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Impaired nutritional patterns in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are considered to be one of the causes of the disease, with certain types of nutrition having a pronounced protective effect on the incidence of NAFLD. The aim of the study was to compare in detail the nutritional characteristics of Russian patients with NAFLD compared with hepatoprotective dietary patterns (Mediterranean, vegetarian diet, DASH diet). Material and methods. As the research material, data from the examination of 613 patients of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, obtained in the period from 2021 to 2023, were used. The assessment of the stage of liver steatosis and fibrosis was carried out using vibration-controlled transient elastography. The patients were divided into 2 groups: the NAFLD group (n=367) and the control group (n=205), and pairs (n=77) of these groups were formed by gender, age and BMI. Nutrition was assessed using a semi-quantitative method of analyzing food consumption over the previous 1 month. Consumption of food groups by the studied groups was compared with intake in dietary patterns associated with reduced risk of NAFLD. Results. Analysis of the consumption of food groups in the diets of patients with NAFLD along with patients from the control group showed that their intake differed from the recommended levels of consumption according to the healthy eating pyramid and protective dietary patterns for NAFLD with lower consumption of milk and dairy products (Me=0.8-1.1 vs 1.8-4.2 cups/day), legumes (Me=0.16-1.19 vs 1.5-7.5 cups/day), vegetable oils [Me=7.0 g/day in patients with NAFLD and Me=5.0 g/day in patients from the control group (p=0.04) vs 24.0-40.0 g/day], fish and seafood (Me=6.2-6.6 vs 6.3-17.6 ounces/week), vegetables (Me=1.9-2.0 vs 2.5-4.0 cups/day), nuts and seeds (Me=3.5 vs 4.5-11.1 ounces/day), excessive consumption of products from the «meat, poultry, eggs» group (Me=3.0-4.1 vs 0.4-3.6 ounces/day), and corresponded to these recommendations in terms of the consumption of fruit and cereals (at the expense of white brea d and bakery products). Conclusion. Patients with NAFLD need to change the structure of habitual nutrition, including through the introduction of foods for special dietary uses capable of replenishing the missing nutrients in their diet, which have a protective effect against NAFLD.

Emidonol is a Russian antioxidant drug, widely used in veterinary medicine both for prophylactic purposes and under pathological conditions associated with oxygen deficiency. The product of its biotransformation in animals is meldonium, which is a metabolic modulator and has been included on the Prohibited List by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) since 2016. In the presented research, volunteers once consumed samples of milk from cows that had undergone a 15-day course of the veterinary drug Emidonol® 10%, obtained from one of the farms in the Moscow region. The purpose of our research was to study the possibility of qualitative determination of meldonium in urine samples after drinking a large amount of milk using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and to assess duration of urinary excretion of the prohibited in sport metabolism modulator in accordance with WADA identification criteria. Material and methods. Milk samples were collected from the cows on the 15th (last) day of the injection course of the veterinary drug Emidonol® 10%. Urine samples from volunteers, collected before and within 48 hours after a single intake of 900 ml of fresh cow's milk have been examined. The volunteers (n=4, aged 35-52 years, body weight 65-93 kg, gender was not taken into account) had not previously taken meldonium, any dietary supplements, as well as milk, dairy and meat products within 4-5 days before submitting a blank sample and during the study. Sample preparation of urine specimens was carried out using the "dilute and shoot" method. The HPLC-MS/MS was used for analysis. Meldonium identification was carried out in selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode using the following transitions and collision energies: 147.1>147.1 (15), 147.1>132.1 (17), 147.1>59.1 (17), 147.1>58.1 (17), 147.1>42.1 (60). Results. It was found that meldonium is reliably determined in urine samples of volunteers after 12 hours when identified by HPLC-MS/MS using the 5 abovementioned SRM transitions, and for 36-40 hours using the transitions 147.1>59.1 (17), 147.1>58.1 (17) after a single consumption of 900 ml of milk. The peak concentrations occur at 5-10 hours after administration (estimated concentration in urine from 160 to 400 ng/ml) with a subsequent decrease to 2.5-5 ng/ml and below after 36-40 hours. The excretion profiles of the prohibited modulator in urine are presented. Conclusion. The principal possibility of qualitative determination of meldonium in urine samples of volunteers over 36-40 hours with a single consumption of large quantities of milk from cows that have undergone a course of treatment with the veterinary drug Emidonol® 10% was demonstrated.

Vitamin K comes in several forms in foods. Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) is found in plant foods. Menaquinones (vitamin K2) are a class of vitamin K compounds found in animal products and fermented foods. The purpose of the research was to characterize the role of vitamins K1 and K2 in the nutrition of children and to assess vitamin K status in children. Material and methods. The literature review in recent years was carried out using the RSCI, Pubmed databases, as well as Google Scholar system using the keywords: «vitamin K», «vitamin K1», «vitamin K2», «menaquinone» and «phylloquinone» in combination with «children», or «breast milk». Results. Vitamins K1 and K2 are interchangeable in relation to the formation of blood coagulation factors, but the effectiveness of vitamin K2 is much higher in the posttranslational modification of extrahepatic proteins that provide antioxidant, epigenetic effects. Current vitamin K intake recommendations only apply to phylloquinone. Breastfed children are at risk for vitamin K deficiency, because breast milk content of vitamin K, mainly in the form of phylloquinone, is low. In adapted milk formulas for infant feeding, the content of vitamin K1 is significantly higher than in breast milk. To provide infants with vitamin K2, it is extremely important to promptly introduce complementary foods into the diet that are sources of menaquinones. Specifically formulated for the nutritional needs of young children products that contain naturally formed during milk fermentation vitamin K2, deserve special attention. Conclusion. Considering the important role of vitamin K in the prevention of the skeletal system and cardiovascular diseases, it is necessary to increase its consumption by including fermented foods naturally containing menaquinones (MK-7) in the diet.

The existing methodological approaches for hazard identification and selection of priority hazard contaminants in foodstuff for further health risk assessment and legislation (in case of need) do not represent the reasons of inclusion inadvertent chemical substances in a number of priority for health risk assessment. The absence both of complex assessment and potential hazard categories of contaminants do not allow to assess the urgency of health risk assessment. Thus, it's advisable to expand the existing methodological approaches with the criteria of selection of hazard inadvertent chemical substances in food. The criteria allow for an integral assessment and further categorizing for health risk assessment and legislation. The aim of the research was to develop the methodological approaches to selection of priority inadvertent chemical substances in foodstuff for risk analysis and legislation based on the integral assessment Results. Material and methods. Various methods of chemical analysis were applied for detection of potentially hazard chemical substances in foodstuff. The further hazard identification and selection of priority chemical substances has been based on suggested criteria and categories that complete existing methodology. The approbation of methodological approaches to integral assessment and categorizing has been carried out on milk. Results and discussion. The potential hazard identification of inadvertent chemicals has been carried out using the complex of selection criteria. It was suggested to apply scores for calculation of integral score for further categorizing and selection of priority chemical substances (taking into account substances' toxicity class and possibility of migration during cooking or formation during technological process, and from packing, and from food raw materials). 5 hazard chemicals in milk (2-furanmethanol, thallium, mevinphos, sulfotep, mephospholane) were defined as priority category as the result of approbation. Conclusion. Integral assessment and categorizing of potential hazard of inadvertent chemicals in food applying basic and additional criteria taking into account natural content of the substances and their possibility of migration in food allow to assess the priority of health risk assessment and further hygienic legislation of the substances (in case if the risk level is inappropriate). During the approbation on the example of milk, 5 unintended substances that had potential hazard category I (high priority) were recommended for further risk assessment.

The vigorous scientific and organizational activities of the Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology, integration into the international scientific and technical space, the use of advanced innovative technologies, the best examples of world experience, cooperation with leading economic countries are the most important lever for optimizing the nutrition of the population of our country, which is essential for the preservation of the health of the nation and the implementation of the tasks of demographic policy in the Russian Federation.

The study of the influence of nutrition and its associations with other parameters, which are closely related to the metabolic profile, in order to better understand the mechanisms of realization of the obesity phenotype in the child population is of particular interest. The aim of the study was to investigate the eating habits of elementary school children and their dependence on the parameters of physical development and body composition of the child population of Tomsk. Material and methods. 506 children aged 7 to 12 years were examined. The main group consisted of 216 children (53.1% boys, 46.9% girls) with overweight and obesity, the control group - 290 healthy children (49.0% boys, 51.0% girls). All children underwent measurement of anthropometric parameters with the calculation of SDS body mass index (WHO Anthro Plus), estimation of body composition by bioimpedancemetry. The actual nutrition of schoolchildren was assessed by the frequency method using a questionnaire. Results. Overweight and obese children had levels of body fat, percent body fat, visceral fat area and whole-body phase angle which were statistically significantly (p<0.001) higher in comparison with the control group. Regular meals were more typical for schoolchildren of the control group compared to the main group (p=0.002). A survey of parents showed that 55.0% of them don't have problems with the nutrition of their children, 32.0% do not have conditions for monitoring their nutrition, 37.5% of children consume high-calorie foods, 29.0% do not comply with the diet, 64.5% - eat while watching TV. Only 21.1% of children consume fresh vegetables daily, cereals - 21.8%, dairy products - 30.3%, milk - 56.5%, meat - 58.5%, cottage cheese - 10.3%. Fish is not consumed by 25.6% of children, consumed less than once a week - by 47.2%. Several times a week, sausages and sausages are consumed by 41.7% of schoolchildren, confectionery - by 32.5%, chocolate and sweets - by 51.5%. Conclusion. The food habits of primary school students in Tomsk are characterized by an insufficient amount of vegetables and fruits, dairy products, fish dishes, a high level of consumption of ultra-processed red meat and various confectionery products (sweets, chocolate, cakes). The absence of statistically significant differences in the results of the survey between the control group and the main group may be due to the multifactorial nature of obesity associated with a variety of behavioral, biological and social factors, the real contribution of which remains to be determined.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a highly atherogenic, genetically based lipid disorder. For patients with FH, dietary modification is the cornerstone of complex lipidlowering therapy. The aim of the research was to assess the actual nutrition in adults with familial hypercholesterolemia. Material and methods. The study included 100 patients over 18 years old (including 46% men) with "probable" or "definite" FH according to the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network or Simon Broome criteria from the GENMOTIV-FH study (ClinicalTrials: NCT04656028) in 2019-2021. Actual nutrition was assessed using the 24-hour dietary recall method. The frequency of the main meal groups' consumption and food-related behavior were assessed using a questionnaire method. The data are presented as the median [Q25; Q75]. Results. The study showed the excess consumption of protein (19.3 [16.7; 24.0] in men and 18.6% [13.6; 24.3] in women, p=0.592), total fat (35.1 [29.4; 41.0] in men vs 39.2% [33.2; 47.5] in women, p=0.018), including saturated fatty acids (9.6 [4.7; 13.0] vs 10.4% [7.5; 14.2], respectively, p=0.151), and cholesterol (265.8 [188.8; 521.9] mg/day in men vs 282.1 [147.2; 542.8] mg/day in women, p=0.936). Consumption of total carbohydrates (44.3 [37.2; 50.0] vs 39.6% [30.1; 48.8], respectively, p=0.100) and fiber (10.7 [7.3; 13.3] g/day in men vs 11.5 [7.9; 13.9] g/day in women, p=0.372) was insufficient. Only 47.9% of patients consumed vegetables daily, 39.1% - fruits and berries. The majority (64.5%) of patients with FH preferred high-fat cheese (>=25%). Cottage cheese of >=5% fat content preferred 52.7% of patients. The daily poultry consumption was more than red meat (19.3 vs 4.3% respectively, p=0.003). Regularly included fish in their meal 53.8% of patients. Conclusion. The actual nutrition in adults with FH does not match international guidelines. The results highlight the importance of dietary interventions for patients with FH.

One of the principles of prevention and non-medicamentous treatment of liver diseases, including hepatitis of different etiology, is the normalization of the diet through the consumption of food with physiologically active ingredients, in particular betulin, which helps to eliminate the causes of metabolic and oxidative disorders within liver cells. The aim of the research was to assess in vivo the influence of triterpene alcohol betulin extracted from Betula pendula Roth. birch bark in fat-containing products (for example mayonnaise) on the blood biochemical parameters and liver morphological structure of rats with initiated acute toxic hepatitis. Material and methods. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of betulin as part of mayonnaise samples has been investigated in vivo on the model of toxic hepatitis initiated by carbon tetrachloride in male Wistar rats weighing 210-265 g. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each: CG-1 - intact, CG-2 and MG - with carbon tetrachloride initiated toxic hepatitis. rats of the main groups were orally administered mayonnaise once a day at a dosage of 1 ml for 21 days after the formation of the model pathology: OG-1 with the added betulin (1 mg per 1 kg of body weight), OG-2 without betulin. Disorders of metabolic and oxidative processes in liver cells of animals were evaluated by biochemical indicators of blood plasma: the level of glucose, albumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides and urea and the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase. Oxidative stress in rats was estimated by the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in blood hemolysate (at a dilution of 1:200 and 1:10, respectively); the total prooxidant (in blood plasma) and total antioxidant (in blood hemolysate at a dilution of 1:10) activity were determined spectrophotometrically (colored complexes of TWIN-80 oxidation products with thiobarbituric acid). The morphological structure of rats' liver was estimated by microscopy of prepared cuts of hepatic tissue. Results. Based on biochemical parameters of rat blood plasma, it has been established that the administration of mayonnaise with betulin prevents the development of cytolic syndrome and suppresses the process of peroxidation by directly neutralizing free radicals. Aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity in blood plasma of the experimental animals of the main group MG-1 reduced by 20.7 and 35.2% compared with indicators of the rats of the main group MG-2. Glucose concentration normalized to the level of the control group CG-1. The concentration of bilirubin and triglycerides decreased by 22.9 and by 48.1%, which indicates a significant reduction in the indicators of cholestatic syndrome in the group of animals OG-1 compared to OG-2. The total prooxidant activity and the concentration of thiobarbiturate-reactive products decreased compared to the CG

The growth of the world population leads to an increase in demand for food consumption. Along with the projected reduction in demand for meat products, a search is underway for a new type of food ("novel food"), one of the promising options for which are insects. In 2023 the European Commission has registered flour made from house cricket (Acheta domesticus) as a "novel food" for human consumption. Currently, the amino acid composition of both new types of food and the diet that includes them is not regulated. Accordingly, the potential amino acid imbalance in the diet when entomoprotein is included need to be further investigated. The aim of the study was to characterize the amino acid composition of a simulated diet using protein obtained from house cricket. Material and methods. To assess the balance of diets in terms of amino acid composition, a comparative analysis was made of the actual diet containing protein from traditional foods (scenario 1) and the diet with the likely replacement of beef, pork and poultry with a product containing A. domesticus protein (entomoprotein) (scenario 2). The volume of food consumption has been calculated based on the results of the assessment of a sample survey of household budgets. The study included foods with an established value of annual consumption, that was calculated as daily consumption. The content of essential amino acids in food sources of protein, as well as in the domestic cricket protein, was evaluated using the data from relevant sources. Dietary balance was assessed by calculating its digestibility using data on amino acid scoring, the utility of essential amino acids, the excess content of individual essential amino acids, and the comparable excess content of essential amino acids. Results. We determined the daily consumption volumes of basic foods, formed consumption scenarios, including with the potential use of a protein product based on entomoprotein. Comparative analysis of the amino acid composition of the diet showed significantly higher content (from 1.4 up to 2.9 times) of amino acids in the diet in scenario 2. The results of calculating the amino acid score and utility coefficient showed that a diet using entomoprotein could provide a better usage of amino acids for protein synthesis compared to the «traditional» diet, however, the digestibility of protein from the traditional diet is higher compared to entomoprotein (96.8 vs 89.1%). Conclusion. Despite the fact that the utility of essential amino acids in the scenario of replacing meat products with a product containing A. domesticus entomoprotein is higher, while the digestibility of protein is lower, the differences identified are insignificant.