Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108744
Katja Reinhard , Kate Powell , Matteo Rizzi
According to the standard view, most species including humans possess a “duplex retina”, with a rod system dedicated to low light (night) vision and a cone system dedicated to daylight vision. This separation of photon detection into a rod and cone regime is attributed to the low sensitivity of cones in dim light and saturation of rods in brighter light. However, mounting evidence gained from in vitro and in vivo studies in several species have demonstrated that specific mechanisms enable rod photoreceptors to significantly contribute to vision in bright and even very bright light. In this review we aim to elaborate on this revised framework for the duplex retina, and we propose rods should be considered to be tuned to “low contrast” rather than to “low ambient luminance”. Importantly, saturation of rod photoreceptors at higher light levels has been an assumption in research studies as well as clinical tests, and consideration of an updated role of rod photoreceptors may warrant reinterpretation of past and future results.
{"title":"Beyond night vision: the expanding role of rod photoreceptors in bright light","authors":"Katja Reinhard , Kate Powell , Matteo Rizzi","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>According to the standard view, most species including humans possess a “duplex retina”, with a rod system dedicated to low light (night) vision and a cone system dedicated to daylight vision. This separation of photon detection into a rod and cone regime is attributed to the low sensitivity of cones in dim light and saturation of rods in brighter light. However, mounting evidence gained from <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> studies in several species have demonstrated that specific mechanisms enable rod photoreceptors to significantly contribute to vision in bright and even very bright light. In this review we aim to elaborate on this revised framework for the duplex retina, and we propose rods should be considered to be tuned to “low contrast” rather than to “low ambient luminance”. Importantly, saturation of rod photoreceptors at higher light levels has been an assumption in research studies as well as clinical tests, and consideration of an updated role of rod photoreceptors may warrant reinterpretation of past and future results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 108744"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145782901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108746
Chuan Hou, Junxian Rao
The amblyopic eye, with reduced visual acuity, has limited ability to compete for perceptual dominance with the non-amblyopic fellow eye during binocular rivalry, likely due to diminished excitatory input or active central foveal suppression. This study investigated whether enhancing the visibility of the amblyopic eye, by increasing stimulus contrast or enlarging stimulus size, could help restore binocular rivalry in adults with anisometropic amblyopia. Using a standard binocular rivalry paradigm, we manipulated the contrast presented to the amblyopic eye and the size of rival stimuli. Results showed that the amblyopic eye exhibited little or no perceptual dominance at smaller stimulus sizes under an equal contrast condition, but dominance increased with larger stimulus sizes and increased contrast, while reducing fellow-eye dominance. However, overall perceptual dominance of the amblyopic eye remained substantially lower than that of the fellow eye and of normal-vision observers, even with enlarged stimuli or high contrast. We found no significant correlation between the fellow-eye dominance bias and the depth of amblyopia, stereoacuity, or interocular suppression in this cohort. Interestingly, individuals with amblyopia showed a much higher proportion of mixed perception compared to normal-vision observers, suggesting qualitatively altered interocular interactions in adults with anisometropic amblyopia. Nevertheless, these findings indicate that increasing the visibility of the amblyopic eye can partially restore its perceptual dominance, offering new insights into the mechanisms of suppression in amblyopia and suggesting potential directions for developing treatment strategies that target binocular vision.
{"title":"Effects of stimulus size and contrast on binocular rivalry in adults with anisometropic amblyopia","authors":"Chuan Hou, Junxian Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The amblyopic eye, with reduced visual acuity, has limited ability to compete for perceptual dominance with the non-amblyopic fellow eye during binocular rivalry, likely due to diminished excitatory input or active central foveal suppression. This study investigated whether enhancing the visibility of the amblyopic eye, by increasing stimulus contrast or enlarging stimulus size, could help restore binocular rivalry in adults with anisometropic amblyopia. Using a standard binocular rivalry paradigm, we manipulated the contrast presented to the amblyopic eye and the size of rival stimuli. Results showed that the amblyopic eye exhibited little or no perceptual dominance at smaller stimulus sizes under an equal contrast condition, but dominance increased with larger stimulus sizes and increased contrast, while reducing fellow-eye dominance. However, overall perceptual dominance of the amblyopic eye remained substantially lower than that of the fellow eye and of normal-vision observers, even with enlarged stimuli or high contrast. We found no significant correlation between the fellow-eye dominance bias and the depth of amblyopia, stereoacuity, or interocular suppression in this cohort. Interestingly, individuals with amblyopia showed a much higher proportion of mixed perception compared to normal-vision observers, suggesting qualitatively altered interocular interactions in adults with anisometropic amblyopia. Nevertheless, these findings indicate that increasing the visibility of the amblyopic eye can partially restore its perceptual dominance, offering new insights into the mechanisms of suppression in amblyopia and suggesting potential directions for developing treatment strategies that target binocular vision.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 108746"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108743
Tom Quétu , Awen Louboutin , Filippo Castellani , Remi Baroux , Ulisse Ferrari , Matías A. Goldin
Color vision is vital for animal survival, essential for foraging and predator detection. In mice, as in other mammals, color vision originates in the retina, where photoreceptor signals are processed by neural circuits. However, retinal responses to stimuli involving multiple colors are still not well understood. One possible explanation of this knowledge gap is that previous studies have not thoroughly examined how neuronal activity adapts to a 30 s to a few minutes timescale when exposed to multiple color sources. To address this, we systematically varied the UV-to-green light balance with a custom-built stimulator targeting mice opsins spectra while recording retinal ganglion cell responses across the dorso-ventral axis of the retina using multielectrode arrays. Responses to full-field chirp and checkerboard stimulations with alternating UV and green light revealed that more than one order of magnitude of intensity difference favoring green M-opsin over UV S-opsin is needed for a balanced reliability in retinal ganglion cell responses in the ventral retina. An incorrect balance, with slightly increased UV light, silenced responses to green illumination. To determine if these values are consistent with natural conditions, we analyzed isomerisation rates in the mouse retina across different times of the day. We found that the M- to S-opsin activation ratio remains constant through the mesopic-photopic range, and that our empirically determined values in the ventral retina align well with these natural conditions. These lie far from a simple equalization of M- and S-opsin isomerisation rates, which we found only balances ganglion cell responses in the dorsal retina. In conclusion, a finely tuned color intensity balance matching natural light spectrum is essential for accurately measuring both fast temporal responses and detailed spatial receptive fields in the ventral retina.
色觉对动物的生存至关重要，对觅食和发现捕食者至关重要。和其他哺乳动物一样，老鼠的色觉起源于视网膜，视网膜上的感光信号由神经回路处理。然而，视网膜对涉及多种颜色的刺激的反应仍然没有得到很好的理解。对这种知识差距的一种可能解释是，以前的研究并没有彻底研究当暴露于多种颜色源时，神经元活动如何适应30秒到几分钟的时间尺度。为了解决这个问题，我们系统地使用定制的针对小鼠视蛋白光谱的刺激器来改变紫外光与绿光的平衡，同时使用多电极阵列记录视网膜背-腹侧轴的视网膜神经节细胞反应。对紫外和绿光交替的全场啁啾和棋盘刺激的反应表明，在腹侧视网膜神经节细胞反应中，需要一个数量级以上的强度差异，以支持绿色m -视蛋白而不是紫外s -视蛋白。一个不正确的平衡，稍微增加紫外线，沉默的绿色照明的反应。为了确定这些值是否与自然条件一致，我们分析了一天中不同时间小鼠视网膜的异构化率。我们发现M- to - s -视蛋白激活比在中视-光位范围内保持不变，并且我们在腹侧视网膜中确定的经验值与这些自然条件很好地吻合。这些远不是M-和s -视蛋白异构化率的简单均衡，我们发现这只是平衡视网膜背侧神经节细胞的反应。总之，与自然光谱相匹配的色彩强度平衡对于准确测量腹侧视网膜的快速时间反应和详细的空间感受野是必不可少的。
{"title":"Balanced spatiotemporal color responses are fine-tuned to natural light spectrum in mice ventral retina","authors":"Tom Quétu , Awen Louboutin , Filippo Castellani , Remi Baroux , Ulisse Ferrari , Matías A. Goldin","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Color vision is vital for animal survival, essential for foraging and predator detection. In mice, as in other mammals, color vision originates in the retina, where photoreceptor signals are processed by neural circuits. However, retinal responses to stimuli involving multiple colors are still not well understood. One possible explanation of this knowledge gap is that previous studies have not thoroughly examined how neuronal activity adapts to a 30 s to a few minutes timescale when exposed to multiple color sources. To address this, we systematically varied the UV-to-green light balance with a custom-built stimulator targeting mice opsins spectra while recording retinal ganglion cell responses across the dorso-ventral axis of the retina using multielectrode arrays. Responses to full-field chirp and checkerboard stimulations with alternating UV and green light revealed that more than one order of magnitude of intensity difference favoring green M-opsin over UV S-opsin is needed for a balanced reliability in retinal ganglion cell responses in the ventral retina. An incorrect balance, with slightly increased UV light, silenced responses to green illumination. To determine if these values are consistent with natural conditions, we analyzed isomerisation rates in the mouse retina across different times of the day. We found that the M- to S-opsin activation ratio remains constant through the mesopic-photopic range, and that our empirically determined values in the ventral retina align well with these natural conditions. These lie far from a simple equalization of M- and S-opsin isomerisation rates, which we found only balances ganglion cell responses in the dorsal retina. In conclusion, a finely tuned color intensity balance matching natural light spectrum is essential for accurately measuring both fast temporal responses and detailed spatial receptive fields in the ventral retina.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 108743"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145744869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108729
Terence L. Tyson , Dennis F. Perez , Jorge Otero-Millan
Eye movements have long been used as a measure of underlying brain function and pathology. Specifically, rebound nystagmus has provided a behavioral window into the adaptive mechanisms of gaze holding. It is an eye movement aftereffect resulting from maintaining gaze eccentrically for a prolonged duration. Upon returning to central fixation, the eyes drift or “rebound” back toward the previously held gaze location, demonstrating an adaptive process. Little is known about how prolonged eccentric gaze holding, and the accompanying adaptation of the oculomotor system, influences the perception of visual space. Here, we used a variant of the landmark task to assess spatial bias (or lack thereof) with and without prior eccentric gaze holding. We found that perceived spatial bias after prolonged eccentric gaze holding was significantly different between gaze holding to the far left (−40 deg) and the far right (+40 deg). We also found that sensitivity in distinguishing relative distances between objects in space was marginally different between the left and right gaze holding conditions. This suggests that perceived visual space is differentially impacted by where gaze was previously held, reflecting a dependence on the history of eye positions.
{"title":"Distortion of perceived visual space after prolonged horizontal eccentric gaze holding","authors":"Terence L. Tyson , Dennis F. Perez , Jorge Otero-Millan","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eye movements have long been used as a measure of underlying brain function and pathology. Specifically, rebound nystagmus has provided a behavioral window into the adaptive mechanisms of gaze holding. It is an eye movement aftereffect resulting from maintaining gaze eccentrically for a prolonged duration. Upon returning to central fixation, the eyes drift or “rebound” back toward the previously held gaze location, demonstrating an adaptive process. Little is known about how prolonged eccentric gaze holding, and the accompanying adaptation of the oculomotor system, influences the perception of visual space. Here, we used a variant of the landmark task to assess spatial bias (or lack thereof) with and without prior eccentric gaze holding. We found that perceived spatial bias after prolonged eccentric gaze holding was significantly different between gaze holding to the far left (−40 deg) and the far right (+40 deg). We also found that sensitivity in distinguishing relative distances between objects in space was marginally different between the left and right gaze holding conditions. This suggests that perceived visual space is differentially impacted by where gaze was previously held, reflecting a dependence on the history of eye positions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 108729"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145744864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108731
David P. Carey , Emma M. Karlsson , Leah T. Johnstone
Patients who develop difficulties in orienting in familiar environments have been well-described in neurology and neuropsychology. This topographical disorientation, when it occurs, follows damage to occipitotemporal regions of the brain. The lesions are often bilateral, but when they are one-sided, disorientation is much more likely to follow from damage to the right hemisphere. However, the evidence from the neuroimaging literature on scene perception and spatial navigation rarely refers to cerebral dominance favoring the right hemisphere. This contradiction is in part explained by how threshold-dependent methods in neuroimaging are often not well suited for visualizing let alone quantifying brain asymmetry. In the present investigation, brain asymmetries for scene perception are quantified in a large sample, enriched with non-right-handed participants who are more heterogeneous for brain asymmetries. Results show a weak but consistent right hemispheric bias. A planned region of interest analysis provided only weak support for models of differential lateralization of perceptual and semantic nodes within the scene network. Surprisingly, right dominance was most prominent in retrosplenial cortex, contrary to models that suggest it functions in semantic/mnemonic rather than perceptual domains. Results are discussed in terms of the utility of such an approach for elucidating the functional nature of different scene network subregions, and how publicly-available datasets will prove exceptionally useful for doing so.
{"title":"Hemispheric dominance for scene perception differs across different components of the navigation network","authors":"David P. Carey , Emma M. Karlsson , Leah T. Johnstone","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Patients who develop difficulties in orienting in familiar environments have been well-described in neurology and neuropsychology. This topographical disorientation, when it occurs, follows damage to occipitotemporal regions of the brain. The lesions are often bilateral, but when they are one-sided, disorientation is much more likely to follow from damage to the right hemisphere. However, the evidence from the neuroimaging literature on scene perception and spatial navigation rarely refers to cerebral dominance favoring the right hemisphere. This contradiction is in part explained by how threshold-dependent methods in neuroimaging are often not well suited for visualizing let alone quantifying brain asymmetry. In the present investigation, brain asymmetries for scene perception are quantified in a large sample, enriched with non-right-handed participants who are more heterogeneous for brain asymmetries. Results show a weak but consistent right hemispheric bias. A planned region of interest analysis provided only weak support for models of differential lateralization of perceptual and semantic nodes within the scene network. Surprisingly, right dominance was most prominent in retrosplenial cortex, contrary to models that suggest it functions in semantic/mnemonic rather than perceptual domains. Results are discussed in terms of the utility of such an approach for elucidating the functional nature of different scene network subregions, and how publicly-available datasets will prove exceptionally useful for doing so.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 108731"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108745
Akosua Kesewah Asare , Cindy S. Ho , Hee Yeon Im , Deborah Eileen Giaschi
Although poor monocular visual acuity is the main characteristic of amblyopia, binocular vision is also often disrupted in amblyopia. Motion perception deficits have also been reported to be impaired in both amblyopic and fellow eyes. Occlusion therapy, the gold-standard treatment for amblyopia, is usually unsuccessful at fully restoring binocular visual function or motion perception. We evaluated the effectiveness of a video game-based dichoptic treatment (Vivid Vision) for restoring these aspects of vision in amblyopia. Twenty-one participants (age 6 to 56 years) with strabismic, anisometropic or aniso-strabismic amblyopia were assessed before and after 8 weeks of binocular treatment. Treatment was not part of the research protocol and comprised at least 4 h of training through a local optometry practice in the clinic or at home. Monocular visual function measures included visual acuity, and coherence thresholds for discriminating motion-defined form orientation or global motion direction. Binocular measures included stereoacuity and interocular suppression measured as a contrast balance index on a dichoptic eye chart. Group analyses revealed abnormal performance before the treatment, relative to a large control dataset (N = 217), on every measure except fellow-eye visual acuity. After the treatment, there was a significant mean improvement in amblyopic-eye visual acuity, amblyopic-eye motion-defined form perception and fellow-eye global motion perception, with some participants improving to normal performance levels. Interocular suppression was reduced in 43 % of participants and stereoacuity improved in 14 % of participants following treatment. Visual acuity improvement was greater with clinic than home-based treatment, while global motion improvement was greater in the strabismic amblyopic group. There was no effect of participant age. The Vivid Vision dichoptic treatment improved monocular and binocular measures in some but not all participants.
{"title":"Evaluation of motion perception and binocular vision following dichoptic treatment for amblyopia","authors":"Akosua Kesewah Asare , Cindy S. Ho , Hee Yeon Im , Deborah Eileen Giaschi","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although poor monocular visual acuity is the main characteristic of amblyopia, binocular vision is also often disrupted in amblyopia. Motion perception deficits have also been reported to be impaired in both amblyopic and fellow eyes. Occlusion therapy, the gold-standard treatment for amblyopia, is usually unsuccessful at fully restoring binocular visual function or motion perception. We evaluated the effectiveness of a video game-based dichoptic treatment (Vivid Vision) for restoring these aspects of vision in amblyopia. Twenty-one participants (age 6 to 56 years) with strabismic, anisometropic or aniso-strabismic amblyopia were assessed before and after 8 weeks of binocular treatment. Treatment was not part of the research protocol and comprised at least 4 h of training through a local optometry practice in the clinic or at home. Monocular visual function measures included visual acuity, and coherence thresholds for discriminating motion-defined form orientation or global motion direction. Binocular measures included stereoacuity and interocular suppression measured as a contrast balance index on a dichoptic eye chart. Group analyses revealed abnormal performance before the treatment, relative to a large control dataset (N = 217), on every measure except fellow-eye visual acuity. After the treatment, there was a significant mean improvement in amblyopic-eye visual acuity, amblyopic-eye motion-defined form perception and fellow-eye global motion perception, with some participants improving to normal performance levels. Interocular suppression was reduced in 43 % of participants and stereoacuity improved in 14 % of participants following treatment. Visual acuity improvement was greater with clinic than home-based treatment, while global motion improvement was greater in the strabismic amblyopic group. There was no effect of participant age. The Vivid Vision dichoptic treatment improved monocular and binocular measures in some but not all participants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 108745"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108733
Mohammad Maeiyat , Soomaayeh Heysieattalab , Khalil Esmaeilpour
Amblyopia, characterized by monocular visual deficits and impaired binocularity, attention, and oculomotor control, is often considered untreatable in adulthood due to reduced neuroplasticity. Conventional therapies target children within the critical period. This study investigated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) as a novel intervention to modulate attentional networks and saccadic performance in adults with amblyopia. Thirty adults (20--35 years) with unilateral amblyopia were randomized into active tDCS (anode: F3, cathode: F4; 2 mA; n = 15) or sham groups (n = 15). Participants received 10 sessions (20 min/day, 3x/week). Attentional performance (Attention Network Test − ANT) and saccadic metrics (eye-tracking: reaction time (RT), peak velocity, fixation duration) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Active tDCS significantly improved all ANT components: alerting, orienting, and executive control, with reduced error rates and RT. Saccadic RT decreased, and fixation durations increased. Peak velocity remained unchanged. Anodal tDCS over the left dlPFC significantly enhances attentional efficiency and saccadic performance in adults with amblyopia. These findings highlight tDCS as a promising neuromodulatory tool for addressing cognitive and motor deficits in adult amblyopia, bridging a critical gap in non-invasive therapies beyond the critical period.
弱视的特征是单眼视力缺陷，双眼视力、注意力和动眼力控制受损。由于神经可塑性降低，弱视通常被认为是无法治愈的。传统疗法针对的是处于关键时期的儿童。本研究探讨了经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）在背外侧前额叶皮层（dlPFC）上作为一种新的干预措施来调节弱视成人的注意网络和跳眼表现。30名成人（20- 35岁）单侧弱视患者被随机分为活跃tDCS组（正极：F3，正极：F4； 2 mA; n = 15）和假手术组（n = 15）。参与者接受10次疗程（每天20分钟，每周3次）。对干预前后的注意力表现（注意网络测试- ANT）和眼动指标（眼动追踪：反应时间（RT）、峰值速度、注视时间）进行评估。主动tDCS显著改善了所有ANT成分：警报、定向和执行控制，降低了错误率和RT。跳步RT减少，注视时间增加。峰值速度保持不变。在成人弱视患者中，左侧dlPFC上的阳极tDCS可显著提高注意力效率和跳眼表现。这些发现强调了tDCS作为一种有前途的神经调节工具来解决成人弱视的认知和运动缺陷，填补了非侵入性治疗在关键时期之后的关键空白。
{"title":"The impact of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex stimulation on attention networks and saccadic performance in adults with amblyopia","authors":"Mohammad Maeiyat , Soomaayeh Heysieattalab , Khalil Esmaeilpour","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amblyopia, characterized by monocular visual deficits and impaired binocularity, attention, and oculomotor control, is often considered untreatable in adulthood due to reduced neuroplasticity. Conventional therapies target children within the critical period. This study investigated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) as a novel intervention to modulate attentional networks and saccadic performance in adults with amblyopia. Thirty adults (20--35 years) with unilateral amblyopia were randomized into active tDCS (anode: F3, cathode: F4; 2 mA; n = 15) or sham groups (n = 15). Participants received 10 sessions (20 min/day, 3x/week). Attentional performance (Attention Network Test − ANT) and saccadic metrics (eye-tracking: reaction time (RT), peak velocity, fixation duration) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Active tDCS significantly improved all ANT components: alerting, orienting, and executive control, with reduced error rates and RT. Saccadic RT decreased, and fixation durations increased. Peak velocity remained unchanged. Anodal tDCS over the left dlPFC significantly enhances attentional efficiency and saccadic performance in adults with amblyopia. These findings highlight tDCS as a promising neuromodulatory tool for addressing cognitive and motor deficits in adult amblyopia, bridging a critical gap in non-invasive therapies beyond the critical period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 108733"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145709814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108716
Makayla Szu-Yu Chen , Kyle R. Cave , Zhe Chen
The Preparation Effect (PE) refers to the allocation of attention to expected task-irrelevant stimuli (i.e., distractors) when the target and distractors are in separate displays. In two experiments, we investigated the deployment and the time course of attention in an expected-distractor paradigm as a function of the learned attentional set. Participants performed a memory-based change detection task that contained distractors in a separate display in one block but no distractors in the other block. During the retention interval, a small probe dot would appear unpredictably on a small number of trials, and the task was to detect the dot as quickly as possible. Only the participants who started with the distractor-absent block responded to the dot faster in the distractor-present block than in the distractor-absent block, thus showing the PE. Moreover, the PE was comparable regardless of whether the dot in the distractor-present block appeared at an expected distractor location or an expected empty location (Experiment 1), or whether the dot occurred before, during, or after the expected distractor onset (Experiment 2). In contrast, for the participants who performed the distractor-present block first, a reversed PE was found when the onset of the dot was 400 ms before the onset of the expected distractors. These results indicate that participants normally adopt a “process-all” approach with attention diffusely distributed within a relatively long temporal window. However, the enhanced attention is contingent on the availability of attentional resources. When attentional resources are insufficient, attentional control can be evoked to override the default “process-all” approach.
{"title":"Expecting the irrelevant: the role of attentional resources in spatial and temporal distribution of attention to expected distractors","authors":"Makayla Szu-Yu Chen , Kyle R. Cave , Zhe Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Preparation Effect (PE) refers to the allocation of attention to expected task-irrelevant stimuli (i.e., distractors) when the target and distractors are in separate displays. In two experiments, we investigated the deployment and the time course of attention in an expected-distractor paradigm as a function of the learned attentional set. Participants performed a memory-based change detection task that contained distractors in a separate display in one block but no distractors in the other block. During the retention interval, a small probe dot would appear unpredictably on a small number of trials, and the task was to detect the dot as quickly as possible. Only the participants who started with the distractor-absent block responded to the dot faster in the distractor-present block than in the distractor-absent block, thus showing the PE. Moreover, the PE was comparable regardless of whether the dot in the distractor-present block appeared at an expected distractor location or an expected empty location (Experiment 1), or whether the dot occurred before, during, or after the expected distractor onset (Experiment 2). In contrast, for the participants who performed the distractor-present block first, a reversed PE was found when the onset of the dot was 400 ms before the onset of the expected distractors. These results indicate that participants normally adopt a “process-all” approach with attention diffusely distributed within a relatively long temporal window. However, the enhanced attention is contingent on the availability of attentional resources. When attentional resources are insufficient, attentional control can be evoked to override the default “process-all” approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 108716"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145709822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108732
Gregory W. Schwartz
{"title":"Our machines need new eyes","authors":"Gregory W. Schwartz","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108732","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 108732"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145688130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Humans frequently encounter crowds in daily life, and the collective emotional state of these groups provides vital social information that influences behavior and decision-making. Variance in facial expressions within a crowd serves as an indicator of the diversity of emotions, modulating the strength and stability of the group’s emotional signal. Previous studies of low-level visual features have shown that the visual system adapts to the statistical properties of variance, producing systematic aftereffects in subsequent variance perception, such that the perceived level of variance shifts in the direction opposite to the adaptor. However, it remains unclear whether similar adaptation to variance occurs for complex, socially meaningful information such as facial expressions. In this study, we examined whether adaptation to the variance of facial expressions in crowds leads to aftereffects in perceived variance. Using morphed facial stimuli that varied incrementally between happy and angry expressions, we created crowd images composed of individuals with different degrees of emotional variability. In Experiment 1, participants judged the variance of facial expressions before and after adapting to stimuli with small or large variance. Experiment 2 examined adaptation using more intense expressions to enhance perceived variability. Across both experiments, perceived emotional variance shifted in the opposite direction to the adaptor, indicating robust aftereffects of facial-expression variance. These findings provide behavioral evidence consistent with the idea that the human visual system encodes the variance of facial expressions, and that adaptation to ensemble variance dynamically recalibrates perception in social contexts.
{"title":"Aftereffects of variance in the perception of facial expressions in crowds","authors":"Moe Kudaka , Sachiyo Ueda , Hideki Tamura , Tetsuto Minami , Shigeki Nakauchi","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Humans frequently encounter crowds in daily life, and the collective emotional state of these groups provides vital social information that influences behavior and decision-making. Variance in facial expressions within a crowd serves as an indicator of the diversity of emotions, modulating the strength and stability of the group’s emotional signal. Previous studies of low-level visual features have shown that the visual system adapts to the statistical properties of variance, producing systematic aftereffects in subsequent variance perception, such that the perceived level of variance shifts in the direction opposite to the adaptor. However, it remains unclear whether similar adaptation to variance occurs for complex, socially meaningful information such as facial expressions. In this study, we examined whether adaptation to the variance of facial expressions in crowds leads to aftereffects in perceived variance. Using morphed facial stimuli that varied incrementally between happy and angry expressions, we created crowd images composed of individuals with different degrees of emotional variability. In Experiment 1, participants judged the variance of facial expressions before and after adapting to stimuli with small or large variance. Experiment 2 examined adaptation using more intense expressions to enhance perceived variability. Across both experiments, perceived emotional variance shifted in the opposite direction to the adaptor, indicating robust aftereffects of facial-expression variance. These findings provide behavioral evidence consistent with the idea that the human visual system encodes the variance of facial expressions, and that adaptation to ensemble variance dynamically recalibrates perception in social contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 108730"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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