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Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are known prebiotics, they are produced in large volumes and used in the production of various foods. The purpose of the work was to systematize and analyze information on the classification, physiological effects and areas of application of GOS as prebiotics.

Material and methods: The search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, RSCI databases, mainly for the last 10 years, using the following keywords: galactooligosaccharides, prebiotics, types, effect on microbiota, effect on intestinal epithelium, physiological effects, application. A total of 80 articles from peer-reviewed journals, mostly with a high citation index, were selected for analysis.

Results: GOS are oligosaccharides mainly consisting of galactose residues with a degree of polymerization from 2 to 10, the chemical structure of which varies in chain length, branching, and glycosyl bonds. It has been shown that the most studied and widely used are β-GOS obtained from lactose, although other types of GOS (α-GOS, fructoGOS) also exhibit prebiotic properties. It has been established that the structure of GOS significantly affects their physiological activity mediated by the effect on the intestinal epithelium, immune, nervous and endocrine systems of humans, but not all mechanisms of such an effect are clear. Confirmation of bifidogenic and other health-promoting properties of GOS has been obtained in experimental models and in clinical settings, due to which they have a generally recognized status of safe and effective prebiotics. Data on clinical studies, including the composition and dosage of the GOS and placebo for comparison, the health status and age of the participants are heterogeneous, which complicates a metaanalysis of the effectiveness of adding GOS.

Conclusion: GOS have found application in infant formulas, various dairy products, bakery and confectionery products, and beverages. Given the data of existing studies on the safety and effectiveness of GOS, as well as the need to ensure technological sovereignty in the field of functional nutrition, it is advisable to supplement regulatory documents with requirements for the composition and properties of this type of prebiotics and organize the production of GOS in Russia.

Antibacterial therapy of the small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is not effective enough and has a high relapse rate after treatment. Diet is a well-modifiable factor that plays a major role in shaping the composition, diversity, metabolic activity and stability of the intestinal microbiota. Intestinal bacteria ferment undigested food residues to form species-specific carbon-chain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The aim of this research was to study possible correlations between dietary variables and the level of stool VOCs in patients with hydrogen-producing SIBO. Material and methods. The material of the study was the data of 100 patients referred for a hydrogen-methane breath test with lactulose in case of suspected presence of SIBO. Excessive bacterial growth of hydrogen-producing flora in the small intestine was determined by changes in the content of hydrogen and methane in exhaled air after consuming a portion of lactulose using the GastroCheck Gastrolyzer apparatus. The assessment of actual nutrition at home was carried out by 24-hour dietary recall. The determination of VOCs in patients' feces was carried out using gas chromatographymass spectrometry (a gas chromatograph equipped with a vapor-phase autosampler in combination with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer). Results. Of the 100 patients examined, 41 were found to have a overgrowth of hydrogen- producing flora, 15 had an excess of methanogenic flora, and 10 had an excess of both hydrogen-producing and methanogenic flora. No signs of SIBO were found in 34 patients and they formed a control group. When comparing dietary parameters expressed in absolute values, significant differences were found only in relation to dietary fiber: patients with SIBO differed in a lower level of their consumption (19.8±9.1 vs 25.5±12.3 g/ day, p=0.023). At the same time, the index of healthy nutrition HEI-2020 in the control group was significantly higher (52.9±11.1 vs 44.4±14.4%, p=0.003). Due to the high variability of VOC levels, no significant differences between the groups for individual VOCs have been established. The results of the analysis of the structure of correlations between 84 variables of the nutrition assessment of the studied participants and 80 VOCs in their stool showed significant interdependence differences between patients of the studied groups. In patients with SIBO, the metabolic activity of the microbiota changed most significantly when eating leafy greens, berries, oatmeal and sausages, and in the control group when eating potatoes, tropical fruits, buckwheat and eggs. Conclusion. Thus, significant differences in the structure of correlations between dietary variables and the level of stool VOCs in patients with SIBO and the control group have been established.

There is a number of standard conditions that must be followed during preparation and during the procedure of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for the results of body composition estimating to be correct. This is because many biological and non-biological factors influence the accuracy of the results. In the conditions of sports camps, fitness centers and in some groups of patients, it is impossible to carry out measurements in compliance with all standard conditions. Practicing researchers and clinicians should be aware of exactly what changes occur in body composition indicators under alternative measurement conditions. The purpose of the research was to identify which indicators change in the body composition protocol when certain standard conditions of bioimpedance measurement are not met and whether measurements taken in violation of one of the standard measurement conditions can be considered correct, i.e. in alternative conditions. Material and methods. 35 literature sources were analyzed, keyword searches were carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Elsevier and eLibrary databases. Results. After aerobic and anaerobic exercise, when changing the standard position of the electrode on the lower limb [the measuring (sensor) electrode is moved from the articulation line of the tarsal joint (ventral position) to the Achilles tendon (dorsal position)], when changing the body position from «lying» to «standing», as well as after 1000 ml saline intravenous administration, the indicators of body resistance and the proportion of body fat significantly decrease, and the indicators of total body water, lean, active cellular and skeletal muscle mass significantly increase. Opposite trends in the change in indicators were obtained after drinking water, food intake, donating blood in a volume of 480 ml, when using bioadhesive electrodes with a small contact surface (adjacent area), during a long-term (60-240 min) study on an empty stomach, as well as after consuming anhydrous caffeine in capsules (200 mg, without dissolution in water, 60 min), caffeine as a drink, and black tea with sugar: body resistance and the proportion of body fat increased significantly, while total body water, lean, active cellular and skeletal muscle mass decreased significantly. All the obtained changes in body resistance and body composition indicators observed after violating one of the standard measurement conditions (except for studies assessing the effect of physical activity) were equated to the error of the BIA, as well as to the differences obtained when measuring on different devices. Conclusion. It is considered acceptable to perform BIA with a violation of one of the standard measurement conditions if another measurement is impossible, with the exception of performing BIA after physical exercise.

Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands characterized by excessive sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, and skin inflammation. The relevance of this study stems from the need for acne patients to receive dietary recommendations when consulting dermatologists. Data on the influence of food allergies on acne development are extremely limited, making this study particularly relevant. The aim of the study was to present a clinical case of association of food allergy with acne and concomitant hay fever in a patient.

Material and methods: A specific allergological examination was performed on a 15-year-old patient who had been diagnosed with acne for 3 years. The determination of the level of total immunoglobulin E (IgE), eosinophilic cationic protein in the blood serum by the method of solid-phase enzyme immunoassay, skin prick testing with food and pollen allergens were carried out.

Results: Increased serum levels of total IgE (284 IU/ml, reference values: 0-100 IU/ml) and eosinophil cationic protein (36 ng/ml, reference values: 0-24 ng/ml) were detected. Skin prick testing revealed a hyperergic reaction (25 mm) to tree pollen, a positive reaction (6-10 mm) to wheat flour and oatmeal proteins, milk protein, cereal pollen, and apples, and a weakly positive reaction (3-5 mm) to tomatoes and rye flour protein. After 2 months, a positive clinical effect was noted as a result of elimination diet prescribed taking into account the causative and cross-reactive allergens (including common antigenic determinants) with the exclusion of dairy products, rolled oats, bran, oatmeal cookies, cereal porridges, pasta, peanuts, all types of smoked sausages, coffee, cocoa, ice cream, sherbet, sesame, sorghum, honey and bee products, strawberries, citrus fruits, soy, sorrel, herbal teas, tree fruits (raw apples, peaches, cherries), as well as nuts, celery, raw carrots, tomatoes, exotic fruits.

Conclusion: The presented case demonstrates the need for a specific allergological examination of patients with acne with concomitant sensitization to pollen allergens in case of resistance to standard therapy in order to select a personalized elimination diet with the exclusion of causative and cross-reactive allergens.

Consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) leads to the development of metabolic syndrome (MS), and the use of polyphenols can have a protective effect, reducing the severity of MS and preventing disorders of the cardiovascular system. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis of a possible protective effect of polyphenol (resveratrol and quercetin) usage on the reactivity of the mesenteric arteries in Wistar rats fed an excessive amount of fat in the diet.

Material and methods: The study included 4 groups of Wistar rats: the HFD group (n=15) received HFD (50% fat by calories), groups HFD+R (n=10) and HFD+Q (n=10) were fed HFD, and resveratrol and quercetin were administered intragastrically at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight, respectively; rats of the control group (SD, n=15) received a standard diet. After 8 weeks, the reactions of the mesenteric arteries preconfigured with phenylephrine to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (NP), estimated as percentage of the contraction amplitude to phenylephrine, were studied in the absence and with the use of NO-synthase blockers (L-NAME). The diameter of the vessels was measured in the MMC program using in vivo microphotography and video recording.

Results: Administration of polyphenols under HFD had a protective effect on the severity of MS: it prevented an increase in blood pressure, reduced dyslipidemia and visceral obesity, which are characteristic of HFD. Evaluation of the functional state of the mesenteric arteries (in vivo) showed that the use of resveratrol and quercetin prevented inhibition of the dilation of the mesenteric arteries to ACh: total vascular reactivity with a stepwise increase in the concentration of ACh (in the range of 10-10-10-5 М) in HFD+R and HFD+Q rats did not differ from the control, whereas in the HFD group it was 33.9% less than in the SD group. At the ACh concentration of 10-5 M, the amplitude of mesenteric artery vasodilation in the HFD rats was reduced and amounted to 85.0±5.2 vs 106.1±6.4% in control rats (р<0.001), and in the rats treated with polyphenols it did not differ from the control (103.9±8.6% for HFD+R, 99.8±6.3% for HFD +Q). Blockade of NO-synthase reduced the amplitude of dilation in HFD rats by 46.6%, while in the control group - by 68.7%, in HFD+R group - by 68.4%, in HFD+Q group - by 71.3%. Reactivity to NP did not differ between the groups.

Conclusion: The consumption of polyphenols (resveratrol and quercetin) with excessive fat intake reduces the severity of MS: loweres visceral obesity, improves carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, prevents blood pressure rise. Data have been obtained confirming the hypothesis of the protective effect of polyphenols in HFD on the functional state of the mesenteric arteries of rats: resveratrol or quercetin intake prevents the development of endothelial dysfunction characteristic of HFD, preserving NO-dependent vasodilation mechanisms.

Currently, production of food components, including proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and other bioactive compounds, from microalgae, including the use of the unicellular algae chlorella (Chlorella sp.) are increasing. The purpose of the article was to analyze the composition and biological properties of food ingredients obtained from chlorella, as well as to assess the effect of various biotechnological methods of producing this microalga on the safety of food manufactured using it.

Material and methods: The article presents the analysis of data from preclinical and clinical studies and reviews published over the past 10 years in peer-reviewed journals included in the international databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Semantic Scholar, reports of international organizations, regulatory and legislative documents of countries which substantiating the use of bioactive components of chlorella in the production of food, as well as data on the possible risks of using food from chlorella biomass obtained using various biotechnological methods.

Results: Available information on the list of nutrients and bioactive compounds contained in chlorella biomass indicates the potential for its use in the food industry, including the production of fortified and specialized food. In the process of growing chlorella, various biotechnological methods are currently used (cultivation in open water bodies, in fermenters and photobioreactors, as well as the use of mutant and genetically modified strains). Each of these methods is characterized by certain advantages and risks to consumer health, which requires additional risk assessments in relation to previously unregulated indicators of quality and safety of food obtained from chlorella biomass, as well as an assessment of the possible safe use of mutant and genetically modified (GM) strains of these microorganisms.

Conclusion: Data on the risks of possible contamination of Chlorella sp. biomass which have been obtained using various biotechnological methods with substances of biological origin, as well as the use of mutant and GM-strains previously not used in the food industry, indicate the need for additional risk assessments and management regulation in the field of public health risks associated with the use of food made from chlorella.

Currently, there is an increase in gluten-associated diseases. The range of food for such patients is currently quite limited. In this regard, the development of new gluten-free products, including those popular among consumers of flour confectionery, is relevant. The purpose of the research was to develop a formulation and to evaluate the quality indicators of gluten-free biscuits intended for special dietary uses. Material and methods. To prepare prototypes of gluten-free biscuits, corn flour, green buckwheat, steamed buckwheat and rice flour were used instead of wheat flour of the highest grade, along with unsalted butter, salt, baking soda, and white sugar. The experimental products were evaluated according to organoleptic (on a five-point scale), physical and chemical (mass fraction of moisture, alkalinity, wetness) and sanitarymicrobiological parameters with calculation of nutritional and energy value. Results. When developing gluten-free biscuits for the formation of various flavor profiles, wheat flour was 100% replaced with gluten-free flour: corn, rice, steamed buckwheat and green buckwheat. According to the results of an organoleptic assessment and analysis of physical, chemical, microbiological parameters, biscuits with green buckwheat flour, as well as a mixture of corn and rice flour (1:1) were selected. The calculation of the nutritive value showed that one serving of the product (30 g) allows to cover the daily requirement for protein, fats and carbohydrates by 3.0-5.5%, dietary fiber - by about 3%. Despite the slightly increased content of micronutrients in the developed biscuits, they cannot serve as their significant source. Only biscuits with green buckwheat flour can cover the need for phosphorus, iron and vitamins B1 and PP by 5% or more in 1 serving. Conclusion. The developed biscuits with green buckwheat flour for special dietary uses for people with gluten intolerance can serve a source of such micronutrients as phosphorus, iron, vitamins B1 and PP.

Adolescence is a critical period for growth, bone development, and hormonal regulation which are profoundly influenced by nutritional status and energy balance. In the context of competitive sports, young female athletes face increasing pressure to perform, often under dietary restrictions or high training loads that compromise their health. Low Energy Availability (LEA), a precursor to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs), remains a silent but significant threat in this population. Despite its global relevance, research on LEA and REDs in adolescent athletes, particularly in developing nations like India, is scarce. This study addresses a vital gap by exploring these conditions in adolescent team sports athletes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of LEA and the risk of REDs among female adolescent athletes participating in team sports.

Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 203 female athletes aged 12-17 years (mean age 14.9±1.6 years) training for the KHELO India Youth Games. Inclusion criteria included ≥5 years of training (mean 5.91±0.87 years), ≥10 hours of physical activity per week (mean 15.14±4.31 h), and post-menarcheal status. Screening tools used were the low energy availability in females questionnaire (LEAF-Q), cumulative risk assessment (CRA), calculated energy availability (EA), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). EA was determined from dietary intake and exercise energy expenditure. Bone mineral density (BMD) and fat-free mass (FFM) were assessed via DEXA using Z-scores.

Results: LEAF-Q identified 79.3% of athletes at risk for LEA, with basketball players showing the highest proportion of severe risk - 8.2% versus 0-6.9% among representatives of other sports (volleyball, hockey, football, kabaddi, kho-kho) (p=0.050). CRA indicated that 35.0% of athletes were restricted from sport, while 37.4% received full clearance (p=0.718). Mean EA was 23.46±7.23 kcal/kg FFM, reflecting a significant energy deficit. Low BMD (Z-score <-2.0) was found in 34.5% of athletes (p=0.926).

Conclusion: This study revealed that adolescent female team sports players had a high prevalence of LEA and REDs risk. Importantly, the findings suggest a new direction regarding the way coaches, nutritionists, parents, and governing bodies approach adolescent athlete welfare, prioritizing health, growth, and long-term performance over short-term success. This study serves as an important indication to prioritize energy balance and athlete education as the foundations of long-term sports performance.

Human cells primarily utilize glucose as an energy source, and its uptake into cells is largely dependent on insulin. Therefore, insulin signaling is crucial for glucose homeostasis in insulin-sensitive tissues. Disruption of various molecular pathways can lead to a decrease in insulin sensitivity, a condition known as insulin resistance (IR).

Aims: In this study, we focus on IR and examine how its markers respond to the presence or absence of breakfast intake, regardless of the nutritional composition of the meals consumed.

Material and methods: The study was performed on 40 healthy Iraqi participants (both females and males) aged range (20-50 years with) a BMI of 21-35 kg/m2 recruited into this study and divided into two groups, the first group (20 participants) took normal breakfast, the second one that skips the meal. Anthropometric parameters and biochemical parameters (fasting glucose level, and serum insulin level) were measured, Index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was determined.

Results: We found that levels of fasting blood glucose (85.6±4.4 mg/dl), serum insulin (5.61±1.69 IU/mL), and HOMA-IR (1.18±0.37) of persons who eat in the morning showed a highly significant decrease (p<0.01) in comparison to the breakfast skippers (97.8±8.4 mg/dl, 14.20±2.82 IU/mL and 3.46±0.83, respectively). Also the BMI was reliably higher (p<0.01) among the breakfast skipping group (33.4±4.3 vs 23.1±3.4 kg/ m²).

Conclusion: The study supports the hypothesis that breakfast eating is associated with lower insulin resistance. However, the non-randomized sampling and the significant BMI differences between groups limit the ability to isolate breakfast as an independent factor. Further studies with matched cohorts or randomized controlled designs are needed to confirm these associations and to clarify causality. Nonetheless, the findings reinforce the potential metabolic risks of irregular eating patterns and support public health messaging promoting regular, balanced meals.

One of the foundations of the state national security is the health of the younger generation. The leading role in its formation belongs to the educational process, an indispensable element of which is nutrition. Given the importance of adherence to the principles of healthy nutrition, nutrition monitoring carried out by the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing in cooperation with the Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety within the framework of the federal project "Public Health Improvement" of the national project "Demography" is of particular importance. The objective of the research was to assess the nutritional characteristics of school-age children for the development of scientifically based management decisions in health care. Material and methods. Within the framework of the study, a large-scale interviewing of 3 groups of respondents was conducted in 85 subjects of the Russian Federation: school administrators (more than 16 thousand), catering operators (more than 2400), students in grades 2, 5, and 10, and their parents/legal representatives (more than 650 thousand). Results. Positive changes in the organization of catering have been noted, including an increased range of healthy food and dishes in 66.3% of schools, positive changes in the dietary regime in 25.5% of schools and improved eating conditions in 36.8% of organisations. On the positive side, changes in schoolchildren's eating habits have been revealed: the proportion of children consuming fruit and vegetables daily has increased (from 52.2% in 2021 to 60.6% in 2024, and from 33.2 to 45.1%, respectively, p<0.05); the number of children adding salt to their food and adding more than 2 tablespoons of sugar to drinks has decreased (from 14.1 to 12.7%, and from 21.3 to 15.6%, respectively, p<0.05). Conclusion. Based on the results of the monitoring of schoolchildren's nutrition and taking into account the identified peculiarities of children's diet and health, recommendations were developed for the prevention of nutrition-related health disorders among schoolchildren in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation that participated in the monitoring, and a roadmap for improving children's nutrition was developed, including measures related to children's nutrition in the family and at school.