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The excessive consumption of sugar-containing foods contributes to the development of a number of diseases, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, etc. As a substitute for sugar, people with diabetes mellitus and obesity most often use sweeteners. Sweet proteins, in particular brazzein, are an alternative to synthetic sweeteners that have natural origin, are broken down in the intestines along with food proteins, and do not affect blood sugar and insulin levels. The purpose of the review was to analyze the available data on the sweet protein brazzein, its physical and chemical properties, existing biotechnological methods of production, and prospects for application in the food industry in order to further develop an optimized heterologous expression system. Material and methods. Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, RSCI and eLibrary.ru databases were used for collecting and analyzing literature. Search depth - 30 years. Results. Numerous studies of the physical and chemical properties of brazzein have demonstrated its high potential for use in the food industry. In particular, a short amino acid sequence, thermal stability, the ability to maintain its structure and sweet properties in a wide pH range, hypoallergenicity, lack of genotoxicity, and an extremely high level of sweetness compared to sucrose allow us to conclude that its use is promising. Mutant variants of brazzein have been generated, the sweetest of which (with three amino acid substitutions H31R/E36D/E41A) exceeds sucrose sweetness by 22 500 times. To date, various systems for the expression of recombinant brazzein have already been developed, in which bacteria (Escherichia coli, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus licheniformis), yeast (Komagataella phaffii, Kluyveromyces lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae), plants (Zea mays, Oryza sativa, Lactuca sativa, Nicotiana tabacum, Daucus carota) and animals (Mus musculus) have been used. Conclusion. Due to its high sweetness, organoleptic properties and long history of human consumption, brazzein can be considered as a promising natural sweetener. Despite the short peptide sequence, the production of the recombinant protein faced a number of problems, including low protein yield (for example, it could only be detected in mouse milk by Western blot hybridization) and loss of sweetness. Thus, further optimization of the process is necessary for widespread brazzein use in the food industry, which includes the selection of an adequate producer and the use of extracellular expression systems to reduce the final cost of the product.

Retrospective analysis of medical and organizational problems of food supply in besieged Leningrad is important for the development of the principles of population nutrition in extreme situations. The aim of the paper was to characterize the work of dairy kitchens that provided nutrition to infants in Leningrad during the blockade years (1941-1944) on the basis of documentary data. Material and methods. The study was prepared on the materials of the archives of St. Petersburg, considered from the position of the social history of medicine, which is centered on the study of medical practice. Results. In the blockaded Leningrad under the conditions of food, electricity, and water supply shortages, there was a forced abandonment of a number of principles of infant feeding generally recognized by the pediatricians. Almost all infants born in the blockade ring were transferred to artificial feeding with the release of infant formula through milk kitchens. In conditions of food shortages, children under the age of three were also provided with centralized milk products. The activities of the staff of the milk kitchens were carried out in close contact with doctors of regional children's consultations and specialists of the Leningrad Pediatric Institute, who developed issues of rational nutrition for infants. During the blockade years, the formulae developed before the war were generally retained, but due to the lack of dairy resources, vegetable products were used as substitutes. As the food situation in the city improved, doctors and milk kitchens reverted to pre-war recipes, especially for infant nutrition. The products of the milk kitchens were subject to constant supervision by sanitary physicians. Laboratory tests indicated that, in terms of basic microbiological indicators, infant formulae were generally safe and differed slightly from those produced before the war. Conclusion. In blockaded Leningrad (especially during the winter of 1941/1942), the products of dairy kitchens served, as a rule, as the only source of nutrition for infants. Despite a number of organizational difficulties and abuse of workers, the preservation of the network of milk kitchens, centralized supply of milk and formula through them, and expansion of the contingents attached to them justified themselves.

The growth of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in children with prevalence of endogenous factors of the causes of development has not been decreasing in the Russian Federation and all over the world for the last decades. This determines the relevance of multifaceted study of this pathology. Consequences of PEM suffered in early childhood can have a remote character of realization and influence on human health during the whole life. A separate problem of PEM is the identification of mild forms of pathology, which are often missed. The pathogenesis of PEM is insufficiently studied, in particular, the variability of pathology development depending on gender. The aim of the research was to characterize the peculiarities of the blood metabolic profile of infants at the initial stage of PEM with regard to gender. Material and methods. 38 children (20 boys, 18 girls) aged from 1 to 12 months with the degree I of PEM were examined; the comparison group consisted of 30 children (18 boys, 12 girls) aged from 2 to 12 months. Laboratory monitoring included general and biochemical blood tests with evaluation of such parameters as the content of total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, transferrin, urea, creatinine, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, triglycerides, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, using hematological analyzer (MEDONIC, Boule Diagnostics AB, Japan) and biochemical analyzer (Cobas Integra 400plus, Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland). Results. In children with a mild degree of PEM the blood levels of total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, transferrin didn't differ from that in the comparison group. Against this background, there is an increase in blood serum urea level in all children and a significant increase in creatinine level, which is most pronounced in girls, in whom this indicator is 2.5 fold higher than in the comparison group and by 79% higher than in boys (p≤0.05). In combination with body weight deficiency, this characterizes the development of catabolic stress. A decrease in blood glucose level was detected in all children of the main group; a decrease in triglycerides was revealed in boys (-33%; p≤0.05) with stability of the index in girls. The increase in pyruvate blood serum level in boys (+21%; p≤0.05) with a tendency to decrease in girls is accompanied by a significant elevation in the lactate/pyruvate ratio (by 75% in boys and 3 fold in girls, p≤0.05). Conclusion. There are gender peculiarities of metabolic in children of the first year of life with a mild degree of PEM. In male children there is a decrease in the levels of glucose and triglycerides as energy substrates with the orientation to the ketosis formation. In girls, a more intense character of catabolic stress is observed with stable blood levels of triglycerides with a tendency to develop lactacidosis.

The development of specialized fat-and-oil emulsion food systems for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and obesity is an important task of health concern in the Russian Federation. The aim of the study was to develop specialized fat-and-oil emulsion food systems for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and obesity, the distinctive features of which are the presence of functional ingredients and bioactive compounds that meet modern safety requirements, have a hypolipidemic effect and influence on body weight. Material and methods. As a source of fucoxanthin, an oil extract from the thallom (stratum) of the annual Undaria pinnatifida brown algae was used, obtained by re-extraction with soy oil for 8 hours from a glycerin extract (extractant - 60% glycerin solution, the duration of the process - 8 h). The determination of organoleptic parameters was carried out at a temperature of 20 °C 12 h after manufacture using standard methods. Organoleptic parameters were determined in the following sequence: consistency, appearance, color, smell, taste. Physical and chemical characteristics (mass content of fat, moisture, egg products in terms of dry yolk, acidity in terms of acetic acid, emulsion stability), acid and peroxide values were studied by standard methods. Fatty acid analysis of lipids was performed by gas-liquid chromatography. The fucoxanthin content was determined by spectrophotometric method. Results. The presented formulations of lipid compositions as the fat base of specialized oil-fat emulsion food systems for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and obesity included Schizochytrium sp. microalgae oil in a mass fraction of 3-6% as a source of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids). An oil extract of U. pinnatifida brown algae in a mass fraction of 48-54% was used as a source of fucoxanthin. The total content of PUFA was significantly high - at least 73%, ω-6 PUFA prevailed (48.0-49.1%). However, the high content of ω-3 PUFA (at least 25%) should be also noted. The ratio of ω-3 to ω-6 PUFA was 1:1.72-1:1.90, which is atypical for individual vegetable oils traditionally used as the fat phase in fat-and-oil emulsion systems. The fucoxanthin content in the presented lipid compositions was 6.4-7.2 mg/100 ml. Edible fat-and-oil emulsion food systems for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and obesity (mayonnaise and mayonnaise sauces) with a given ratio of ω-3:ω-6 PUFA containing eicosopentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, as well as fucoxanthin, have been obtained. The extract of U. pinnatifida brown algae, containing fucoxanthin, significantly slowed down the processes of lipid oxidation and hydrolysis, as evidenced by changes in the peroxide and acid values of fat isolated from specialized fat-and-oil emulsion systems for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and obesity. Conclusion. Specialized fat-and-oil emulsion food systems for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and obesity (mayon

Adolescence is a critical period for the onset of eating disorders, which affect an adolescent's diet and can have adverse and long-term health consequences. The relationship between the risk of eating disorders and the diet of Russian adolescents has been little studied. The objective of the research was to characterize the relationship between the risk of eating disorders and dietary patterns in a sample of Russian schoolchildren. Material and methods. The continuous cross-sectional study included tenth-graders of secondary schools (n=379, 63.1% girls) aged 16.0±0.5 years. The Russian version of the Eating Disorder Inventory was used to assess the risk of eating disorders. Dietary information was obtained from questionnaires completed by adolescents, characterizing the frequency of meals (at home and at school) during the week, the variety of dishes, and the frequency of consumption of foods and dishes. Anthropometric measurements were carried out to calculate body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC)/height index. Results. The eating patterns of schoolchildren were significantly disrupted, more so in girls. They were statistically significantly less likely than boys to consume meat, milk, nuts, and butter, and were more likely to skip breakfast. Significant correlations were shown between BMI Z-score and WC/height index in girls with body dissatisfaction (R=0.19 and 0.18, respectively, p<0.01), desire to lose weight (R=0.26 and 0.25, respectively, p<0.01) and bulimic tendencies (R=0.13, p<0.05 for WC/height). In boys, the drive for thinness was significantly associated only with abdominal fat deposition (R=0.26, p<0.01). Body dissatisfaction and desire for thinness in boys were associated with statistically significantly lower consumption of candies, chocolate, ice cream, cookies and potatoes; in girls - with rare consumption of candies, ice cream, sweet carbonated drinks, juices, fast food, as well as bread, meat and sausages, butter, skipping breakfast and dinner. Conclusion. The tendency to develop eating disorder in adolescence is more common in girls and is associated with dietary restrictions affecting important components of the diet necessary for normal growth and development.

Anunbalanced diet, specifically excessive unprocessed red meat (RM) consumption, plays significant role in development of chronic non-communicable diseases. Modern research indicates excessive consumption of unprocessed red meat (RM) in the Russian population. There are reports of relationships between RM consumption and some factors, but it hasn't been sufficiently studied. The aim of the research was to study unprocessed RM intake and its relationship to socio-demographic, behavioral and medical factors in general population. Material and methods. In the ESSE-RF cross-sectional study, data from 1.600 participants randomly sampled from unorganized population of 25-64 years old (59% women), average age 45.0±0.5 and 47.2±0.4 years for men and women, respectively, were studied. Standard questionnaire was used. Frequency of RM consumption was presented in 4 ranked categories from "do not use/rarely" to "daily/almost daily". Associative analysis included socio-demographic, behavioral and health-related variables. Descriptive statistics, single- and multivariable ordinal regression were used. Results. 52.1% of men and 41.9% of women consumed RM daily (p<0.001), one third of all - 1-2 times a week (p=0.737), 11.5% of men and 22.5% of women - 1-2 times a month or less (p<0.001). Odds for higher RM consumption were higher in men (OR=1.67; p<0.001). In men RM intake didn't vary with age (p=0.796). Highest RM intake in women was observed at the age of 35-44 years, comparatively lower at 25-34 (OR=0.70; p=0.076), 45-54 (OR=0.63; p=0.012) and 55-64 years old (OR=0.42; p<0.001), respectively. In multivariable analysis, prosperity level (women), physically active work, marital status, living in own housing showed a direct, whereas presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques (women) and walking >=45 min - inverse association with RM consumption, accordingly. Conclusion. With age, the frequency of RM consumption was relatively constant in men and decreased in women after 45 years. The frequency of RM consumption was directly correlated with male gender, physical activity during work, marital status (married/common-law marriage), residence in one's own house, income level (for women) and inversely correlated with walking >=45 min during free time. Less frequent RM consumption in women was associated with the presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. No independent associations with chronic alimentary diseases and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases has been found. The data obtained indicate the need to increase public awareness concerning the role of RM in the development of chronic non-communicable diseases, and to develop tools reducing RM intake and increasing share of other protein sources in the diet.

Antioxidants are among the common components of sports nutrition designed to counteract oxidative stress that develops during intense physical activity. One of the promising antioxidants are anthocyanins which belong to polyphenolic compounds of plant origin (class of flavonoids). The purpose of the research was to analyze the results of prospective controlled studies on the effect of anthocyanins on physical performance, and to consider the possible molecular mechanisms of their action. Material and methods. Sources were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, and CyberLeninka databases of peer-reviewed scientific literature without restrictions on the year of publication using the following keywords: anthocyanins, physical performance, recovery, sport and exercise nutrition, oxidative stress, inflammation. Results. The main data set on the effects of anthocyanins in athletes was obtained using extracts of blackcurrant and Montmorency tart cherry. Volunteers received anthocyanins at a dose of 86-547 mg per day for 1 to 10 days with subsequent evaluation of their performance in cycling, running and fitness activities. The possibility of favorable effect of anthocyanins on physical performance and acceleration of its recovery after exertion has been shown. The source, dose and duration of intake did not significantly influence the established effects of anthocyanins. Acting as exogenous regulators of metabolism, anthocyanins can activate several mechanisms of performance enhancement, including influence on antioxidant and immune status and apoptosis intensity. Anthocyanins prevent the formation of reactive oxygen species, neutralize electrophilic compounds by direct interaction or through activation of Nrf2 factor, which regulates the transcription of antioxidant enzyme genes. The basis of the anti-inflammatory action of anthocyanins is their ability to inhibit MARK and NF-κB mediated signal transduction. Inclusion of bilberry and blackcurrant extract in the diet prevented the intensification of myocyte apoptosis and suppression of cellular immunity induced by exhausting exercise. An additional mechanism of anthocyanin action on physical performance may be an increase in blood supply of organs and tissues due to vascular dilation caused by activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Conclusion. The intake of plant extracts with a high anthocyanin content can increase physical performance and improve recovery after physical exertion, which may be due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins, their ability to regulate apoptosis processes and improve blood supply to organs and tissues.

Vitamin D deficiency is more prevalent among children with musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders (MSCTD), which plays a significant role in childhood disability, which ranks sixth in the structure of childhood disability in the Russian Federation. The aim of the research was to study of the relationship between the incidence of childhood disability associated with MSCTD and the state of vitamin D status of the population living in the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra. Material and methods. A correlation analysis was carried out between the level of childhood disability (that arose in connection with MSCTD in children aged 0-17 years in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra in 2021) and the prevalence of severe vitamin D deficit [serum 25(OH)D <10 ng/ml] among the population (12 city and 5 district municipalities), using the INVITRO-Ural LLC database (31 595 anonymized measurements of vitamin D level in Ugra residents). In addition, a correlation analysis was conducted between the total incidence of certain types of MSCTD in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the geographical latitude of the administrative center of the subjects of the Federation. Results. In the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, the frequency of childhood disability resulting from MSCTD is associated with a statistically stable (p=0.01) directly proportional relationship with the prevalence of severe vitamin D deficit in the residents of the municipality territory. In the Russian Federation, the dependence of the general morbidity of MSCTD in children (arthropathy, juvenile arthritis, and damage to the tendon synovial membranes) is very stable (p<0.0001) directly proportional associated with the geographical latitude of the territory. This indicates the impact of reduced levels of ultraviolet radiation and, accordingly, the average blood level of vitamin D in the population high in latitudes, along with other reasons, on human health. Conclusion. Low levels of vitamin D have a negative impact on the activity of MSCTD in children and the associated disability. To justify the recommended daily dose and duration of vitamin D intake, which in some cases can reduce the activity of MSCTD, it is necessary to measure its initial level in the blood serum of patients at risk.