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Dietary characteristics are the most significant factor in the development and dynamics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of the research was to study the nutritional characteristics of patients with NAFLD compared with the control group without NAFLD. Material and methods. An analysis of a patient database (n=613) generated from 2021 to 2023 was conducted. A case-control study was carried out on 77 pairs of patients (NAFLD group and control group) matched by gender, age and body mass index. The assessment of the stage of liver steatosis and fibrosis was carried out using vibrationcontrolled liver elastometry. The nutrition of the patients was assessed by the frequency of food intake for the previous 1 mon. To analyze the diet of a particular person, the actual level of consumption was compared with the optimal level of the main food group consumption calculated in accordance with the calorie content of his diet according to the recommendations of the healthy eating pyramid, as well as with consumption according to dietary patterns associated with a reduced risk of NAFLD Results. When comparing the consumption of basic macronutrients and energy between the studied groups, a higher consumption of total fat, including saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was found in patients with NAFLD. Patients with NAFLD consume more often foods from the «oils and fats» (1.5 [1.1; 2.3] vs 1.1 [0.9; 1.9] times per day; p=0.003) and the «vegetables and mushrooms» group (3.6 [2.6; 4.3] vs 3.0 [2.0; 4.0] times per day; p=0.046). Within the food groups, it was found that patients with NAFLD consume more sausages (0.8 [0; 6.7] vs 3.3 [0.4; 14.3] g/day, p=0.03), smoked meats (0 [0; 3.3] vs 2 [0; 7.1] g/day; p=0.03), hard cheeses (12.8 [4.3; 17.1] vs 17.1 [4.3; 30.0] g/day; p=0.02), eggs (25.7 [12 .8; 51.4] vs 25.7 [17.1; 51.4] g/day; p=0.03), greens (6.4 [2.9; 10.0] vs 10.0 [4.3; 20.0] g/day; p=0.03), onion (15.0 [4.3; 30.0] vs 25.7 [8.6; 50.0] g/day; p=0.04), dumplings (6.7 [1.2; 16.7] vs 13.3 [5.0; 28.5] g/day; p=0.01). At the same time, they consumed less dried fruits (3.6 [0.4; 21.4] vs 3.3 [0; 10.7] g/day; p=0.03), fermented dairy products (13.3 [0; 85.6] vs 0 [0; 28.5] g/day p=0.02). Both groups demonstrated eating habits that differed from those recommended by the healthy eating pyramid: consumption of fish and seafood, nuts and seeds amounted to 80%, milk and dairy products - 40%, legumes and vegetable oils - 20% of the optimal values. Conclusion. The dietary pattern of patients with NAFLD is characterized by reduced consumption of food groups that are protective against the development of NAFLD: nuts, fish, vegetable oils, milk and fermented milk products.

Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents create serious risks of metabolic disorders in adulthood. Exogenous-constitutional form of obesity (ECO) is associated often with chronic inflammation, accompanied by endogenous intoxication and oxidative stress. Identification of ethnic differences of metabolic reactions in adolescents with ECO will contribute to the development of personalized approaches to the treatment and prevention of this pathology. The aim of the study was to identify ethnic characteristics of the manifestation of ECO in adolescents. Material and methods. The objects of the study were 203 adolescents aged 11-17 years, residents of the cities of Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude. The main group consisted of 86 children with ECO: 52 Caucasians (28 boys, 24 girls), 34 Mongoloids (18 boys, 16 girls). The control group included 117 adolescents without ECO: 62 Caucasians (29 boys, 33 girls), 55 Mongoloids (19 boys, 36 girls). The study employed spectrophotometric, enzyme immunoassay, and statistical research methods. Results. In Caucasian girls with ECO, an increase in the level of endogenous intoxication markers - medium molecular weight peptides (MMP) 280 (p=0.002), MMP 238 (p<0.001), as well as in the DNA oxidation index [8-Hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level] (p=0.001) compared to the control has been noted. In Mongoloid girls there was an increase in MMP 280 (p=0.002) values compared to the control. Ethnic differences included lower values of MMP 238 (p<0.0001), MMP 254 (p<0.001), MMP 280 (p=0.013), glutathione-S-transferase (G-S-T) level (p=0.025), elevated levels of 8-OHdG (p<0.0001) and glutathione peroxidase (GPO) (p<0.0001) in Mongoloid girls with ECO relative to Caucasians. Caucasian boys with ECO had higher 8-OHdG level (p=0.025), advanced oxidation protein parameter (AOPP) (p=0.006), and lower GPO level (p=0.044) compared to the control. In Mongoloid young men with ECO, there were reduced values of AOPP (p=0.023) and higher GPO level (p=0.041) compared to the control. Ethnic differences among young men with ECO were represented by higher 8-OHdG level (p<0.0001) and reduced values of G-S-T (p<0.001), MMP 238 (p=0.002) and MMP 254 (p<0.001) in Mongoloid compared to Caucasians. Conclusion. The study revealed higher values of endogenous intoxication indicators, imbalance in the glutathione enzyme system, and an increase in the level of DNA damage marker in adolescents with ECO regardless of gender and ethnicity. Ethnic differences in adolescents with ECO consisted of lower parameters of endogenous intoxication, increased values of DNA destruction indicator and activity of thiol-disulfide system enzymes in Mongoloid adolescents compared to Caucasians. The data obtained will allow us to expand our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of obesity and develop approaches to personalized correction of this condition in adolescence, taking into account the patient's ethnicity.

The effectiveness of micronutrient-enriched foods depends on the preservation of the micronutrients introduced into the product and the food matrix into which the micronutrient is introduced over the entire shelf life. Microencapsulation of micronutrients, i.e. enclosing them in a polymer coating layer (shell), protects sensitive to oxidation and photodegradation molecules when exposed to high temperatures, light or oxygen, increases stability, masks taste and ensures micronutrient controlled release, especially from matrices in which these substances could not otherwise be included. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using encapsulated (liposomal) forms of vitamins and minerals to improve its preservation during food fortification and correct micronutrient deficiencies.

Material and methods: The literature review in recent years was carried out using the RSCI, PubMed databases, as well as Google Scholar systems.

Results: The development of liposomal micronutrient forms is a complex multi-stage technology that requires special equipment, control over the size and properties, which increases the cost and complicates scaling up production. Microencapsulation improves the preservation of vitamins in fortified foods. Most studies are devoted to assessing the effect of liposomal application on the effectiveness of vitamin D and iron to correct deficiency. Comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters showed that liposomal forms of vitamin D, calcium and sodium ascorbates are absorbed faster than in conventional forms. Intake of liposomal vitamin-mineral formulations affects individual pharmacokinetic profiles of micronutrients. Intake of individual liposomal vitamins (C, D) by healthy volunteers on an empty stomach resulted in higher maximum blood plasma level and total area under the concentration-time curve. However, the interpretation of these results is ambiguous. Higher plasma levels may indicate that the micronutrient is not absorbed into tissues as quickly, while lower levels may indicate that redistribution into tissues occurs more quickly. In clinical studies, the effectiveness of iron status correction over 4-12 weeks in terms of hemoglobin levels with liposomal iron forms was comparable to the effectiveness of other forms of this trace element.

Conclusion: Micronutrient microencapsulation technology is in demand in the food industry to improve the safety of fortifying additives. Additional research is needed to confirm the benefits of liposomal forms of micronutrients in eliminating vitamin and mineral deficiencies.

The ability to digest lactose in adulthood is caused by a genetic mutation that emerged following the domestication of cattle approximately 10 000 years ago. However, many adults retain primary lactase deficiency - the ancestral phenotype characterized by a decline in lactase enzyme activity after weaning. While the global prevalence of this condition is well-documented, reliable large-scale population data for Russia have been lacking so far. Microarray genotyping of genetic markers now enables high-quality, up-to-date research covering representative samples from diverse ethnic groups across Russia's regions. The purpose of the research was to compare the frequency of GG genotype in rs4988235 (13910 C/T) in the regulatory region (MCM6) of the lactase enzyme gene LCT, which determines the genetic risk of lactase insufficiency manifestation, in populations living in Russia and evaluate the differences between Russian regions. Methods. The largest multi-ethnic genetic study on lactase deficiency in Russia was conducted on a sample of 24,439 individuals in 56 populations. The percentage of an individual belonging to each ethnic group was estimated by calculating the ancestral contribution to an individual's genetic makeup. In addition, we calculated the frequency of the rs4988235 GG genotype in regions of Russia using information on the individual's current location and place of birth. Results. The prevalence of lactase deficiency by GG genotype rs4988235 in the Russian population was 45.2 and 42.8% (95% confidence interval 42.1-43.4) in the East Slavs group. The study revealed a significant variability (22.8-83.2%) in the regional prevalence of lactase deficiency by GG rs4988235 genotype. The dependence of the regional prevalence of lactase deficiency on the current place of residence is supported by the geographical features of the Russian territory and the history of pastoralism in different regions. Conclusion. The findings may be useful for developing regional nutrition recommendations and optimising the Russian market for lactose-free and low-lactose products, and justify the importance of genetic testing for diagnosis, highlighting the interdisciplinary relevance of the study.

This year, the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (formerly the Institute of Nutrition) celebrates its 95th anniversary. All these years, its main focus has been on the quality and safety of food, which affects our health to the greatest extent of all environmental factors. Nutrition was of great importance during the Great Patriotic War. The Institute of Nutrition contributed to its development and organization at the front and in the rear. Currently, the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety continues to deal with nutrition aspects for special contingents (military personnel, astronauts, etc.), as well as the search for noval food sources, nutrition epidemiology, the development of foods for special dietary uses for various population groups, etc.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are known for being one of the most important classes of bioactive lipids; of them, the long-chain ones, namely eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, have many positive effects on the human body. The aim of this study was to assess the carbohydrate metabolism in northern men living in the Magadan Region before and after the administration of a dietary supplement with PUFA. Material and methods. The study included 45 men (mean age 40.0±0.8 years), of whom 2 groups comparable in age and analyzed parameters were formed by random sampling. The participants of the main group (n=30) consumed PUFA (2 capsules containing 1200 mg, including 660 mg EPA and 440 mg DHA), and the control group (n=15) had no impact on the diet. Fasting venous blood was collected using a vacuum system to determine glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) using the turbidimetric immunoinhibition, glucose by the hexokinase method, insulin by the immune chemiluminescence using paramagnetic particles at the beginning (late October, 2023) and the end (mid-December, 2023) of the study, and HOMA-IR index was calculated. The daily diet was assessed using the ASPON-nutrition program (St. Petersburg) based on the results of the food diary keeping for 3 days (weekdays). Results. In men of the main group, positive changes in the carbohydrate profile were noted, associated with the intake of ω-3 PUFAs, manifested in HbA1c decrease (from 5.5±0.1 to 5.2±0.1%, p<0.05) while maintaining blood concentration of glucose and insulin and HOMA-IR at the same level. Unlike the main group, the control group experienced disadaptation in their carbohydrate metabolism as they exhibited the signs of hyperinsulinemia (increased basal fasting insulin level from 8.8±1.2 to 11.4±1.1 mIU/l, p<0.05) and insulin resistance (the increase in the HOMA-IR from 2.0±0.2 to 2.6±0.3, p<0.05), which was apparently due to the autumn-winter period of the study. Conclusion. Resulting from the data obtained, this study showed the presence of a leveling function and even an optimizing role of additional ω-3 PUFAs intake with respect to seasonal changes in the biochemical parameters of the northern residents during the crucial period of the year with its temperature curve transition through 0 °C.