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The ability to digest lactose in adulthood is caused by a genetic mutation that emerged following the domestication of cattle approximately 10 000 years ago. However, many adults retain primary lactase deficiency - the ancestral phenotype characterized by a decline in lactase enzyme activity after weaning. While the global prevalence of this condition is well-documented, reliable large-scale population data for Russia have been lacking so far. Microarray genotyping of genetic markers now enables high-quality, up-to-date research covering representative samples from diverse ethnic groups across Russia's regions. The purpose of the research was to compare the frequency of GG genotype in rs4988235 (13910 C/T) in the regulatory region (MCM6) of the lactase enzyme gene LCT, which determines the genetic risk of lactase insufficiency manifestation, in populations living in Russia and evaluate the differences between Russian regions. Methods. The largest multi-ethnic genetic study on lactase deficiency in Russia was conducted on a sample of 24,439 individuals in 56 populations. The percentage of an individual belonging to each ethnic group was estimated by calculating the ancestral contribution to an individual's genetic makeup. In addition, we calculated the frequency of the rs4988235 GG genotype in regions of Russia using information on the individual's current location and place of birth. Results. The prevalence of lactase deficiency by GG genotype rs4988235 in the Russian population was 45.2 and 42.8% (95% confidence interval 42.1-43.4) in the East Slavs group. The study revealed a significant variability (22.8-83.2%) in the regional prevalence of lactase deficiency by GG rs4988235 genotype. The dependence of the regional prevalence of lactase deficiency on the current place of residence is supported by the geographical features of the Russian territory and the history of pastoralism in different regions. Conclusion. The findings may be useful for developing regional nutrition recommendations and optimising the Russian market for lactose-free and low-lactose products, and justify the importance of genetic testing for diagnosis, highlighting the interdisciplinary relevance of the study.

This year, the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (formerly the Institute of Nutrition) celebrates its 95th anniversary. All these years, its main focus has been on the quality and safety of food, which affects our health to the greatest extent of all environmental factors. Nutrition was of great importance during the Great Patriotic War. The Institute of Nutrition contributed to its development and organization at the front and in the rear. Currently, the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety continues to deal with nutrition aspects for special contingents (military personnel, astronauts, etc.), as well as the search for noval food sources, nutrition epidemiology, the development of foods for special dietary uses for various population groups, etc.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are known for being one of the most important classes of bioactive lipids; of them, the long-chain ones, namely eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, have many positive effects on the human body. The aim of this study was to assess the carbohydrate metabolism in northern men living in the Magadan Region before and after the administration of a dietary supplement with PUFA. Material and methods. The study included 45 men (mean age 40.0±0.8 years), of whom 2 groups comparable in age and analyzed parameters were formed by random sampling. The participants of the main group (n=30) consumed PUFA (2 capsules containing 1200 mg, including 660 mg EPA and 440 mg DHA), and the control group (n=15) had no impact on the diet. Fasting venous blood was collected using a vacuum system to determine glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) using the turbidimetric immunoinhibition, glucose by the hexokinase method, insulin by the immune chemiluminescence using paramagnetic particles at the beginning (late October, 2023) and the end (mid-December, 2023) of the study, and HOMA-IR index was calculated. The daily diet was assessed using the ASPON-nutrition program (St. Petersburg) based on the results of the food diary keeping for 3 days (weekdays). Results. In men of the main group, positive changes in the carbohydrate profile were noted, associated with the intake of ω-3 PUFAs, manifested in HbA1c decrease (from 5.5±0.1 to 5.2±0.1%, p<0.05) while maintaining blood concentration of glucose and insulin and HOMA-IR at the same level. Unlike the main group, the control group experienced disadaptation in their carbohydrate metabolism as they exhibited the signs of hyperinsulinemia (increased basal fasting insulin level from 8.8±1.2 to 11.4±1.1 mIU/l, p<0.05) and insulin resistance (the increase in the HOMA-IR from 2.0±0.2 to 2.6±0.3, p<0.05), which was apparently due to the autumn-winter period of the study. Conclusion. Resulting from the data obtained, this study showed the presence of a leveling function and even an optimizing role of additional ω-3 PUFAs intake with respect to seasonal changes in the biochemical parameters of the northern residents during the crucial period of the year with its temperature curve transition through 0 °C.

Vitamin D is a unique compound that can enter the human body not only with food, but also be synthesized in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. Individual differences in the need for this vitamin may be associated with the carriage of polymorphic variants of genes that implement its biological effects, which include VDR BsmI C>T (rs1544410), VDR TaqI A>G (rs731236) and GC rs2282679 T>G. At risk for vitamin D deficiency are workers in the coal mining industry, whose working conditions combine limited insolation and a pronounced deficiency of vitamins in the diet. The purpose of the study was to assess vitamin D plasma level in coal mining workers depending on the carriage of polymorphic variants of the VDR BsmI C>T (rs1544410), VDR TaqI A>G (rs731236) and GC rs2282679 T>G genes and professional working conditions. Material and methods. The study included 154 coal mining workers. The main group consisted of 100 workers associated with the underground nature of work, the comparison group - 54 ground workers of the enterprise. In all individuals, the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in blood plasma was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and genotyping was performed for three polymorphic loci: VDR rs1544410, rs731236, GC rs2282679 by real-time PCR. Results. A statistically significant decrease in the concentration of plasma vitamin D in the underground workers was revealed, compared with the level of this vitamin in ground workers of the enterprise (p=0.037). Underground workers - carriers of the CT genotype of the VDR rs1544410 gene, AG of the VDR rs731236 gene and TT of the GC rs2282679 gene had a lower 25(OH)D level in blood plasma compared to owners of similar genotype variants in the comparison group (p<0.05). Among ground workers, carriers of the TT genotype of the GC rs2282679 gene had a significantly higher vitamin D plasma level compared to carriers of the TG and GG genotypes (p=0.02). An association of the GC gene with vitamin D level in blood plasma was revealed according to a dominant model of inheritance (OR=0.47, 95% CI 0.23-0.97; p=0.037, for owners of the TT genotype, compared with carriers of the TG+GG genotypes). Conclusion. The development of personalized diets based on individual genetic status may be of great importance for the prevention of diseases associated with vitamin D deficiency in individuals at risk.

Rosacea is a chronic skin disease in which a violation of its barrier function can lead to the penetration of various allergens that normally do not penetrate, and as a result, the development of sensitization. The study of the spectrum of sensitization to food allergens in patients with rosacea is especially relevant, since it can contribute to the discovery of new disease triggers and determine a personalized approach to therapy. The aim of the research was to study the features of the spectrum of sensitization to food and pollen (cross-reacting) allergens in patients with rosacea. Material and methods. The study involved patients with rosacea (group 1, n=30). The mean age of the patients was 36.0±2.6 years. The control group consisted of practically healthy patients comparable in terms of sex and age (group 2, n=20). All patients underwent a specific allergic examination: collection of an allergic anamnesis, skin prick testing with food and pollen allergens (Allergopharma, Germany) with an assessment of the magnitude of hyperemia (from + to ++++). Taking into account the results of a specific allergy testing, patients with rosacea were prescribed an individual elimination diet with the exclusion of causative allergens, including cross-reacting ones, for a period of 1 month. Results. The most significant food allergens in rosacea were rye and wheat flour proteins and egg yolk: 62.1, 46.7 and 47.8% of cases, respectively. Almost half of the patients showed sensitization to beef meat (46.1%), oats (42.9%), and soy (44.4%). The most common pollen allergens in the spectrum of sensitization in rosacea patients were meadow and grass pollen - 65.5% and 58.9%, respectively. A significant reduction in the severity of the inflammatory reaction on the face skin after a 4-week elimination diet was noted in 56.7% of patients. Conclusion. The positive clinical effect of eliminating causative allergens in rosacea confirms the role of food allergy in the pathology and justifies the need for joint efforts of allergist/immunologists and dermatologists in personalized diet therapy of patients.

The problem of developing special food with targeted medical and biological properties is a pressing issue not only for sports medicine, but also for nutrition science. The aim of the research was to provide a medical and biological justification for the development and to evaluate the effectiveness of using new sport food (SF) in the form of a bar. Material and methods. The milk-fruit bar was developed on the basis of dry goat milk, dry whey, fruit and berry and grain raw materials, hydrolysate and isolate of plant and animal proteins, vitamin premix, as well as dry cultures of lacto- and bifidobacteria Bifidobacterium bifidum BB79, Streptococcus lactis SL215, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA72 (in a 1:1:1 ratio). The assessment of the effectiveness of a SF was carried out on 2 groups of professional athletes involved in martial arts (MMA), Greco-Roman wrestling, triathlons and pentathlon. 42 athletes were included in the control group and 46 athletes were included in the main group. Athletes in the main group consumed 4 milk-fruit bars (120 g) daily in addition to their basic diet, while athletes in the control group received placebo bars equivalent in calorie value (150 g). The complex examination before and after a 21-day training cycle, in combination with SF intake, included the study of body composition, hematological (red blood cells, hemoglobin, leukocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hematocrit) and biochemical studies (plasma total protein, albumin, cholesterol, lactate) as well as studying the antioxidant status of athletes [malondialdehyde (MDA) and diene conjugates (DC) in blood serum]. Results. On the 21st day of SF intake, the cholesterol level decreased by 14.5-18.9% (p<0.05) in individuals involved in Greco-Roman wrestling, MMA and triathlon, in athletes involved in pentathlon - by 11.3% (p>0.05) compared to the initial level in blood plasma. Lactate level also lowered in athletes involved in Greco-Roman wrestling and triathlon by 14.2-28.3% (p<0.05), in other sports - by 12.2-17.6% (p>0.05). At the same time, these indicators did not change significantly in athletes from the control group. In addition, the lactate level in triathletes at the end of the study was 23.2% lower compared to the level in athletes from the control group (p<0.05). SF intake led to the decrease (p<0.05) in blood serum of athletes involved in the presented sports of MDA level by 20.0-27.9% (except for triathletes) and of DC - by 14.3-48.5% (except for athletes involved in Greco-Roman wrestling). In athletes of the control group after taking a placebo bar, the level of MDA significantly decreased by 20.0% only in individuals involved in MMA. Conclusion. The developed SF can be recommended for nutrition of athletes involved in various sports.