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The problem of the increasing obesity among children and adolescents is urgent. One of the most interesting and promising directions in this area is to study the correlation of individual microorganisms with the presence and absence of obesity. The aim of the study was to assess the correlation between the isolation frequency of individual microorganisms and the presence of obesity in children and adolescents and to identify possible associations between different groups of microorganisms in obese patients. Material and methods. 156 male and female patients aged from 7 to 17 years were included in the study. The patients were divided into a control group (n=23) (healthy patients), a group of children with exogenous constitutional obesity without complications (n=25), a group of children who had one or more complications of obesity (n=108). For all patients body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Additional examination included a cultural study of the intestinal microbiota. Fecal samples of patients were used as the material. Preparation of the material for inoculation, inoculation and subsequent incubation of the Petri plates were carried out under anaerobic conditions. The isolated microorganisms were identified using the MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry method. Results. When analyzing the correlation between obesity and individual taxa, statistically significant differences were obtained only for Bifidobacterium spp. (p=0.045). The analysis of the correlation between obesity and the isolation of individual microorganisms has shown that Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum (p=0.012), Candida albicans (p=0.012), Streptococcus salivarius (p=0.016), Bifidobacterium breve (p=0.003), Veillonella parvula (p=0.013), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (p=0.003), Streptococcus oralis (p=0.001), Weissella confusa (p=0.036), Enterococcus mundtii (p=0.036) were isolated less often in patients with obesity than in control group. Conclusion. The results of the study has demonstrated that only one taxon, Bifidobacterium spp., had a significant correlation with the absence of obesity. At the same time, a reliable correlation with the absence of obesity was also established for individual microorganisms, including several microorganisms from Bifidobacterium spp. and Streptococcus spp., which may enable to establish certain microbiological predictors of obesity and its complications.

Human exposure to microplastics contained in food has become a serious problem due to the growing accumulation of microplastics in a wide range of different ecosystems: from terrestrial to aquatic, in the organs of various organisms, including humans. The aim of this research was to summarize data on microplastic contamination of mass consumption products such as bottled drinking water, beverages, including sweet carbonated, dairy products, fish and other seafood. Material and methods. The search for studies and literature reviews on the topic of studying contamination of food and beverages with plastic microparticles was carried out using the databases PubMed, Science Daily, ResearchGate by keywords: microplastics, food contamination, the effect of microplastics on the human body. 72 articles by foreign authors have been studied. Results. The review provides up-to-date information on microplastic contamination of mass-consumed food in the world: drinking water, carbonated drinks, beer, milk. Most studies of microplastic contamination focus on marine and freshwater food sources. Although there is a large amount of research on seafood, such as fish and shellfish, it is difficult to assess the overall effects of microplastics on humans in general when consuming food due to the lack of convincing data on many other foods. Microplastics can be added or removed from food raw materials during processing and cooking. Conclusion. Consumption of food contaminated with microplastics poses a potential risk to human health. Studies of the microplastic intake with food, drinking water and beverages, as well as their distribution in the body, should be a priority to understand their impact and potential risk to human health. Research on processed foods is crucial to assess the contribution of food to the overall human consumption of microplastics and to assess the risks of exposure.

One of the most pressing medical, social and government tasks is to ensure health saving, improve the quality of life and increase the life expectancy of the Russian population. The most important lever to ensure the solution of these issues is the optimization of nutrition and the use of methods of artificial intelligence (AI) and new information technologies to support decision-making in this area. The purpose of the study was to familiarize specialists with the Scientific Instrument for Nutrition Analysis (SINA), created on the basis of AI technologies to optimize nutrition and prevent alimentary diseases in order to preserve the health of the population of the Russian Federation. Results. A patent was created and received for a scientific web tool (SINA) based on AI technologies for actual nutrition analyzing with subs equent assessment of health status and generation of recommendations, including a personalized diet, which is formed based on individual human needs for energy, nutrients and bioactive compounds, taking into account genome, gender characteristics, age, food preferences, profession, diseases, medication treatment, clinical blood parameters, individual morphological and constitutional characteristics, his physical activity, etc. Conclusion. The results of using SINA can reduce the labor costs of doctors; personalize diets as much as possible taking into account many factors; increase patient adherence to the prescribed diet and recommendations; increase public awareness of nutrition issues, reduce morbidity rates and improve public health. The high-tech approach using AI is advanced and is capable of solving many key challenges in the field of health care, prevention and medicine in general, and improve the quality of life of the population.

Retrospective analysis of medical and organizational problems of food supply in besieged Leningrad is important for the development of the principles of population nutrition in extreme situations. The aim of the paper was to characterize the work of dairy kitchens that provided nutrition to infants in Leningrad during the blockade years (1941-1944) on the basis of documentary data. Material and methods. The study was prepared on the materials of the archives of St. Petersburg, considered from the position of the social history of medicine, which is centered on the study of medical practice. Results. In the blockaded Leningrad under the conditions of food, electricity, and water supply shortages, there was a forced abandonment of a number of principles of infant feeding generally recognized by the pediatricians. Almost all infants born in the blockade ring were transferred to artificial feeding with the release of infant formula through milk kitchens. In conditions of food shortages, children under the age of three were also provided with centralized milk products. The activities of the staff of the milk kitchens were carried out in close contact with doctors of regional children's consultations and specialists of the Leningrad Pediatric Institute, who developed issues of rational nutrition for infants. During the blockade years, the formulae developed before the war were generally retained, but due to the lack of dairy resources, vegetable products were used as substitutes. As the food situation in the city improved, doctors and milk kitchens reverted to pre-war recipes, especially for infant nutrition. The products of the milk kitchens were subject to constant supervision by sanitary physicians. Laboratory tests indicated that, in terms of basic microbiological indicators, infant formulae were generally safe and differed slightly from those produced before the war. Conclusion. In blockaded Leningrad (especially during the winter of 1941/1942), the products of dairy kitchens served, as a rule, as the only source of nutrition for infants. Despite a number of organizational difficulties and abuse of workers, the preservation of the network of milk kitchens, centralized supply of milk and formula through them, and expansion of the contingents attached to them justified themselves.

Obesity is a complex chronic disease with multifactorial etiology. The global obesity epidemic and the exponential rate of increase in its prevalence among the population represent a significant burden on human health being a serious public healthcare problem. The aim of the review was to analyze available literature on obesity and key risk predictors. Material and methods. A literature search was conducted for the last 10 years using the library platforms PubMed, Elsevier, eLIBRARY by keywords: obesity; genes; polymorphism; predisposition; genomic associations; risk factors; lifestyle; nutrition). Results. Studies have shown that lifestyle and heredity are considered as reliably strong predictors of the obesity risk. Suboptimal nutrition and eating disorders currently reported at both population and individual levels model the effects associated with the risk of metabolic disorders, including dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperuricemia, etc. It should be noted that body fat percentage is directly related to human cardiometabolic state, which suggests a new type - obesity with normal body weight. Of concern is the fact that, due to normal body weight, this category of persons remains out of sight of healthcare and, accordingly, appropriate preventive measures will not be taken. With regard to genetic risk factors for obesity, in some patients, gene mutations may not manifest themselves throughout life, and when detected, they may not always be the cause of obesity, being the result of individual variability. Recent decades have been characterized by the popularity of «nudge theory,» but the need for additional research to determine optimal combinations and contexts to encourage the right choice has been noted. The ambiguity of the results obtained is due to the fact that in modern society an environment has been created that is set up quite aggressively to the principles of optimal nutrition. Conclusion. The data obtained are needed to develop new strategies for preventive measures to reduce the prevalence of obesity, promote population health and increase the period of active longevity.

The development of specialized fat-and-oil emulsion food systems for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and obesity is an important task of health concern in the Russian Federation. The aim of the study was to develop specialized fat-and-oil emulsion food systems for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and obesity, the distinctive features of which are the presence of functional ingredients and bioactive compounds that meet modern safety requirements, have a hypolipidemic effect and influence on body weight. Material and methods. As a source of fucoxanthin, an oil extract from the thallom (stratum) of the annual Undaria pinnatifida brown algae was used, obtained by re-extraction with soy oil for 8 hours from a glycerin extract (extractant - 60% glycerin solution, the duration of the process - 8 h). The determination of organoleptic parameters was carried out at a temperature of 20 °C 12 h after manufacture using standard methods. Organoleptic parameters were determined in the following sequence: consistency, appearance, color, smell, taste. Physical and chemical characteristics (mass content of fat, moisture, egg products in terms of dry yolk, acidity in terms of acetic acid, emulsion stability), acid and peroxide values were studied by standard methods. Fatty acid analysis of lipids was performed by gas-liquid chromatography. The fucoxanthin content was determined by spectrophotometric method. Results. The presented formulations of lipid compositions as the fat base of specialized oil-fat emulsion food systems for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and obesity included Schizochytrium sp. microalgae oil in a mass fraction of 3-6% as a source of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids). An oil extract of U. pinnatifida brown algae in a mass fraction of 48-54% was used as a source of fucoxanthin. The total content of PUFA was significantly high - at least 73%, ω-6 PUFA prevailed (48.0-49.1%). However, the high content of ω-3 PUFA (at least 25%) should be also noted. The ratio of ω-3 to ω-6 PUFA was 1:1.72-1:1.90, which is atypical for individual vegetable oils traditionally used as the fat phase in fat-and-oil emulsion systems. The fucoxanthin content in the presented lipid compositions was 6.4-7.2 mg/100 ml. Edible fat-and-oil emulsion food systems for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and obesity (mayonnaise and mayonnaise sauces) with a given ratio of ω-3:ω-6 PUFA containing eicosopentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, as well as fucoxanthin, have been obtained. The extract of U. pinnatifida brown algae, containing fucoxanthin, significantly slowed down the processes of lipid oxidation and hydrolysis, as evidenced by changes in the peroxide and acid values of fat isolated from specialized fat-and-oil emulsion systems for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and obesity. Conclusion. Specialized fat-and-oil emulsion food systems for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and obesity (mayon

Adolescence is a critical period for the onset of eating disorders, which affect an adolescent's diet and can have adverse and long-term health consequences. The relationship between the risk of eating disorders and the diet of Russian adolescents has been little studied. The objective of the research was to characterize the relationship between the risk of eating disorders and dietary patterns in a sample of Russian schoolchildren. Material and methods. The continuous cross-sectional study included tenth-graders of secondary schools (n=379, 63.1% girls) aged 16.0±0.5 years. The Russian version of the Eating Disorder Inventory was used to assess the risk of eating disorders. Dietary information was obtained from questionnaires completed by adolescents, characterizing the frequency of meals (at home and at school) during the week, the variety of dishes, and the frequency of consumption of foods and dishes. Anthropometric measurements were carried out to calculate body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC)/height index. Results. The eating patterns of schoolchildren were significantly disrupted, more so in girls. They were statistically significantly less likely than boys to consume meat, milk, nuts, and butter, and were more likely to skip breakfast. Significant correlations were shown between BMI Z-score and WC/height index in girls with body dissatisfaction (R=0.19 and 0.18, respectively, p<0.01), desire to lose weight (R=0.26 and 0.25, respectively, p<0.01) and bulimic tendencies (R=0.13, p<0.05 for WC/height). In boys, the drive for thinness was significantly associated only with abdominal fat deposition (R=0.26, p<0.01). Body dissatisfaction and desire for thinness in boys were associated with statistically significantly lower consumption of candies, chocolate, ice cream, cookies and potatoes; in girls - with rare consumption of candies, ice cream, sweet carbonated drinks, juices, fast food, as well as bread, meat and sausages, butter, skipping breakfast and dinner. Conclusion. The tendency to develop eating disorder in adolescence is more common in girls and is associated with dietary restrictions affecting important components of the diet necessary for normal growth and development.

The growth of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in children with prevalence of endogenous factors of the causes of development has not been decreasing in the Russian Federation and all over the world for the last decades. This determines the relevance of multifaceted study of this pathology. Consequences of PEM suffered in early childhood can have a remote character of realization and influence on human health during the whole life. A separate problem of PEM is the identification of mild forms of pathology, which are often missed. The pathogenesis of PEM is insufficiently studied, in particular, the variability of pathology development depending on gender. The aim of the research was to characterize the peculiarities of the blood metabolic profile of infants at the initial stage of PEM with regard to gender. Material and methods. 38 children (20 boys, 18 girls) aged from 1 to 12 months with the degree I of PEM were examined; the comparison group consisted of 30 children (18 boys, 12 girls) aged from 2 to 12 months. Laboratory monitoring included general and biochemical blood tests with evaluation of such parameters as the content of total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, transferrin, urea, creatinine, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, triglycerides, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, using hematological analyzer (MEDONIC, Boule Diagnostics AB, Japan) and biochemical analyzer (Cobas Integra 400plus, Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland). Results. In children with a mild degree of PEM the blood levels of total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, transferrin didn't differ from that in the comparison group. Against this background, there is an increase in blood serum urea level in all children and a significant increase in creatinine level, which is most pronounced in girls, in whom this indicator is 2.5 fold higher than in the comparison group and by 79% higher than in boys (p≤0.05). In combination with body weight deficiency, this characterizes the development of catabolic stress. A decrease in blood glucose level was detected in all children of the main group; a decrease in triglycerides was revealed in boys (-33%; p≤0.05) with stability of the index in girls. The increase in pyruvate blood serum level in boys (+21%; p≤0.05) with a tendency to decrease in girls is accompanied by a significant elevation in the lactate/pyruvate ratio (by 75% in boys and 3 fold in girls, p≤0.05). Conclusion. There are gender peculiarities of metabolic in children of the first year of life with a mild degree of PEM. In male children there is a decrease in the levels of glucose and triglycerides as energy substrates with the orientation to the ketosis formation. In girls, a more intense character of catabolic stress is observed with stable blood levels of triglycerides with a tendency to develop lactacidosis.

Anunbalanced diet, specifically excessive unprocessed red meat (RM) consumption, plays significant role in development of chronic non-communicable diseases. Modern research indicates excessive consumption of unprocessed red meat (RM) in the Russian population. There are reports of relationships between RM consumption and some factors, but it hasn't been sufficiently studied. The aim of the research was to study unprocessed RM intake and its relationship to socio-demographic, behavioral and medical factors in general population. Material and methods. In the ESSE-RF cross-sectional study, data from 1.600 participants randomly sampled from unorganized population of 25-64 years old (59% women), average age 45.0±0.5 and 47.2±0.4 years for men and women, respectively, were studied. Standard questionnaire was used. Frequency of RM consumption was presented in 4 ranked categories from "do not use/rarely" to "daily/almost daily". Associative analysis included socio-demographic, behavioral and health-related variables. Descriptive statistics, single- and multivariable ordinal regression were used. Results. 52.1% of men and 41.9% of women consumed RM daily (p<0.001), one third of all - 1-2 times a week (p=0.737), 11.5% of men and 22.5% of women - 1-2 times a month or less (p<0.001). Odds for higher RM consumption were higher in men (OR=1.67; p<0.001). In men RM intake didn't vary with age (p=0.796). Highest RM intake in women was observed at the age of 35-44 years, comparatively lower at 25-34 (OR=0.70; p=0.076), 45-54 (OR=0.63; p=0.012) and 55-64 years old (OR=0.42; p<0.001), respectively. In multivariable analysis, prosperity level (women), physically active work, marital status, living in own housing showed a direct, whereas presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques (women) and walking >=45 min - inverse association with RM consumption, accordingly. Conclusion. With age, the frequency of RM consumption was relatively constant in men and decreased in women after 45 years. The frequency of RM consumption was directly correlated with male gender, physical activity during work, marital status (married/common-law marriage), residence in one's own house, income level (for women) and inversely correlated with walking >=45 min during free time. Less frequent RM consumption in women was associated with the presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. No independent associations with chronic alimentary diseases and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases has been found. The data obtained indicate the need to increase public awareness concerning the role of RM in the development of chronic non-communicable diseases, and to develop tools reducing RM intake and increasing share of other protein sources in the diet.