Voprosy pitaniia最新文献

Increasing the number of chronic non-communicable diseases around the world is a critical social problem in many countries. In this regard, the creation of specialized foods that correct dysfunctions of the human body is a priority direction in science and food industry. Legumes are characterized by a high content of protein, minerals and trace elements, which determines their possible use as the main raw materials for creating specialized foods. The aim of this research was to present a medical, biological and technological justification for the possibility of producing pasta based on composite mixtures of durum wheat semolina and white bean flour as specialized foods with increased protein content and optimal mineral ratio. Material and methods. The objects of the study were grains of durum wheat (grade Krasnokutka-13), whole meal flour from white beans, composite mixtures in various percentages, and pasta from them. The nutritional and biological value of durum wheat semolina and bean flour was determined experimentally, the nutrient profile of the developed composite mixtures - by calculation. The rheological properties of dough from composite mixtures and the cooking properties of pasta made from them were assessed. Results. It has been established that increase in the proportion of white bean flour in composite mixes elevated calcium and protein content, optimized an amino acid profile, the ratio of calcium to phosphorus, significantly reduced the glycemic load. Bean flour introduction into composite mixtures positively affected the rheological properties of the dough and products from it, in particular, on the speed and energy intensity of dough kneading and aging processes of starched polysaccharides, however, lead to a decrease in dry pasta strength. The pasta made from composite mixtures meets the technological requirements for pasta in terms of a number of basic indicators, namely: the volume of dry pasta, the volume of pasta after cooking and the boilability coefficient. Conclusion. The rheological and technological properties of composite mixtures and their nutrient profile make it possible to recommend them for the production of pasta, as specialized foods.

Body composition assessment is often used in clinical practice to assess and monitor nutritional status. For example, body fat mass is a predictor of metabolic diseases, and for an athlete it is a criterion of performance. "Gold standard" - the method of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry - in contrast to bioelectrical impedance analysis, is difficult to apply in everyday clinical practice. Therefore, it becomes relevant to compare the consistency of measured body fat mass using densitometry and bioimpedanceometry. The aim of the study was to perform a comparative analysis of body fat mass estimated by bioimpedanceometry (two bioelectric impedance devices and three household scales with a function of determining body composition) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Material and methods. Sixteen healthy, physically active adults aged 25 [23; 26] years, male (n=7) and female (n=9), participated in the cross-sectional study. Body composition was assessed under standard conditions in the morning, after a 12-hour fast, using densitometry (Stratos Dr X-ray densitometer) and bioimpedanceometry [bioelectric impedance devices: Medass ABC-01, Diamant AIST (with manufacturer's predictive equations); household scales with a function of determining body composition: Tanita BC-718, Picooc Mini, Scarlett SC-216]. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 10 package (StatSoft, USA), and included Friedman's chi-criterion, Lin's correlation concordance coefficient, Bland-Altman method, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and Wilcoxon's criterion with Bonferroni correction for multiple studies. Results. None of the bioimpedanceometry devices studied showed a relationship (Bland- Altman coefficient >0.2) or consistency (Lin's correlation concordance coefficient <0.9) when compared to densitometry, although Spearman correlation was moderate for Tanita BC-718 (r=0.603, p<0.05), Diamant AIST (r=0.641, p<0.01) and Scarlett SC-216 (r=0.609, p<0.05), and notable for Medass ABC-01 (r=0.841, p<0.01) and Picooc Mini (r=0.718, p<0.01). Conclusion. This study found that no bioelectrical impedance device has consistency with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in assessing body fat mass. Since the accuracy of body fat mass measurement is critical in body composition diagnosis, the assessment results obtained by bioimpedanceometry should be interpreted with caution.

Despite the active study of vitamin D, today the problem of its insufficient supply remains relevant both in Russia and throughout the world. In our country, the situation is affected by the geographical, climatic, as well as ethnic and cultural characteristics of each region. It is of interest to assess the temporal and territorial characteristics of the population's sufficiency. The purpose of the study was to analyze long-term and intra-annual dynamics of vitamin D status among residents of the Western Siberia region for the correction of prevention programs. Material and methods. An analysis of the vitamin D status in the residents of Western Siberia, located at 53-58° northern latitude, was carried out. The study was carried out among adults aged 18 to 93 years, the median age was 49 [36; 62] years (n=2586). Vitamin D status was determined by the level of 25(OH)D in venous blood serum. The determination was carried out using chemiluminescence immunoassay. Study period - 2017-2023. Results. The results of the study demonstrate an improvement in vitamin D status in residents of Omsk region in dynamics. This is manifested in a decrease in the proportion of people with deficiency from 41.6±1.6% in 2017-2019 to 33.5±1.7% in the period 2022-2023 (p<0.001) and an increase in the proportion of the examined with optimal sufficiency from 26.7±1.4 to 38.2±1.8% (p<0.001). An obvious dependence of vitamin D serum level on the month of the year has been established: low values were noted in the winter and spring months with a minimum in March (18.4 [12.1; 27.9] ng/ml). Conclusion. Seasonal variations are an important factor influencing 25(OH)D blood level. The decrease in the proportion of individuals with deficiency states most likely indicates an increase in vitamin D intake from food or supplements, which requires further study.

Wild berries are a valuable source of nutrients and antioxidants in the human diet. One of the most widespread and useful wild berries growing in Yakutia is blueberry. Its exploitable reserves in the republic amount to about 22 thousand tons annually. The aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition of blueberries growing in the Arctic regions of Yakutia. Material and methods. The material for the study were berries of blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum subsp. microphyllum L.), collected at technical ripeness in 2022 in three Arctic regions (uluses) of Yakutia (Anabarsky, Bulunsky, Momsky), significantly differing in soil and climatic conditions. Organoleptic evaluation of berries was carried out on the day of collection after sampling. After collection, berries were stored at -28 °C until analysis, defrosted in a refrigerator at a temperature =<5 °C for 3 h. The studies were carried out in an average sample (from 10 samples in 3-fold repetition). Dry matter was determined by drying in a desiccator at a temperature of 105 °C to constant weight. Studies of the chemical composition of berries were carried out by infrared spectroscopy. Results. In berries grown in the cooler Anabarsky and Bulunsky districts, in comparison with berries collected from the territory of the Momsky district, a significant pattern of an increase in the content of dry matter by 0.6-1.0%, protein by 0.29-0.31%, fat by 0.10-0.11%, and total sugars by 1.4-1.6% was observed, which was reflected in a higher calorie value. The content of vitamin C and iron in berries grown in the Anabarsky and Bulunsky districts was 17.2-20.9% higher than in berries grown in the Momsky district. A 100 g portion of freshly frozen blueberries grown in the Arctic regions of Yakutia satisfies the daily requirement of an adult in vitamin C by 25.0-29.7%, in B vitamins, potassium, calcium and magnesium - by 2-4%, in iron - by 13.3-28.9%. Conclusion. New data on the chemical composition of Vaccinium uliginosum subsp. microphyllum L. berries from the Arctic regions of Yakutia have been obtained. The higher content of vitamin C, potassium, calcium and iron in the blueberry growing in the Arctic zone of Yakutia compared to the berries of the western and central regions of the republic was noted.

Basketball is one of the most popular sports in the world, with competitions held at national, international, continental and world levels, including the Olympic Games. Optimal nutrition plays a key role in sports performance and the implementation of recovery strategies, which determined the relevance of this study. The aim of the research was to analyze the nutrition of basketball players in dynamics to determine the need to introduce specialized or dietary supplement into the diet. Material and methods. The nutrition of 17 male basketball players, students of the Moscow State Academy of Physical Culture and Sport in the pre-competition period was assessed twice in March 2022 [n=17, 20.5±0.5 years, body length - 190.8±1.7 cm, body weight (BW) - 79.4±4.5 kg, body mass index (BMI) - 23.4±0.5 kg/m2] and 2023 (n=17, BW - 87.3±2.5 kg, BMI - 24.0±0.5 kg/m2). The actual nutrition of athletes was studied using the NIAP (Scientific Instrument for Nutrition Analysis) web service developed by the Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety together with Nutrient Planner LLC (2023). Results. The diet structure of the examined basketball players was not optimal. The energy value of the diet in 2023 (Me=3089 kcal/day) was 11% higher compared to 2022 (p=0.068) and approached the recommended level for men of group IV with high physical activity aged 18-29 years. With a high protein level in the calorie value of the diet - 20.1% (2023) and 18.7% (2022), the proportion of fats and carbohydrates was suboptimal both in the first study (40.5 and 39.9%) and in the repeated one (37.8 and 40.9%). The specific intake of dietary fiber (DF) did not reach the level of 10 g/1000 kcal per day, and in absolute values, only in 2023 median exceeded 20 g/day (23.2 [15.8; 26.7] g/day). Conclusion. Excessive consumption of fats and saturated fatty acids was revealed, which can negatively affect the energy supply of high-intensity activities of athletes in team sports and performance. To optimize the diet in terms of the ratio of carbohydrate and fat components and the DF content, athletes were offered a specialized food of the corresponding focus (with high DF level). Systematic education of athletes on optimal nutrition is necessary.

To level out the nutrient imbalance in diets, patients with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders are prescribed to include specialized low-fat food with increased protein content. In this regard, the development and evaluation of the effectiveness of such products enriched with micronutrients is relevant. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a specialized fermented milk product for the dietary correction of carbohydrate and fat metabolism disorders. Material and methods. The study involved 40 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with concomitant abdominal obesity. The average age was 62.0±1.2 years. The hypocaloric diet (1708 kcal/day) of the patients in the main group (n=20) included daily for 21 days 200 g of a specialized fermented milk product containing 5.0% protein, 0.5% fat, 8.0% carbohydrates, enriched with taurine (0.4 mg%), carnitine (0.3 mg%), manganese, zinc and 12 vitamins. The patients in the control group (n=20) did not receive this product. All patients underwent an anthropometric assessment, bioimpedancemetry, and examined biochemical blood parameters characterizing carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Vitamin status was assessed by the level of vitamins C, E, D, B12 in the blood serum. Status was evaluated by the serum levels of malone dialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity. Results. The study of the clinical efficacy of the specialized fermented milk product showed good tolerability by patients. After 3 weeks of diet therapy, patients in both groups showed statistically significant decreases in body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, waist circumference, serum level of glucose, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Patients in the main group showed more pronounced positive dynamics of body component composition. There was statistically significant decrease in fluid while maintaining skeletal muscle mass, in contrast to the indices in patients of the control group. The inclusion of the specialized fermented milk product in the low-calorie diet was accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in serum level of malone dialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine by an average of 17% from the initial level (p<0.05), and an increase in superoxide dismutase activity by 18.5% (p<0.05), 25(OH)D and vitamin C level by 35 and 51% (p=0.001), respectively, in the absence of index dynamics in patients of the control group. Conclusion. The specialized fermented milk product can be used in diet therapy, including for the purpose of dietary correction of disorders of fat and carbohydrate metabolism, as an additional source of vitamins, trace elements (zinc, manganese), as well as taurine and L-carnitine.