Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108729
Terence L. Tyson , Dennis F. Perez , Jorge Otero-Millan
Eye movements have long been used as a measure of underlying brain function and pathology. Specifically, rebound nystagmus has provided a behavioral window into the adaptive mechanisms of gaze holding. It is an eye movement aftereffect resulting from maintaining gaze eccentrically for a prolonged duration. Upon returning to central fixation, the eyes drift or “rebound” back toward the previously held gaze location, demonstrating an adaptive process. Little is known about how prolonged eccentric gaze holding, and the accompanying adaptation of the oculomotor system, influences the perception of visual space. Here, we used a variant of the landmark task to assess spatial bias (or lack thereof) with and without prior eccentric gaze holding. We found that perceived spatial bias after prolonged eccentric gaze holding was significantly different between gaze holding to the far left (−40 deg) and the far right (+40 deg). We also found that sensitivity in distinguishing relative distances between objects in space was marginally different between the left and right gaze holding conditions. This suggests that perceived visual space is differentially impacted by where gaze was previously held, reflecting a dependence on the history of eye positions.
{"title":"Distortion of perceived visual space after prolonged horizontal eccentric gaze holding","authors":"Terence L. Tyson , Dennis F. Perez , Jorge Otero-Millan","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eye movements have long been used as a measure of underlying brain function and pathology. Specifically, rebound nystagmus has provided a behavioral window into the adaptive mechanisms of gaze holding. It is an eye movement aftereffect resulting from maintaining gaze eccentrically for a prolonged duration. Upon returning to central fixation, the eyes drift or “rebound” back toward the previously held gaze location, demonstrating an adaptive process. Little is known about how prolonged eccentric gaze holding, and the accompanying adaptation of the oculomotor system, influences the perception of visual space. Here, we used a variant of the landmark task to assess spatial bias (or lack thereof) with and without prior eccentric gaze holding. We found that perceived spatial bias after prolonged eccentric gaze holding was significantly different between gaze holding to the far left (−40 deg) and the far right (+40 deg). We also found that sensitivity in distinguishing relative distances between objects in space was marginally different between the left and right gaze holding conditions. This suggests that perceived visual space is differentially impacted by where gaze was previously held, reflecting a dependence on the history of eye positions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 108729"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145744864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108731
David P. Carey , Emma M. Karlsson , Leah T. Johnstone
Patients who develop difficulties in orienting in familiar environments have been well-described in neurology and neuropsychology. This topographical disorientation, when it occurs, follows damage to occipitotemporal regions of the brain. The lesions are often bilateral, but when they are one-sided, disorientation is much more likely to follow from damage to the right hemisphere. However, the evidence from the neuroimaging literature on scene perception and spatial navigation rarely refers to cerebral dominance favoring the right hemisphere. This contradiction is in part explained by how threshold-dependent methods in neuroimaging are often not well suited for visualizing let alone quantifying brain asymmetry. In the present investigation, brain asymmetries for scene perception are quantified in a large sample, enriched with non-right-handed participants who are more heterogeneous for brain asymmetries. Results show a weak but consistent right hemispheric bias. A planned region of interest analysis provided only weak support for models of differential lateralization of perceptual and semantic nodes within the scene network. Surprisingly, right dominance was most prominent in retrosplenial cortex, contrary to models that suggest it functions in semantic/mnemonic rather than perceptual domains. Results are discussed in terms of the utility of such an approach for elucidating the functional nature of different scene network subregions, and how publicly-available datasets will prove exceptionally useful for doing so.
{"title":"Hemispheric dominance for scene perception differs across different components of the navigation network","authors":"David P. Carey , Emma M. Karlsson , Leah T. Johnstone","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Patients who develop difficulties in orienting in familiar environments have been well-described in neurology and neuropsychology. This topographical disorientation, when it occurs, follows damage to occipitotemporal regions of the brain. The lesions are often bilateral, but when they are one-sided, disorientation is much more likely to follow from damage to the right hemisphere. However, the evidence from the neuroimaging literature on scene perception and spatial navigation rarely refers to cerebral dominance favoring the right hemisphere. This contradiction is in part explained by how threshold-dependent methods in neuroimaging are often not well suited for visualizing let alone quantifying brain asymmetry. In the present investigation, brain asymmetries for scene perception are quantified in a large sample, enriched with non-right-handed participants who are more heterogeneous for brain asymmetries. Results show a weak but consistent right hemispheric bias. A planned region of interest analysis provided only weak support for models of differential lateralization of perceptual and semantic nodes within the scene network. Surprisingly, right dominance was most prominent in retrosplenial cortex, contrary to models that suggest it functions in semantic/mnemonic rather than perceptual domains. Results are discussed in terms of the utility of such an approach for elucidating the functional nature of different scene network subregions, and how publicly-available datasets will prove exceptionally useful for doing so.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 108731"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108745
Akosua Kesewah Asare , Cindy S. Ho , Hee Yeon Im , Deborah Eileen Giaschi
Although poor monocular visual acuity is the main characteristic of amblyopia, binocular vision is also often disrupted in amblyopia. Motion perception deficits have also been reported to be impaired in both amblyopic and fellow eyes. Occlusion therapy, the gold-standard treatment for amblyopia, is usually unsuccessful at fully restoring binocular visual function or motion perception. We evaluated the effectiveness of a video game-based dichoptic treatment (Vivid Vision) for restoring these aspects of vision in amblyopia. Twenty-one participants (age 6 to 56 years) with strabismic, anisometropic or aniso-strabismic amblyopia were assessed before and after 8 weeks of binocular treatment. Treatment was not part of the research protocol and comprised at least 4 h of training through a local optometry practice in the clinic or at home. Monocular visual function measures included visual acuity, and coherence thresholds for discriminating motion-defined form orientation or global motion direction. Binocular measures included stereoacuity and interocular suppression measured as a contrast balance index on a dichoptic eye chart. Group analyses revealed abnormal performance before the treatment, relative to a large control dataset (N = 217), on every measure except fellow-eye visual acuity. After the treatment, there was a significant mean improvement in amblyopic-eye visual acuity, amblyopic-eye motion-defined form perception and fellow-eye global motion perception, with some participants improving to normal performance levels. Interocular suppression was reduced in 43 % of participants and stereoacuity improved in 14 % of participants following treatment. Visual acuity improvement was greater with clinic than home-based treatment, while global motion improvement was greater in the strabismic amblyopic group. There was no effect of participant age. The Vivid Vision dichoptic treatment improved monocular and binocular measures in some but not all participants.
{"title":"Evaluation of motion perception and binocular vision following dichoptic treatment for amblyopia","authors":"Akosua Kesewah Asare , Cindy S. Ho , Hee Yeon Im , Deborah Eileen Giaschi","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although poor monocular visual acuity is the main characteristic of amblyopia, binocular vision is also often disrupted in amblyopia. Motion perception deficits have also been reported to be impaired in both amblyopic and fellow eyes. Occlusion therapy, the gold-standard treatment for amblyopia, is usually unsuccessful at fully restoring binocular visual function or motion perception. We evaluated the effectiveness of a video game-based dichoptic treatment (Vivid Vision) for restoring these aspects of vision in amblyopia. Twenty-one participants (age 6 to 56 years) with strabismic, anisometropic or aniso-strabismic amblyopia were assessed before and after 8 weeks of binocular treatment. Treatment was not part of the research protocol and comprised at least 4 h of training through a local optometry practice in the clinic or at home. Monocular visual function measures included visual acuity, and coherence thresholds for discriminating motion-defined form orientation or global motion direction. Binocular measures included stereoacuity and interocular suppression measured as a contrast balance index on a dichoptic eye chart. Group analyses revealed abnormal performance before the treatment, relative to a large control dataset (N = 217), on every measure except fellow-eye visual acuity. After the treatment, there was a significant mean improvement in amblyopic-eye visual acuity, amblyopic-eye motion-defined form perception and fellow-eye global motion perception, with some participants improving to normal performance levels. Interocular suppression was reduced in 43 % of participants and stereoacuity improved in 14 % of participants following treatment. Visual acuity improvement was greater with clinic than home-based treatment, while global motion improvement was greater in the strabismic amblyopic group. There was no effect of participant age. The Vivid Vision dichoptic treatment improved monocular and binocular measures in some but not all participants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 108745"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108733
Mohammad Maeiyat , Soomaayeh Heysieattalab , Khalil Esmaeilpour
Amblyopia, characterized by monocular visual deficits and impaired binocularity, attention, and oculomotor control, is often considered untreatable in adulthood due to reduced neuroplasticity. Conventional therapies target children within the critical period. This study investigated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) as a novel intervention to modulate attentional networks and saccadic performance in adults with amblyopia. Thirty adults (20--35 years) with unilateral amblyopia were randomized into active tDCS (anode: F3, cathode: F4; 2 mA; n = 15) or sham groups (n = 15). Participants received 10 sessions (20 min/day, 3x/week). Attentional performance (Attention Network Test − ANT) and saccadic metrics (eye-tracking: reaction time (RT), peak velocity, fixation duration) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Active tDCS significantly improved all ANT components: alerting, orienting, and executive control, with reduced error rates and RT. Saccadic RT decreased, and fixation durations increased. Peak velocity remained unchanged. Anodal tDCS over the left dlPFC significantly enhances attentional efficiency and saccadic performance in adults with amblyopia. These findings highlight tDCS as a promising neuromodulatory tool for addressing cognitive and motor deficits in adult amblyopia, bridging a critical gap in non-invasive therapies beyond the critical period.
弱视的特征是单眼视力缺陷，双眼视力、注意力和动眼力控制受损。由于神经可塑性降低，弱视通常被认为是无法治愈的。传统疗法针对的是处于关键时期的儿童。本研究探讨了经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）在背外侧前额叶皮层（dlPFC）上作为一种新的干预措施来调节弱视成人的注意网络和跳眼表现。30名成人（20- 35岁）单侧弱视患者被随机分为活跃tDCS组（正极：F3，正极：F4； 2 mA; n = 15）和假手术组（n = 15）。参与者接受10次疗程（每天20分钟，每周3次）。对干预前后的注意力表现（注意网络测试- ANT）和眼动指标（眼动追踪：反应时间（RT）、峰值速度、注视时间）进行评估。主动tDCS显著改善了所有ANT成分：警报、定向和执行控制，降低了错误率和RT。跳步RT减少，注视时间增加。峰值速度保持不变。在成人弱视患者中，左侧dlPFC上的阳极tDCS可显著提高注意力效率和跳眼表现。这些发现强调了tDCS作为一种有前途的神经调节工具来解决成人弱视的认知和运动缺陷，填补了非侵入性治疗在关键时期之后的关键空白。
{"title":"The impact of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex stimulation on attention networks and saccadic performance in adults with amblyopia","authors":"Mohammad Maeiyat , Soomaayeh Heysieattalab , Khalil Esmaeilpour","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amblyopia, characterized by monocular visual deficits and impaired binocularity, attention, and oculomotor control, is often considered untreatable in adulthood due to reduced neuroplasticity. Conventional therapies target children within the critical period. This study investigated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) as a novel intervention to modulate attentional networks and saccadic performance in adults with amblyopia. Thirty adults (20--35 years) with unilateral amblyopia were randomized into active tDCS (anode: F3, cathode: F4; 2 mA; n = 15) or sham groups (n = 15). Participants received 10 sessions (20 min/day, 3x/week). Attentional performance (Attention Network Test − ANT) and saccadic metrics (eye-tracking: reaction time (RT), peak velocity, fixation duration) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Active tDCS significantly improved all ANT components: alerting, orienting, and executive control, with reduced error rates and RT. Saccadic RT decreased, and fixation durations increased. Peak velocity remained unchanged. Anodal tDCS over the left dlPFC significantly enhances attentional efficiency and saccadic performance in adults with amblyopia. These findings highlight tDCS as a promising neuromodulatory tool for addressing cognitive and motor deficits in adult amblyopia, bridging a critical gap in non-invasive therapies beyond the critical period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 108733"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145709814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108716
Makayla Szu-Yu Chen , Kyle R. Cave , Zhe Chen
The Preparation Effect (PE) refers to the allocation of attention to expected task-irrelevant stimuli (i.e., distractors) when the target and distractors are in separate displays. In two experiments, we investigated the deployment and the time course of attention in an expected-distractor paradigm as a function of the learned attentional set. Participants performed a memory-based change detection task that contained distractors in a separate display in one block but no distractors in the other block. During the retention interval, a small probe dot would appear unpredictably on a small number of trials, and the task was to detect the dot as quickly as possible. Only the participants who started with the distractor-absent block responded to the dot faster in the distractor-present block than in the distractor-absent block, thus showing the PE. Moreover, the PE was comparable regardless of whether the dot in the distractor-present block appeared at an expected distractor location or an expected empty location (Experiment 1), or whether the dot occurred before, during, or after the expected distractor onset (Experiment 2). In contrast, for the participants who performed the distractor-present block first, a reversed PE was found when the onset of the dot was 400 ms before the onset of the expected distractors. These results indicate that participants normally adopt a “process-all” approach with attention diffusely distributed within a relatively long temporal window. However, the enhanced attention is contingent on the availability of attentional resources. When attentional resources are insufficient, attentional control can be evoked to override the default “process-all” approach.
{"title":"Expecting the irrelevant: the role of attentional resources in spatial and temporal distribution of attention to expected distractors","authors":"Makayla Szu-Yu Chen , Kyle R. Cave , Zhe Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Preparation Effect (PE) refers to the allocation of attention to expected task-irrelevant stimuli (i.e., distractors) when the target and distractors are in separate displays. In two experiments, we investigated the deployment and the time course of attention in an expected-distractor paradigm as a function of the learned attentional set. Participants performed a memory-based change detection task that contained distractors in a separate display in one block but no distractors in the other block. During the retention interval, a small probe dot would appear unpredictably on a small number of trials, and the task was to detect the dot as quickly as possible. Only the participants who started with the distractor-absent block responded to the dot faster in the distractor-present block than in the distractor-absent block, thus showing the PE. Moreover, the PE was comparable regardless of whether the dot in the distractor-present block appeared at an expected distractor location or an expected empty location (Experiment 1), or whether the dot occurred before, during, or after the expected distractor onset (Experiment 2). In contrast, for the participants who performed the distractor-present block first, a reversed PE was found when the onset of the dot was 400 ms before the onset of the expected distractors. These results indicate that participants normally adopt a “process-all” approach with attention diffusely distributed within a relatively long temporal window. However, the enhanced attention is contingent on the availability of attentional resources. When attentional resources are insufficient, attentional control can be evoked to override the default “process-all” approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 108716"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145709822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108732
Gregory W. Schwartz
{"title":"Our machines need new eyes","authors":"Gregory W. Schwartz","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108732","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 108732"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145688130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Humans frequently encounter crowds in daily life, and the collective emotional state of these groups provides vital social information that influences behavior and decision-making. Variance in facial expressions within a crowd serves as an indicator of the diversity of emotions, modulating the strength and stability of the group’s emotional signal. Previous studies of low-level visual features have shown that the visual system adapts to the statistical properties of variance, producing systematic aftereffects in subsequent variance perception, such that the perceived level of variance shifts in the direction opposite to the adaptor. However, it remains unclear whether similar adaptation to variance occurs for complex, socially meaningful information such as facial expressions. In this study, we examined whether adaptation to the variance of facial expressions in crowds leads to aftereffects in perceived variance. Using morphed facial stimuli that varied incrementally between happy and angry expressions, we created crowd images composed of individuals with different degrees of emotional variability. In Experiment 1, participants judged the variance of facial expressions before and after adapting to stimuli with small or large variance. Experiment 2 examined adaptation using more intense expressions to enhance perceived variability. Across both experiments, perceived emotional variance shifted in the opposite direction to the adaptor, indicating robust aftereffects of facial-expression variance. These findings provide behavioral evidence consistent with the idea that the human visual system encodes the variance of facial expressions, and that adaptation to ensemble variance dynamically recalibrates perception in social contexts.
{"title":"Aftereffects of variance in the perception of facial expressions in crowds","authors":"Moe Kudaka , Sachiyo Ueda , Hideki Tamura , Tetsuto Minami , Shigeki Nakauchi","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Humans frequently encounter crowds in daily life, and the collective emotional state of these groups provides vital social information that influences behavior and decision-making. Variance in facial expressions within a crowd serves as an indicator of the diversity of emotions, modulating the strength and stability of the group’s emotional signal. Previous studies of low-level visual features have shown that the visual system adapts to the statistical properties of variance, producing systematic aftereffects in subsequent variance perception, such that the perceived level of variance shifts in the direction opposite to the adaptor. However, it remains unclear whether similar adaptation to variance occurs for complex, socially meaningful information such as facial expressions. In this study, we examined whether adaptation to the variance of facial expressions in crowds leads to aftereffects in perceived variance. Using morphed facial stimuli that varied incrementally between happy and angry expressions, we created crowd images composed of individuals with different degrees of emotional variability. In Experiment 1, participants judged the variance of facial expressions before and after adapting to stimuli with small or large variance. Experiment 2 examined adaptation using more intense expressions to enhance perceived variability. Across both experiments, perceived emotional variance shifted in the opposite direction to the adaptor, indicating robust aftereffects of facial-expression variance. These findings provide behavioral evidence consistent with the idea that the human visual system encodes the variance of facial expressions, and that adaptation to ensemble variance dynamically recalibrates perception in social contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 108730"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108717
Laura Asensio-Jurado , Marc Argilés , Lluïsa Quevedo-Junyent , Dennis M. Levi
Emerging treatments, including virtual reality (VR)-based therapies, video games, and movies, have been proposed to enhance stereoacuity in individuals with binocular vision disorders such as amblyopia and strabismus. However, their comparative effectiveness remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of these emerging treatments in improving stereoacuity through within-group analyses, and to compare their outcomes with occlusion, in studies with direct group comparisons. We conducted comprehensive literature searches in PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies reporting stereoacuity outcomes. The primary outcome was the change in stereoacuity (log arcsec). A random-effects meta-analysis, subgroup comparisons, and meta-regressions were performed. Twenty-six studies were included. The pooled mean improvement in stereoacuity was 0.26 log arcsec, i.e. a factor of 1.82 (95 % CI: 0.19–0.33). Emerging treatments yielded significant within-group improvements, with no significant difference compared to occlusion therapy. VR-based interventions did not show statistically significant advantages over non-VR binocular treatments. Movies showed slightly greater gains than video games, but differences were not significant after correction. In regression analyses, no predictors remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Heterogeneity was moderate, reflecting variability across studies. In conclusion, emerging therapies demonstrate measurable benefits in enhancing stereoacuity. However, they have not consistently outperformed occlusion.
{"title":"Emerging therapies for improving stereoacuity in amblyopia. A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Laura Asensio-Jurado , Marc Argilés , Lluïsa Quevedo-Junyent , Dennis M. Levi","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emerging treatments, including virtual reality (VR)-based therapies, video games, and movies, have been proposed to enhance stereoacuity in individuals with binocular vision disorders such as amblyopia and strabismus. However, their comparative effectiveness remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of these emerging treatments in improving stereoacuity through within-group analyses, and to compare their outcomes with occlusion, in studies with direct group comparisons. We conducted comprehensive literature searches in PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies reporting stereoacuity outcomes. The primary outcome was the change in stereoacuity (log arcsec). A random-effects meta-analysis, subgroup comparisons, and meta-regressions were performed. Twenty-six studies were included. The pooled mean improvement in stereoacuity was 0.26 log arcsec, i.e. a factor of 1.82 (95<!--> <!-->% CI: 0.19–0.33). Emerging treatments yielded significant within-group improvements, with no significant difference compared to occlusion therapy. VR-based interventions did not show statistically significant advantages over non-VR binocular treatments. Movies showed slightly greater gains than video games, but differences were not significant after correction. In regression analyses, no predictors remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Heterogeneity was moderate, reflecting variability across studies. In conclusion, emerging therapies demonstrate measurable benefits in enhancing stereoacuity. However, they have not consistently outperformed occlusion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 108717"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108721
Marte Otten, Nina Fitzmaurice, Yair Pinto
In a uniformity illusion, participants experience that peripheral stimuli appear identical to the central stimulus even though they are different. The uniformity illusion generally occurs after prolonged central fixation. The uniformity illusion thus seems to evoke illusory peripheral perceptions of colour, shape, size, and even movement. This could be the result of a passive process where the periphery is unattended and ignored, resulting in erroneous reporting of peripheral stimulus properties. The current experiment, however, points to an active filling-in process that resulted in an actual percept of the periphery by showing that the illusory periphery is “sticky”: Even after the central stimuli inducing the illusion were removed, the peripheral illusion persisted, and continued to influence perceptual reports of the participants. Participants viewed displays featuring colour or size variations between the center and periphery for a set time to induce the uniformity illusion, reporting if they experienced a uniform screen. Subsequently, the central patch was altered to match the original periphery, creating a truly uniform display. Participants then evaluated whether the new display appeared uniform and reproduced the size or colour of the peripheral texture. Reaction time and reproduction accuracy revealed that experiencing an illusory periphery interfered with processing subsequent physical stimuli, especially in trials where participants explicitly reported the illusion. These findings suggest that the uniformity illusion can produce a persistent illusory periphery, which disrupts the perception of the actual peripheral stimulus even seconds after the original display has been modified. The results underscore the active, hierarchical nature of perceptual reconstruction in visual processing.
{"title":"Peripheral filling in causes illusory afterimages","authors":"Marte Otten, Nina Fitzmaurice, Yair Pinto","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In a uniformity illusion, participants experience that peripheral stimuli appear identical to the central stimulus even though they are different. The uniformity illusion generally occurs after prolonged central fixation. The uniformity illusion thus seems to evoke illusory peripheral perceptions of colour, shape, size, and even movement. This could be the result of a passive process where the periphery is unattended and ignored, resulting in erroneous reporting of peripheral stimulus properties. The current experiment, however, points to an active filling-in process that resulted in an actual percept of the periphery by showing that the illusory periphery is “sticky”: Even after the central stimuli inducing the illusion were removed, the peripheral illusion persisted, and continued to influence perceptual reports of the participants. Participants viewed displays featuring colour or size variations between the center and periphery for a set time to induce the uniformity illusion, reporting if they experienced a uniform screen. Subsequently, the central patch was altered to match the original periphery, creating a truly uniform display. Participants then evaluated whether the new display appeared uniform and reproduced the size or colour of the peripheral texture. Reaction time and reproduction accuracy revealed that experiencing an illusory periphery interfered with processing subsequent physical stimuli, especially in trials where participants explicitly reported the illusion. These findings suggest that the uniformity illusion can produce a persistent illusory periphery, which disrupts the perception of the actual peripheral stimulus even seconds after the original display has been modified. The results underscore the active, hierarchical nature of perceptual reconstruction in visual processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 108721"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145537507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108720
Paul B. Hibbard , Jordi M. Asher , Louise O’Hare , Caitlin Evans , Caelan Dow
Visual discomfort, the unpleasant, aversive experience associated with some visual stimuli, is most pronounced for flickering and spatially repetitive stimuli. It has been proposed that the degree of visual discomfort for such stimuli can be predicted by the contrast sensitivity function, peaking at midrange spatial and temporal frequencies. We evaluated the spatio-temporal tuning of visual discomfort for flickering, sinusoidal stimuli. Discomfort increased with spatial frequency for static and slowly flickering stimuli, but decreased with spatial frequency for stimuli flickering at 16 Hz. Discomfort increased with temporal frequency for spatially uniform stimuli, and for all spatial frequencies. Flickering stimuli were more uncomfortable than static stimuli of any spatial frequency. Spatially uniform stimuli flickering at 16 Hz, the highest frequency tested, were rated as the most uncomfortable. These results deviate from the contrast sensitivity function, which predicts that discomfort should be highest for static stimuli, with bandpass spatial frequency tuning. This discrepancy indicates that threshold-level visual sensitivity is not a good predictor of visual discomfort for high contrast stimuli. Our results are however consistent with efficient coding models, which predict higher levels of excitation for high spatial and temporal frequencies when stimuli are presented at a high contrast. They are also consistent with physiological measures of cortical responses to high contrast stimuli.
{"title":"Visual discomfort for flickering sinusoids is not predicted by the spatio-temporal contrast sensitivity function","authors":"Paul B. Hibbard , Jordi M. Asher , Louise O’Hare , Caitlin Evans , Caelan Dow","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Visual discomfort, the unpleasant, aversive experience associated with some visual stimuli, is most pronounced for flickering and spatially repetitive stimuli. It has been proposed that the degree of visual discomfort for such stimuli can be predicted by the contrast sensitivity function, peaking at midrange spatial and temporal frequencies. We evaluated the spatio-temporal tuning of visual discomfort for flickering, sinusoidal stimuli. Discomfort increased with spatial frequency for static and slowly flickering stimuli, but decreased with spatial frequency for stimuli flickering at 16 Hz. Discomfort increased with temporal frequency for spatially uniform stimuli, and for all spatial frequencies. Flickering stimuli were more uncomfortable than static stimuli of any spatial frequency. Spatially uniform stimuli flickering at 16 Hz, the highest frequency tested, were rated as the most uncomfortable. These results deviate from the contrast sensitivity function, which predicts that discomfort should be highest for static stimuli, with bandpass spatial frequency tuning. This discrepancy indicates that threshold-level visual sensitivity is not a good predictor of visual discomfort for high contrast stimuli. Our results are however consistent with efficient coding models, which predict higher levels of excitation for high spatial and temporal frequencies when stimuli are presented at a high contrast. They are also consistent with physiological measures of cortical responses to high contrast stimuli.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 108720"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145526281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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