Voprosy pitaniia最新文献

Vitamin D is a unique compound that can enter the human body not only with food, but also be synthesized in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. Individual differences in the need for this vitamin may be associated with the carriage of polymorphic variants of genes that implement its biological effects, which include VDR BsmI C>T (rs1544410), VDR TaqI A>G (rs731236) and GC rs2282679 T>G. At risk for vitamin D deficiency are workers in the coal mining industry, whose working conditions combine limited insolation and a pronounced deficiency of vitamins in the diet. The purpose of the study was to assess vitamin D plasma level in coal mining workers depending on the carriage of polymorphic variants of the VDR BsmI C>T (rs1544410), VDR TaqI A>G (rs731236) and GC rs2282679 T>G genes and professional working conditions. Material and methods. The study included 154 coal mining workers. The main group consisted of 100 workers associated with the underground nature of work, the comparison group - 54 ground workers of the enterprise. In all individuals, the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in blood plasma was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and genotyping was performed for three polymorphic loci: VDR rs1544410, rs731236, GC rs2282679 by real-time PCR. Results. A statistically significant decrease in the concentration of plasma vitamin D in the underground workers was revealed, compared with the level of this vitamin in ground workers of the enterprise (p=0.037). Underground workers - carriers of the CT genotype of the VDR rs1544410 gene, AG of the VDR rs731236 gene and TT of the GC rs2282679 gene had a lower 25(OH)D level in blood plasma compared to owners of similar genotype variants in the comparison group (p<0.05). Among ground workers, carriers of the TT genotype of the GC rs2282679 gene had a significantly higher vitamin D plasma level compared to carriers of the TG and GG genotypes (p=0.02). An association of the GC gene with vitamin D level in blood plasma was revealed according to a dominant model of inheritance (OR=0.47, 95% CI 0.23-0.97; p=0.037, for owners of the TT genotype, compared with carriers of the TG+GG genotypes). Conclusion. The development of personalized diets based on individual genetic status may be of great importance for the prevention of diseases associated with vitamin D deficiency in individuals at risk.

Rosacea is a chronic skin disease in which a violation of its barrier function can lead to the penetration of various allergens that normally do not penetrate, and as a result, the development of sensitization. The study of the spectrum of sensitization to food allergens in patients with rosacea is especially relevant, since it can contribute to the discovery of new disease triggers and determine a personalized approach to therapy. The aim of the research was to study the features of the spectrum of sensitization to food and pollen (cross-reacting) allergens in patients with rosacea. Material and methods. The study involved patients with rosacea (group 1, n=30). The mean age of the patients was 36.0±2.6 years. The control group consisted of practically healthy patients comparable in terms of sex and age (group 2, n=20). All patients underwent a specific allergic examination: collection of an allergic anamnesis, skin prick testing with food and pollen allergens (Allergopharma, Germany) with an assessment of the magnitude of hyperemia (from + to ++++). Taking into account the results of a specific allergy testing, patients with rosacea were prescribed an individual elimination diet with the exclusion of causative allergens, including cross-reacting ones, for a period of 1 month. Results. The most significant food allergens in rosacea were rye and wheat flour proteins and egg yolk: 62.1, 46.7 and 47.8% of cases, respectively. Almost half of the patients showed sensitization to beef meat (46.1%), oats (42.9%), and soy (44.4%). The most common pollen allergens in the spectrum of sensitization in rosacea patients were meadow and grass pollen - 65.5% and 58.9%, respectively. A significant reduction in the severity of the inflammatory reaction on the face skin after a 4-week elimination diet was noted in 56.7% of patients. Conclusion. The positive clinical effect of eliminating causative allergens in rosacea confirms the role of food allergy in the pathology and justifies the need for joint efforts of allergist/immunologists and dermatologists in personalized diet therapy of patients.

The problem of developing special food with targeted medical and biological properties is a pressing issue not only for sports medicine, but also for nutrition science. The aim of the research was to provide a medical and biological justification for the development and to evaluate the effectiveness of using new sport food (SF) in the form of a bar. Material and methods. The milk-fruit bar was developed on the basis of dry goat milk, dry whey, fruit and berry and grain raw materials, hydrolysate and isolate of plant and animal proteins, vitamin premix, as well as dry cultures of lacto- and bifidobacteria Bifidobacterium bifidum BB79, Streptococcus lactis SL215, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA72 (in a 1:1:1 ratio). The assessment of the effectiveness of a SF was carried out on 2 groups of professional athletes involved in martial arts (MMA), Greco-Roman wrestling, triathlons and pentathlon. 42 athletes were included in the control group and 46 athletes were included in the main group. Athletes in the main group consumed 4 milk-fruit bars (120 g) daily in addition to their basic diet, while athletes in the control group received placebo bars equivalent in calorie value (150 g). The complex examination before and after a 21-day training cycle, in combination with SF intake, included the study of body composition, hematological (red blood cells, hemoglobin, leukocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hematocrit) and biochemical studies (plasma total protein, albumin, cholesterol, lactate) as well as studying the antioxidant status of athletes [malondialdehyde (MDA) and diene conjugates (DC) in blood serum]. Results. On the 21st day of SF intake, the cholesterol level decreased by 14.5-18.9% (p<0.05) in individuals involved in Greco-Roman wrestling, MMA and triathlon, in athletes involved in pentathlon - by 11.3% (p>0.05) compared to the initial level in blood plasma. Lactate level also lowered in athletes involved in Greco-Roman wrestling and triathlon by 14.2-28.3% (p<0.05), in other sports - by 12.2-17.6% (p>0.05). At the same time, these indicators did not change significantly in athletes from the control group. In addition, the lactate level in triathletes at the end of the study was 23.2% lower compared to the level in athletes from the control group (p<0.05). SF intake led to the decrease (p<0.05) in blood serum of athletes involved in the presented sports of MDA level by 20.0-27.9% (except for triathletes) and of DC - by 14.3-48.5% (except for athletes involved in Greco-Roman wrestling). In athletes of the control group after taking a placebo bar, the level of MDA significantly decreased by 20.0% only in individuals involved in MMA. Conclusion. The developed SF can be recommended for nutrition of athletes involved in various sports.

Currently, the Russian Federation is considering the possibility of using insects as food raw materials, which, first of all, is positioned as a source of complete protein, therefore, the methodology of safety assessment of such products should include studying the proteomic profile of entomoprotein. Proteome profiling of the insect-derived novel food opens fresh opportunities not only for assessing their safety, but also for developing methods of elimination of potentially allergenic proteins from the final product. Modern technological approaches aimed at destruction or modification of the structure of such proteins, namely chemical modification (glycosylation, phosphorylation, acylation) and complexation with polyphenols, anthocyanins and other compounds, along with wet and dry thermal exposure, hydrolysis, fermentation, irradiation, ultrasound or high hydrostatic pressure treatment, will provide the possibility of obtaining products with reduced allergenic potential. The purpose of the work was to assess the current state of proteomic profiling of insect proteins in the aspect of the safety of their food application. Material and methods. The analytical part of the work included literature search, collection of information and statistical materials published in domestic and foreign scientific publications, the search was conducted using the Google Academy search engine and electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, eLIBRARY, mainly for the last 25 years. Results. Proteomic profile data on a number of edible insects were analyzed and systematized. Three arthropod-specific proteins (hemocyanin, chemosensory protein, and odorant-binding protein) were identified, as well as 58 nonspecific proteins (including those found in plants - at least 52 (90%), in fungi - 49 (84%), in mollusks - 47 (81%), in crustaceans - 53 (91%), and in other animals - 54 (93%). The possibility of entomoproteins' allergenicity reducing by their thermal treatment and hydrolysis was studied. Conclusion. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that most of the entomoproteins are not unique and are also present in traditional food sources. The potential IgE-binding allergens identified in edible insects correspond mainly to pan-allergens with crossreactivity with some homologous proteins present in other arthropods (mites, crustaceans), molluscs and nematodes. Only hemocyanin, chemosensory protein, and odorant-binding protein can be classified as specific proteins found in arthropods (particularly insects and crustaceans). Of all the proteins studied, only one is found exclusively in insects, the so-called cockroach allergen-like protein, which occupies a special place because its structure and function are still unclear and require further study.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis is a method widely used to assess body composition and parameters related to health and its disorders, which has prognostic value in gastroenterology, endocrinology, nephrology, cardiology, pulmonology, oncology, surgery and critical care. The purpose of this study was to analyze bioimpedance measurements in patients with chronic lung diseases [interstitial lung diseases (ILD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)] in relation to clinical and biochemical parameters for assessing respiratory, cardiac and renal failure. Material and methods. An analysis of bioimpedance data obtained during diagnostics on the InBody 770 device was carried out in relation to clinical (heart rate, blood pressure, saturation before and after the 6-minute walk test) and biochemical parameters (serum creatinine and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide - NT-pro-BNP), in 197 patients with chronic lung diseases aged 25 to 60 years (117 patients with COPD, 86.0% men and 80 patients with ILD, 83.8% women). Results. A proportion of patients with COPD and ILD had changes in body composition, manifested by an increase in fat mass (57.3% of patients with COPD and 70% of patients with ILD) and a decrease in skeletal muscle mass (24.8% of patients with COPD and 27.5% of patients with ILD). The mean values of the phase angle (50 kHz) for the whole body in both groups were below the reference values. When analyzing the relationship between the phase angle (50 kHz) for the whole body and age, there was a weak inverse relationship according to the Evans scale (r=-0.23 in patients with COPD and r=-0.33 in patients with ILD). The NT-pro-BNP level was higher than reference values in both studied groups, which may indicate cardiac dysfunction. The whole-body phase angle in the ILD and COPD group had moderate and weak inverse relationships with NT-pro-BNP for men and women (r=-0.49 and -0.39; r=-0.25 and -0.22, respectively). After the 6-minute walk test, the saturation level decreased in patients of both groups. The body hydration index indicated moderate edema, more pronounced in women. The hydration index had a direct weak relationship with NT-pro-BNP level (r=0.21 and 0.38 in patients with COPD and ILD, respectively). Conclusion. A number of bioimpedance parameters (phase angle, hydration index) in patients with COPD and ILD had relationships with biochemical parameter of cardiac dysfunction (NT-pro-BNP). Assessment of body composition by bioimpedancemetry in patients with chronic lung diseases is necessary for a comprehensive analysis of health status with recommendations for correcting the identified changes.

The study of gluten intolerance is a modern area of medical science. With the advent of new diagnostic capabilities and data on the forms of the disease, wide opportunities have opened up in optimizing the timing and invasiveness reducing of intervention during diagnosis and further monitoring of the child's health. However, despite all efforts, the basic method of treating all forms of gluten intolerance remains strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). It is known that GFD itself, as well as low adherence to its observance can lead to nutritional disorders. Therefore, the expansion of the diet at the expense of foods with high nutritional value will greatly contribute to the optimization of diet therapy and compensation for food restrictions. The purpose of the review was to evaluate the possibility of using amaranth products in a GFD to fill the need for nutrients in children with gluten intolerance. Material and methods. The search for literature data was carried out using PubMed, eLIBRARY, scholar.google platforms mainly over the last 5 years, using the keywords: gluten intolerance, children, amaranth, gluten-free diet. Results. An analysis of modern literary sources has shown that amaranth is a product of choice in diet therapy when following a GFD, since it is a pseudo-grain crop. The article presents data confirming the high nutritional value of amaranth due to the protein component and the features of the lipid fraction. The features of the amino acid composition and squalene content in comparison with other plant crops are discussed. The article contains information on the preservation of the beneficial properties of amaranth in finished foods, in particular, the addition of amaranth flour instead of corn starch increases the protein content by 32% and fiber by 152% in gluten-free bread without affecting the taste. The advantages of the chemical composition of amaranth are shown in comparison with other pseudo-cereals. The research results prove the effectiveness of using amaranth products in GFD to eliminate deficiency states in patients, normalize physical development in children with gluten intolerance, and increase patient adherence to the diet. Conclusion. The composition of amaranth and the available studies on the effectiveness of amaranth products consumption convincingly prove the advisability of using it in nutrition, especially under dietary restrictions or increased need for nutrients in childhood.

Chronic systemic inflammation is one of the leading pathogenetic pathways for the development of atherosclerosis in obese patients. In this regard, it seems promising to evaluate the effect of the diet and physical exertion on the proinflammatory activity of monocytes. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of the diet and regular physical trainings on the secretion of monocyte chemotactic factor 1 (MCP-1) by monocytes in obese patients with coronary artery disease. Material and methods. 27 obese participants (body mass index >30 kg/m2) with a confirmed diagnosis of coronary heart disease were recruited. All participants were prescribed with 12 weeks of a specialized diet with a restriction of simple carbohydrates and salt, a 500-kcal daily energy deficit, and with inclusion of cruciferous (200 g per day), seasonal dark berries (70 g per day) and green tea (200 ml per day). The regular assisted physical trainings were also administered. The body composition, blood biochemical parameters and MCP-1 secretion rates in the primary culture of monocytes isolated from blood samples via the immunomagnetic separation method were assessed before and after the intervention. Results. As a result, after the 12-weeks intervention the reliable body weight loss (-4.0%), waist circumference (-4.2%), visceral fat (-5.4%), total cholesterol (-9.8%), LDL-cholesterol (-16.6%) and triglycerides (-26.0%), an improvement in the results of the 6-minute walk test (+10.33%) was achieved, as well as an LPS-stimulated monocytes secretion of MCP-1 decreased by 2.8 times (p=0.005). Conclusion. Overall, the results suggest that diet and regular physical activity in patients with obesity and coronary heart disease may decrease the functional "proinflammatory" activity of monocytes.

Non-communicable diseases have become one of the causes of premature mortality among the able-bodied population. The risk factors these diseases are individual characteristics of the diet and nutritional regimen. Their timely detection and correction are necessary for the early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases. The purpose of the study was to determine the features of the structure of the actual consumption of the main food groups and the eating behavior of outpatients who are subject to periodic medical examinations and consider themselves healthy. Material and methods. The observational stratified study has been conducted. Сlinical data, data on physical activity (International Questionnaire on Physical Activity) were collected, an analysis of actual food consumption was carried out (using the Nutri-Prof software package) detailing individual nutrition in 228 outpatients (122 men and 106 women aged 18 to 72 years). Results. The eating behavior of patients who consider themselves healthy was often characterized by a lack of regularity of meals and an imbalance in the composition of the diet. The need for its correction was determined in 183 (80.3%) patients. The majority of patients revealed the following motives for an unhealthy eating style: "there are no reasons preventing a healthy diet" and "I am quite healthy, I can afford not to follow the rules of a healthy diet", every fifth patient has "the lack of a supportive person in creating a proper diet". Among men, higher consumption of meat products, eggs, bakery, potatoes, added sugar and added salt was significantly more common (p<0.05); in the diet of women there was a significantly higher level of dairy products, vegetable oil and vegetables was significantly (p<0.01). With high physical activity, a tendency was found to consume foods in accordance with modern criteria of a healthy diet, and with low physical activity, patients did not comply with the norms of a healthy diet. They consumed less fish products, vegetables, fruits, vegetable oils (p<0.01) and eggs (p<0.05), more bakery (p<0.05) with more pronounced excess intake of added sugar (p>0.05) and salt (p<0.05). Conclusion. Dietary pattern of patients who consider themselves healthy, developed during their lifetime, requires its correction by an outpatient physician within the framework of therapeutic and preventive consultations.

The influence of a stress factor, widespread in modern conditions, on the vitamin status has not been studied enough. At the same time, the negative stress impact can be aggravated against the background of unhealthy nutrition, which in turn affects the vitamin status of the organism. In this regard, the goal of the research was to evaluate the effect of chronic restrict stress on the vitamin supply in rats fed a diet with adequate and increased content of fat, sugar and cholesterol. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on 37 growing male Wistar rats (initial body weight of 45±5 g) divided into 4 groups. Animals of the 1st (control) and the 2nd groups received a complete semi-synthetic diet (CSSD) (20% protein, 10% fat, 58% carbohydrates in the form of starch, 384 kcal/100 g) for 92 days. The levels of all vitamins and mineral elements in the rats' diets were adequate for growing rats. Rats of the 3rd and the 4th groups were fed a high-calorie, high-fat high-carbohydrate diet (HFHCD) (20% protein, 28% fat, 2% cholesterol, 18% carbohydrates in the form of starch, 20% sucrose, 511 kcal/100 g). Animals of groups 2 and 4 were subjected to daily 90-minute immobilization. The concentration of vitamins A (retinol and retinol palmitate) and E (α-tocopherol) in the blood serum and liver were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, vitamins B1 and B2 in the liver and urine, as well as riboflavin in the blood serum and 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) in urine were determined by fluorimetric methods. Biochemical parameters of blood serum were determined on a biochemical analyzer; the total content of fat, triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (CH) was determined in the liver. Results. Replacing CSSD with HFHCD, both under restraint stress and without, was accompanied by an increase in liver weight by 1.8-2.0 fold, in its fat content by 2.6-3.3 fold, cholesterol by 32.6-35.3 fold and TG - by 33.0-57.6 fold (p=<0.001). An increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity by 1.7-2.0 fold (p=<0.01), in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level by 5.4 fold (p=<0.05) and the atherogenic coefficient by 2.5 fold (p<0.01) as well as a decrease in creatinine and urea level (p=<0.05) in blood serum were revealed. Immobilization was accompanied by a decrease in body weight, liver and liver fat in rats fed both CSSD and HFHCD (p<0.05), but didn't affect the blood serum biochemical parameters, with the exception of an increase in ALT activity. If the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) did not change during immobilization of rats fed the CSSD, then in animals fed the high-calorie diet it decreased by 37.5% (p=<0.05 from the control) under its increase against the background of restrict stress by 78.7% (p=<0.01) compared to the indicator of rats of the 3rd group. Immobilization of rats treated with CSSD was accompanied by an increase in both absolute serum α-tocopherol level and concentration correlated with the leve

ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are incorporated in cell membranes and play an important role in the development and functioning of organs. Consolidation of data on the role of ω-3 PUFAs in child development may increase the professional's awareness, help to plan clinical studies, and develop recommendations for supplementation. The aim of the research was to analyze literature data on the effect of ω-3 PUFAs on the central nervous system, immune system, and vision in children. Material and methods. 86 literature sources have been analyzed, a keyword search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, eLibrary and Google Scholar databases. Results. ω-3 PUFAs (alpha-linolenic, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids) are not synthesized in the human organism, and should be obtained from food. The need for ω-3 PUFAs is especially high during periods of rapid growth (the first years of life and adolescence). ω-3 PUFAs play an important role in the anatomical and functional development of the brain, affecting the maturation and functioning of neurons, participating in the processes of neurogenesis, migration, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmission. The results of clinical studies on the effect of ω-3 PUFAs on the cognitive functions of healthy children and patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are contradictory, which requ ires further research. PUFAs are substrates for the synthesis of bioactive compounds and take part in the control of acute and chronic inflammation, and also have a regulatory effect on immune cells. ω-3 PUFAs supplementation decreases the frequency and duration of acute respiratory viral infections in children. This indicates the potential effectiveness of ω-3 PUFAs in the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections. Сlinical studies demonstrated positive effects of ω-3 PUFAs on retinal development in premature infants. Conclusion. Adequate intake of ω-3 PUFAs is essential for the development and functioning of the central nervous system, immune system and vision in children. The body content of ω-3 PUFAs is closely related to the nutrition. In the Russian Federation, consumption of fish and other products containing ω-3 PUFAs is traditionally low. The majority of the Russian population has a deficiency in ω-3 PUFA consumption. With an unbalanced diet, supplementation of ω-3 PUFAs is necessary.