The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the overall mortality rate among populations in economically developed countries highlights the importance of atherosclerosis, with dyslipoproteinemia being a key risk factor. The purpose of the research was to identify the features of the blood serum lipid spectrum in infants with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM).
Material and methods: In 107 children with acute PEM aged 1 to 12 months (60 boys and 47 girls), and 30 healthy children with normal physical development without acute diseases (18 boys and 12 girls), the blood serum parameters of lipid metabolism were studied: triacylglycerols (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C). In 48 children, body weight deficit corresponded to degree I, in 42 - II, in 17 - III. Exclusion criteria for the survey: chromosomal and genetic diseases, congenital malformations, acute infectious diseases.
Results: In acute PEM in infants, the TC and HDL-C level does not differ from the indicators of children from the control group and is characterized by stability. The TAG level is significantly decreased at grade I PEM (-33%; p≤0.05), stabilizes at grade II. The significant TAG decrease at grade III (-36%; p≤0.05) reflects the depletion of the adaptation reserve during PEM. The decrease in VLDL-C and the increase in LDL-C are most pronounced at stage III PEM (-31%; p≤0.05; +85%; p≤0.05). In boys with PEM, an increase in both VLDL-C and LDL-C was found (+45%; p≤0.05; +85%; p≤0.05, respectively). In girls, an increase in LDL-C is combined with a decrease in VLDL-C (+40%; p≤0.05; -56%; p≤0.05, respectively). At the same time, dyslipidemia of the atherogenic type is formed only in children with PEM under 6 months of age.
Conclusion: The development of PEM in children of the first half year of life leads to a change in the metabolic status of the atherogenic type, which is most typical for boys, without affecting the category of girls, and with a severe degree of PEM. This metabolic restructuring indicates the risk of developing atherosclerosis in subsequent age periods.
The most effective and expedient way to improve the supply of the population with the essential nutrients is additional enrichment of food and the use of functional food, food for special dietary uses and dietary supplements in nutrition. One of the micronutrient delivery systems is liposome - microscopic phospholipid vesicle. The purpose of the review was to characterize the methods of obtaining liposomal forms of nutrients, to analyze the range of liposomal forms of nutrients of domestic and foreign production. Material and methods. Literature data were searched using library platforms PubMed, eLIBRARY, scholar.google mainly for the last 5 years, by keywords: liposomes; liposomal dietary supplements. E-commerce platforms (pharmacy aggregators Apteka.ru, Yuteka, marketplaces Amazon, ebay) have been analyzed. Results. The review describes classification, methods of obtaining liposomal forms of nutrients. Foreign manufacturers produce liposomal forms of individual vitamins (D3, B12, C) and their combinations, mineral elements (magnesium, iron), as well as coenzyme Q10, peptides. Liposomal forms of individual vitamins (A, B9, C), iron, vitamin B complex, glutathione had been registered in the Russian Federation as dietary supplements. There are evidences of a faster increase in serum calcidiol level compared to the oil form when taking vitamin D3 in liposomal form and improved correction of iron deficiency in patients when using liposomal forms of iron. Conclusion. The creation of liposomal forms of micronutrients is a promising direction for the production of foods for special dietary uses.
This review is an abridged translation of selected chapters of the report "Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in the WHO European Region: adapting to changing diets and lifestyles", published by the WHO Regional Office for Europe and the Iodine Global Network (IGN) in 2024. It presents data on the main sources and iodine intake levels, as well as the production and use of iodized salt in 54 European WHO countries. Along with iodized salt, milk and dairy products are also important sources of iodine in many countries of western and central Europe, especially for children, but salt iodization remains the main strategy to ensure adequate iodine intake in the WHO European Region. In addition to the use of iodized salt in households, the use of iodized salt in industrially produced foods (IPF) plays an important role, as they are the main sources of salt in the Region. Lifestyle choices and dietary trends, including increased use of IPF and a shift to plant-based diets, contribute to the persistence and, in some countries, to the increase of iodine deficiency. Mandatory salt iodization in WHO European countries ensures adequate iodine intake in all population groups, with the exception of a few countries where these programs are poorly implemented.
The role of gut microbiota composition in the initiation and/or perpetuation of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly in Crohn's disease (CD) patients, is currently under active investigation. This study aimed to establish optimal conditions for modeling gut inflammation induced by an adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (E. coli) (AIEC) strain isolated from a CD patient in an in vivo experiment.
Material and methods: The study was conducted using three groups of male C57Black/6 mice (6 mice per group). Group 1: water-control, group 2 - propionate-control, group 3 - BL2K2-propionate. After an 8-day quarantine, mice in groups 2 and 3 received 20 mM sodium propionate solution instead of drinking water. On the 4th day, 24 h prior to bacterial inoculation, all mice were orally gavaged with 20 mg streptomycin in 100 μL phosphate buffer. The following day, experimental mice (group 3) were inoculated with the AIEC strain E. coli BL2K2 (isolated from a CD patient) in 100 μL phosphate buffer, while control mice (groups 1 and 2) received phosphate buffer alone. Tissue samples (blood, small intestine, cecum, and colon) were collected at 21, 28, and 35 days post-inoculation. Lysates were obtained from intestinal compartments, some of which were used for plating on selective E. coli media, obtaining individual colonies, and then performing whole-genome sequencing to confirm BL2K2 colonization of different intestinal compartments. The remaining lysates were used for cytokine content determination by ELISA and proteomic analysis.
Results: The CD-associated AIEC strain successfully colonized the murine gut under these conditions, with colonization persisting for 35 days and inducing significant histopathological changes in the colon, small intestine, and cecum. Elevated levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were detected in colon lysates. Comparative proteomic analysis of colon tissue revealed activation of bacterial infection response pathways with increased levels of immunoglobulins, T-cell response activators, FimH (type I pili receptor), secreted lectins, TLR-mediated regulators, and bactericidal proteins, as well as activation of processes associated with the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) with upregulation of collagens, collagen fibril assembly regulators, and integrins, alongside downregulation of ECM degradation proteins, suggesting fibrotic changes which is one of the signs of an inflammatory process. The CD-associated AIEC strain colonization lead to disrupted lipid metabolism and reduced energy metabolism in colon tissue.
Conclusion: We developed a ready-made system to study AIEC involvement in the initiation and maintenance of intestinal inflammation, providing a platform for further investigation of AIEC's role in this process.
The results of many population studies note an association between the nature of nutrition and the age of the population. However, at the present stage there is a justified need to update these data. The aim of the study was to screen the age-associated accents of the dietary patterns in adult population at the present stage with the Russian epidemiological study ESSE-RF.
Material and methods: The male and female population aged 25-64 years (22,217 people, including 8,519 men and 13,698 women) from representative samples of 13 Russian Federation regions was examined. The response rate was about 80%. The dietary patterns were studied by the consumption frequency of the main food groups. The assessment of alcohol consumption was based on the frequency and quantity of their usual intake once and per week.
Results: Significant changes of the dietary patterns of Russians have been noted with age. Regardless of gender, consumption of red meat (p<0.005) and processed meat products (meat sausages and delicacies) (p<0.05), as well as products with added sugar (sweets, confectionery) (p<0.005), decreased with increasing age. The decrease in daily consumption of red meat in women was more pronounced than in men: from 41.4% at the age of 25-34 to 34.4% at the age of 55-64 (p<0.0001) in women compared with 53.8 to 49.7% (p=0.0065) in men, respectively. The frequency of consumption of any fish, fruit and vegetables, as well as cottage cheese, rose with increasing age. Unlike men, women's daily consumption of pickles (from 7.2% at the age of 25-34 to 10.3% at the age of 55-64, p<0.0001) and liquid dairy products (milk, fermented milk products; from 51.4 to 55.9% p=0.0002) elevated with increasing age versus 11.1-11.5 and 45.7-47.3%, respectively. Age trends of daily cereal consumption as the habit of adding salt to ready-made meals were statistically insignificant for both sexes. Despite the decrease in the high-salt food consumption, there was no decrease in the indicator of the integral assessment of Excess Salt Intake in the diet with age.
Conclusion: Regardless of gender, the Russians' diet becomes more productive with increasing age: consumption of any fish, fruit/vegetables, cottage cheese increases and consumption of red meat and processed meat products decreases. However, the high salt content in the Russian's diet is unchanged with increasing age.
Alternaria toxins are metabolites of fungi of the genus Alternaria that pose a potential health hazard. With the advent of modern analytical methods, they have begun to be detected in both raw materials and processed food. Despite the potential health risks, the content of Alternaria toxins in food is not regulated, and a lot of them remain completely unstudied. The aim of this review was to analyze and summarize the results of studies devoted to the investigation of the cytotoxic effects of Alternaria toxins via in vitro and in vivo experiments.
Material and methods: The search for sources was conducted in databases of peerreviewed scientific literature PubMed, Google Scholar and Cyberleninka without restrictions on year of publication by key words: Alternaria, Alternaria toxins, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, toxicity.
Results: The summarizing and analysis of data from studies on cytotoxicity, including DNA damage and oxidative stress (OS), and the results of toxicological experiments for the following metabolites of fungi of the genus Alternaria were carried out: alternariol (AOH), its monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), tenuazonic acid (TeA), tentoxin (TEN), altertoxin I (ATX I), altertoxin II (ATX II), altertoxin III (ATX III), alterperinol (ALTP), stemphyltoxin III (STTX III). Dose-dependent death of healthy and cancer cells in many studies proves the high toxicological hazard of AOH. A part of the cell lines viability reduction has a negative impact on some tissues and organs to AME. Toxicity of ALT was contradictory, and TEN did not produce cytotoxic effects at concentrations below 100 μM. TeA in the concentration range of 109 to 187.6 μM caused 50% cancer cells death. The data for ATX I are contradictory, while ATX II, ATX III, STTX III and ALTP perylenequinones showed high cytotoxicity, due to the presence of epoxy groups. Mixtures of Alternaria toxins exhibit additive and synergistic effects, pose a hazard and require further investigation in new combinatorial studies. AOH and AME caused DNA damage, so additional data of genotoxicity in vivo are needed, focusing on the gastrointestinal tract. AOH, AME, and TeA are able to induce OS. There are no publications currently available to assess impact of ALT, TEN, and perylenequinones on OS parameters. Particular attention should be paid to perylenequinones due to their strong in vitro cytotoxicity.
Conclusion: Currently, sufficient data is available to confirm a health hazard only for AOH, and further data are needed for the remaining Alternaria fungal toxins.
In elite sports, studying the role of macronutrients in providing energy during physical activity is a vital area of research for achieving high performance. The aim of the present study was to analyze the correlation between performance indicators (VO2max, test time, and Russian Cross-Country Skiing Federation rating score) and the levels of carbohydrate (normal or below normal) and fat (normal or above normal) intake in elite athletes.
Material and methods: A retrospective longitudinal analysis of data from cross-country skiers (n=46, male, age 19.7±4.8 years) collected during the preparation period from 2014 to 2017 was performed. Energy intake was evaluated using the 24-hour recall method for 3 days. Performance indicators and energy expenditure were measured by indirect calorimetry in a test to failure.
Results: Relative energy intake of the athletes on typical training days was at the lower limit (47±12 kcal/kg day). Analysis of the actual diet showed a non-optimal ratio of carbohydrates (388±121 g/day) and fats (132±40 g/day) in the diet of the majority of the athletes. The association between carbohydrate and fat consumption levels with performance indicators demonstrated the leading contribution of carbohydrates to energy supply during submaximal and maximal physical performance. Adequate carbohydrate intake (more than 350 g/day) increased the duration of exercise testing time to failure by 13% (p=0.004) and, accordingly, the level of carbohydrate consumption can be considered as a marker for predicting athletic performance. The revealed direct correlation between high points in the Russian Cross-Country Skiing Federation rating and total testing time (ρ=0.53; p=0.008), as well as excess fat intake (ρ=0.51; p=0.021), indicate the participation of fats in the energy supply of competitive performance.
Conclusion: The ratio between fat and carbohydrate intake (37:49%) among the examined cross-country skiers does not meet recommended levels and is insufficient to cover their energy expenditure, which may be accompanied by a decrease in performance during the competition period. The results of this study can be applied to optimizing athletes' actual dietary intake and improving their physical qualities.
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