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Recently, there has been growing concern about contamination of dry foods for infants with the bacteria of the Cronobacter genus (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii), since its ingestion during feeding can lead to severe health problems, including disability in certain categories of this age group. The development of methods for Cronobacter spp. detection with high sensitivity and resolution is an urgent task due to the growing need for foods for infant artificial feeding. The aim of the study was to compare methodological approaches to the detection of Cronobacter spp. in dry foods for the nutrition of infants and to propose an optimized scheme for the isolation and identification of the pathogen. Material and methods. A comparative analysis of the literature and current methods (international and regional) for the detection of Cronobacter spp. (and in particular C. sakazakii) in dry foods for infants was carried out. The search was performed using the following databases: Russian Science Citation Index, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, the "TekhExpert" Russian information system, as well as on the websites of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) using the keywords: Cronobacter spp., Enterobacter sakazakii. Results. Methodological approaches have been substantiated that make it possible to conduct studies of dry foods for infant nutrition (including formulas) with a greater degree of efficiency and reliability for the presence of Cronobacter spp.: an increase in cultivation time at the stage of non-selective enrichment by 33%; the use of two differential diagnostic media and two temperature cultivation modes at the stage of culture isolation. Conclusion. It is suggested that the use of the only one nutrient medium at the stages of selective cultivation and isolation, and incubation at elevated temperatures can lead to the loss of isolation of fastidious microorganisms that are present in the product in low concentrations. An optimized scheme for the microbiological testing of dry foods for infant nutrition for the presence of the Cronobacter genus bacteria based on a combination of cultural and/or PCR techniques has been proposed.

Dietary characteristics are the most significant factor in the development and dynamics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of the research was to study the nutritional characteristics of patients with NAFLD compared with the control group without NAFLD. Material and methods. An analysis of a patient database (n=613) generated from 2021 to 2023 was conducted. A case-control study was carried out on 77 pairs of patients (NAFLD group and control group) matched by gender, age and body mass index. The assessment of the stage of liver steatosis and fibrosis was carried out using vibrationcontrolled liver elastometry. The nutrition of the patients was assessed by the frequency of food intake for the previous 1 mon. To analyze the diet of a particular person, the actual level of consumption was compared with the optimal level of the main food group consumption calculated in accordance with the calorie content of his diet according to the recommendations of the healthy eating pyramid, as well as with consumption according to dietary patterns associated with a reduced risk of NAFLD Results. When comparing the consumption of basic macronutrients and energy between the studied groups, a higher consumption of total fat, including saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was found in patients with NAFLD. Patients with NAFLD consume more often foods from the «oils and fats» (1.5 [1.1; 2.3] vs 1.1 [0.9; 1.9] times per day; p=0.003) and the «vegetables and mushrooms» group (3.6 [2.6; 4.3] vs 3.0 [2.0; 4.0] times per day; p=0.046). Within the food groups, it was found that patients with NAFLD consume more sausages (0.8 [0; 6.7] vs 3.3 [0.4; 14.3] g/day, p=0.03), smoked meats (0 [0; 3.3] vs 2 [0; 7.1] g/day; p=0.03), hard cheeses (12.8 [4.3; 17.1] vs 17.1 [4.3; 30.0] g/day; p=0.02), eggs (25.7 [12 .8; 51.4] vs 25.7 [17.1; 51.4] g/day; p=0.03), greens (6.4 [2.9; 10.0] vs 10.0 [4.3; 20.0] g/day; p=0.03), onion (15.0 [4.3; 30.0] vs 25.7 [8.6; 50.0] g/day; p=0.04), dumplings (6.7 [1.2; 16.7] vs 13.3 [5.0; 28.5] g/day; p=0.01). At the same time, they consumed less dried fruits (3.6 [0.4; 21.4] vs 3.3 [0; 10.7] g/day; p=0.03), fermented dairy products (13.3 [0; 85.6] vs 0 [0; 28.5] g/day p=0.02). Both groups demonstrated eating habits that differed from those recommended by the healthy eating pyramid: consumption of fish and seafood, nuts and seeds amounted to 80%, milk and dairy products - 40%, legumes and vegetable oils - 20% of the optimal values. Conclusion. The dietary pattern of patients with NAFLD is characterized by reduced consumption of food groups that are protective against the development of NAFLD: nuts, fish, vegetable oils, milk and fermented milk products.

Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents create serious risks of metabolic disorders in adulthood. Exogenous-constitutional form of obesity (ECO) is associated often with chronic inflammation, accompanied by endogenous intoxication and oxidative stress. Identification of ethnic differences of metabolic reactions in adolescents with ECO will contribute to the development of personalized approaches to the treatment and prevention of this pathology. The aim of the study was to identify ethnic characteristics of the manifestation of ECO in adolescents. Material and methods. The objects of the study were 203 adolescents aged 11-17 years, residents of the cities of Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude. The main group consisted of 86 children with ECO: 52 Caucasians (28 boys, 24 girls), 34 Mongoloids (18 boys, 16 girls). The control group included 117 adolescents without ECO: 62 Caucasians (29 boys, 33 girls), 55 Mongoloids (19 boys, 36 girls). The study employed spectrophotometric, enzyme immunoassay, and statistical research methods. Results. In Caucasian girls with ECO, an increase in the level of endogenous intoxication markers - medium molecular weight peptides (MMP) 280 (p=0.002), MMP 238 (p<0.001), as well as in the DNA oxidation index [8-Hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level] (p=0.001) compared to the control has been noted. In Mongoloid girls there was an increase in MMP 280 (p=0.002) values compared to the control. Ethnic differences included lower values of MMP 238 (p<0.0001), MMP 254 (p<0.001), MMP 280 (p=0.013), glutathione-S-transferase (G-S-T) level (p=0.025), elevated levels of 8-OHdG (p<0.0001) and glutathione peroxidase (GPO) (p<0.0001) in Mongoloid girls with ECO relative to Caucasians. Caucasian boys with ECO had higher 8-OHdG level (p=0.025), advanced oxidation protein parameter (AOPP) (p=0.006), and lower GPO level (p=0.044) compared to the control. In Mongoloid young men with ECO, there were reduced values of AOPP (p=0.023) and higher GPO level (p=0.041) compared to the control. Ethnic differences among young men with ECO were represented by higher 8-OHdG level (p<0.0001) and reduced values of G-S-T (p<0.001), MMP 238 (p=0.002) and MMP 254 (p<0.001) in Mongoloid compared to Caucasians. Conclusion. The study revealed higher values of endogenous intoxication indicators, imbalance in the glutathione enzyme system, and an increase in the level of DNA damage marker in adolescents with ECO regardless of gender and ethnicity. Ethnic differences in adolescents with ECO consisted of lower parameters of endogenous intoxication, increased values of DNA destruction indicator and activity of thiol-disulfide system enzymes in Mongoloid adolescents compared to Caucasians. The data obtained will allow us to expand our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of obesity and develop approaches to personalized correction of this condition in adolescence, taking into account the patient's ethnicity.

The effectiveness of micronutrient-enriched foods depends on the preservation of the micronutrients introduced into the product and the food matrix into which the micronutrient is introduced over the entire shelf life. Microencapsulation of micronutrients, i.e. enclosing them in a polymer coating layer (shell), protects sensitive to oxidation and photodegradation molecules when exposed to high temperatures, light or oxygen, increases stability, masks taste and ensures micronutrient controlled release, especially from matrices in which these substances could not otherwise be included. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using encapsulated (liposomal) forms of vitamins and minerals to improve its preservation during food fortification and correct micronutrient deficiencies.

Material and methods: The literature review in recent years was carried out using the RSCI, PubMed databases, as well as Google Scholar systems.

Results: The development of liposomal micronutrient forms is a complex multi-stage technology that requires special equipment, control over the size and properties, which increases the cost and complicates scaling up production. Microencapsulation improves the preservation of vitamins in fortified foods. Most studies are devoted to assessing the effect of liposomal application on the effectiveness of vitamin D and iron to correct deficiency. Comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters showed that liposomal forms of vitamin D, calcium and sodium ascorbates are absorbed faster than in conventional forms. Intake of liposomal vitamin-mineral formulations affects individual pharmacokinetic profiles of micronutrients. Intake of individual liposomal vitamins (C, D) by healthy volunteers on an empty stomach resulted in higher maximum blood plasma level and total area under the concentration-time curve. However, the interpretation of these results is ambiguous. Higher plasma levels may indicate that the micronutrient is not absorbed into tissues as quickly, while lower levels may indicate that redistribution into tissues occurs more quickly. In clinical studies, the effectiveness of iron status correction over 4-12 weeks in terms of hemoglobin levels with liposomal iron forms was comparable to the effectiveness of other forms of this trace element.

Conclusion: Micronutrient microencapsulation technology is in demand in the food industry to improve the safety of fortifying additives. Additional research is needed to confirm the benefits of liposomal forms of micronutrients in eliminating vitamin and mineral deficiencies.

In the Omsk region, which since 2019 has been one of the five pilot regions of Russia for the implementation of measures to promote healthy eating within the framework of the federal project «Strengthening Public Health» of the national project «Demography», experience has been accumulated that potentially allows us to assess the effectiveness of such measures within the framework of medium-term programs at the regional level, which is an urgent task. Objective of the study: hygienic assessment of the effectiveness of measures to form commitment to healthy nutrition among the population of the Omsk region during the implementation of the federal project «Strengthening Public Health». Material and methods. In 2018, a representative sample of the adult population aged 18-85 years (n=241) was formed, quota-based by gender, age, and area of residence; in 2023, a similar sample (n=506) was formed. All subjects were interviewed using a single questionnaire containing socio-demographic data, forms for studying the frequency of food consumption and 24-hour food reproduction, a block of questions concerning the assessment of knowledge and practices in the field of healthy eating and the construction of a daily diet. Results. In 2023, compared to 2018, the proportion of the population with energy consumption above the physiological requirement decreased from 42.7 to 37.2% (p<0.01). The median consumption of saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, transisomers of fatty acids decreased significantly, while the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids and dietary fiber increased (p≤0.0003). There was a significant increase in the consumption of vitamins B1, C, magnesium, potassium, while the amount of vitamins D, В2, biotin, choline, calcium, and zinc in the diet decreased. An improvement in the level of knowledge and practices of the adult population of the region in the field of healthy nutrition was revealed. Conclusion. The results indicate the successful implementation of measures to form a commitment to healthy nutrition among the adult population of the region within the framework of the federal project «Strengthening Public Health» of the national project «Demography» in certain areas. Priority problems of population nutrition for correction in the near future have been identified. The proposed model for assessing the effectiveness of measures to form commitment to healthy nutrition among the population can be used to improve preventive activities at the regional level.

The trend to the modern food industry's reorientation into the manufacturing of food with increased nutritional density, enriched, among other things, with complete protein, leads to the need to expand the raw material base and search for non-traditional protein sources, among which insects are considered to be a very promising resource. The insects species composition, the food use of which is approved in countries that previously had no tradition of using such raw materials, is represented by ubiquitous synanthropic organisms that have accompanied mankind for thousands of years - the mealybug (Tenebrio molitor), house cricket (A. domesticus) and others. In particular, A. domesticus belongs to polyphagous species that feed both plant and animal substrates, producing their own complete protein. Based on the results of our own research and analysis of literature data, the chemical composition of arthropods potentially used for food purposes requires careful control due to the possible risk of excessive content of mineral components. Both regulation of feed composition and feeding schedule of insects, taking into consideration their age and species affiliation, can be considered as risk management methods. The purpose of the research was the investigation of the influence of feeding schedule on the micronutrient (mineral) composition of house cricket A. domesticus biomass. Material and methods. The A. domesticus house cricket produced by ONTO LLC was used for this research. Elemental analysis of 8 insect samples was carried out. The content of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, chromium, nickel, iron, copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in insect biomass samples was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The element composition of cricket biomass (age of the 6th moult and adults) obtained under different feeding schedule was assessed from the view point of the possibility for using insects as a source of relevant mineral substances, for which the element content in biomass was compared with the norms of physiological requirements for humans. Results. In insect samples kept under conditions of stable feed supply, the content of calcium, iron, copper, zinc and manganese increased with insect growth, reaching a maximum level at the stage of the 6th moult and decreasing when the adult age was reached. At all stages of insect growth, incubation without food for 24 hours resulted in a 45% decrease in the content of copper and zinc, a 33% decrease in calcium and manganese, and a 15% decrease in iron. No effect of insect feeding schedule on the content of potassium, sodium, magnesium, and chromium, as well as lead and cadmium in biomass was revealed. Conclusion. House crickets can serve a source of minerals and trace elements in the human diet, and there is a risk of excessive intake of mineral elements when using raw materials from A. domesticus in food. In spite of the fact that the results of th

The creation of food for special dietary use designed to increase the resistance of the human immune system to viral infections is an vital section of modern nutrition science. Phycocyanins (PC) of the Arthrospira platensis food cyanobacterium possess potential immunomodulatory properties. The study of the possibility of using PC as oral immunostimulants and/or immunoadjuvants in vaccination scenarios is of significant interest. The purpose of this research was to study the ability of PC concentrate and PC complex with egg protein (Module) to influence the state of cell-mediated and humoral immunity in laboratory rodents - BALB/c mice on the developed model of attenuated vaccination with Sputnik-V. Material and methods. The experiment involved 34 male BALB/c mice with an initial body weight of 20.0±1.0 g at the age of 4-5 weeks. 5 groups were formed: "Control", "PC-200", "PC-420", "Module-200" and "Module-420". The PC concentrate and the Module were administered orally daily for 49 days at doses of 200 and 420 mg/kg body weight (in terms of PC). The Sputnik-V vaccine for the prevention of human SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection was administered to all animals on days 29 and 50. When studying the immunoadjuvant potential of PC concentrate and Module on days 49, 57, 64, 141 and 171, IgG levels to SARS-CoV-2 were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. On days 28, 31 and 51, immunostimulating properties were evaluated by cytometry by means of immunophenotyping blood lymphocytes. At the end of the experiment, integral, hematological, and biochemical (blood serum) parameters were evaluated on day 190. Results. When evaluating the immunoadjuvant properties of PC concentrate and Module on day 64, a significant increase in IgG titers to 1/115 000 and 1/128 000 was observed in Module-200 and Module-420 groups, respectively. In the Module-200 group, on day 141, the concentration of antibodies was almost 2 fold higher than the control ones. From days 141 to 171, increased antibody titers were observed in all experimental groups compared with the control. When studying the immunostimulating properties of the surveyed objects on the 31st day of the experiment, an increase in the number of cytotoxic T-cell subpopulations by 29 and 42%, respectively, was found in the Module-200 and Module- 420 groups. At the end of the experiment, minor shifts in blood biochemical parameters were revealed, there were no changes in hematological parameters; an 11.7% increase in heart mass was found in the Module-420 group. Conclusion. The experiment demonstrated the presence of immunoadjuvant properties in PC concentrate and Module, especially expressed in the Module-200 group. The Module had immunostimulating effect on cell-mediated immunity. The manifestation of the Module effects, in contrast to the PC concentrate, is apparently due to its better stability in the gastrointestinal tract environment. Further studies of the secretory activ

Geriatric care for the elderly assesses the patient's status using a comprehensive geriatric assessment, including questionnaires assessing nutritional, psychological and functional status, as well as screening examinations for deficits in sensory systems, including visual deficits. Nowadays, there is pure data on how visual deficits affect the development of certain geriatric syndromes in older people. The objectives of the research was to study the relationship between nutritional status and vision organ diseases, as well as mental status indicators assessed by screening methods in elderly patients of senile age.

Material and methods: The medical records with comprehensive geriatric assessment of patients (n=479, average age 80.1±0.2 years) have been studied. The pathology of the visual organ was assessed using standard ophthalmological examination methods necessary to make a diagnosis. To study nutritional status, cognitive impairment and likelihood of depression, a Mini Nutritional Assessment, the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Geriatric Depression Scale survey were conducted respectively. The degree of frailty was determined by a geriatrician based on a set of geriatric syndromes. Associations between malnutrition and ophthalmic pathology were assessed in univariate analysis and subsequently using multiple logistic regression using odds ratios, both adjusted and unadjusted.

Results: The study included the records of 384 (80.2%) women, 95 (19.8%) men. Malnutrition was detected in 5 (1.0%) cases, the risk of malnutrition was shown in 169 (35.3%) patients without gender differences. The analysis revealed associations between the degree of frailty, age, mild cognitive impairment, depression and malnutrition. According to the results of logistic regression, nutritional problems were 82% more common in patients with glaucoma [OR 1.82, 95% CI (1.21-2.74), p=0.004], taking into account age and gender - 93% more often [OR 1.93, 95 CI (1.26-2.94), p=0.002]; 84% more likely in patients with secondary retinopathy (including diabetic) [OR 1.84, 95% CI (1.07-3.16), p=0.027], taking into account age and gender - 93% more often [OR 1.93, 95% CI (1.11-3.38), p=0.021].

Conclusion: Participants with malnutrition and visual deficits are more likely to experience cognitive impairment, depression and frailty. Secondary retinopathy and glaucoma can be used as ophthalmic pathology markers for the diagnosis of other geriatric impairments and this may serve as a basis for changing the routing of an elderly patient with visual pathology. Elderly patients with ophthalmic pathology require special attention in the construction of care management and a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and correction of geriatric syndromes.