</em> spp., and <em>Anaplasma marginale</em> in cattle from Mozambique. DNA was extracted from blood samples of 222 cattle from five districts in Maputo, Mozambique. Of the 222 blood samples from cattle in Mozambique, 22 (9.9 %) were positive in the PCR based on the <em>dsb</em> gene of <em>Ehrlichia</em> sp.; 60 (27 %) in the nested PCR assay based on the <em>rap-1α</em> gene of <em>B. bigemina</em>; 50 (22.5 %) in the nPCR based on the <em>sbp-2</em> gene of <em>B. bovis</em>; and 215 (96.8 %) in the qPCR based on the <em>msp1β</em> gene of <em>A. marginale</em>. Positivity for <em>B. bovis</em>, <em>B. bigemina</em>, and <em>E. minasensis</em> was associated with dairy cattle, which may be due to their higher susceptibility to infestation by <em>Rhipicephalus microplus</em>, the tick vector for all three agents. High genetic diversity of <em>B. bovis</em> was observed for the <em>msa-2b</em> gene, while low diversity was found for the <em>msa-2c</em> marker. The <em>msa-2b</em> genotypes of <em>B. bovis</em> detected in cattle from Maputo were shared with isolates from Brazil, Mozambique, the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and China. Most of the <em>msa-2c</em> genotypes identified in this study appeared to be exclusive to the studied region. High genetic diversity of <em>A. marginale</em> was observed, with 15 novel strains and three previously reported strains identified in cattle from the study area. Genotype E was the most prevalent, followed by genotype G. The phenomenon of superinfection with different <em>A. marginale</em> strains infecting a single animal was also observed. Genetic diversity indices indicated that the tandem repeats (SSRs) were highly diverse (high GDM1 values) among each other and within the study region, although with low dispersal (low GDM2 values).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101418"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-27DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101411
Jacob Priddle , Darren Swindells , Timothy Elliott , Cameron Ralph , Kalpani Ishara Duwalage , Jessie Roberts , Kerrie Mengersen
Precise and focused risk assessments of liver fluke infection in cattle can be used to increase awareness and promote management uptake. However, accurate estimation of the risk of liver fluke infection in cattle is challenging. Liver fluke disease in adult cattle is typically sub-clinical — meaning infected animals often have no visible symptoms. This is exacerbated by the complex liver fluke life-cycle, which is highly sensitive to climate conditions and requires the presence of the intermediate snail host. The aim of this work was to create a predictive modelling tool that can be used to predict the location-specific risk of infection with respect to changing climate conditions. The study utilised processor data of over 4 million cattle processed between 2016 and 2020 at one of Australia’s largest processors. A binary indicator variable for liver fluke infection (liver fluke or no liver fluke) was observed at processing for each animal, with no further information as to when the infection may have occurred. We propose a spatio-temporal model to predict the risk of liver fluke infection, utilising location specific and time-varying covariates. The model output was used to create localised risk profiles for each Australian postcodes (a four-digit government allocated number used to identify postal delivery regions within Australia). Cross-validation results showed that both the Random Forest (RF) and Generalised Additive Model (GAM) performed comparably on test data, with the RF model slightly preferred for its ability to capture complex nonlinear patterns in liver fluke infection. Forecasts for 2022 reflected seasonal variation and demonstrated the potential utility of the model for informing targeted management decisions in high-risk, wetter regions. The work in this study can be used to help inform cattle producers about the risk of infection on their property.
{"title":"A localised risk model for liver fluke infection","authors":"Jacob Priddle , Darren Swindells , Timothy Elliott , Cameron Ralph , Kalpani Ishara Duwalage , Jessie Roberts , Kerrie Mengersen","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precise and focused risk assessments of liver fluke infection in cattle can be used to increase awareness and promote management uptake. However, accurate estimation of the risk of liver fluke infection in cattle is challenging. Liver fluke disease in adult cattle is typically sub-clinical — meaning infected animals often have no visible symptoms. This is exacerbated by the complex liver fluke life-cycle, which is highly sensitive to climate conditions and requires the presence of the intermediate snail host. The aim of this work was to create a predictive modelling tool that can be used to predict the location-specific risk of infection with respect to changing climate conditions. The study utilised processor data of over 4 million cattle processed between 2016 and 2020 at one of Australia’s largest processors. A binary indicator variable for liver fluke infection (liver fluke or no liver fluke) was observed at processing for each animal, with no further information as to when the infection may have occurred. We propose a spatio-temporal model to predict the risk of liver fluke infection, utilising location specific and time-varying covariates. The model output was used to create localised risk profiles for each Australian postcodes (a four-digit government allocated number used to identify postal delivery regions within Australia). Cross-validation results showed that both the Random Forest (RF) and Generalised Additive Model (GAM) performed comparably on test data, with the RF model slightly preferred for its ability to capture complex nonlinear patterns in liver fluke infection. Forecasts for 2022 reflected seasonal variation and demonstrated the potential utility of the model for informing targeted management decisions in high-risk, wetter regions. The work in this study can be used to help inform cattle producers about the risk of infection on their property.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101411"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号