Vision Research最新文献_第5页

Eye-hand coordination during visually-guided reaching in children with monocular deprivation amblyopia 单眼剥夺性弱视儿童在视觉引导下伸手时的眼手协调

IF 1.4 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108708

Krista R Kelly , Mina Nouradanesh , Reed M Jost , Christina S. Cheng-Patel , Eileen E. Birch , Serena X. Wang , James Y. Tung , Ewa Niechwiej-Szwedo

Monocular deprivation (MD) amblyopia caused by a dense unilateral congenital or infantile cataract leads to both sensory and ocular motor deficits, which can in turn affect motor performance. Previous research shows reduced fine motor skills in children with MD amblyopia on standardized tasks. Here, we evaluate eye-hand coordination during visually-guided reaching in MD amblyopia. A group of 17 children aged 7–15 years with MD amblyopia resulting from a unilateral cataract and a group of 41 age-similar control children were enrolled. During binocular viewing, children’s reaching movements (LEAP Motion Controller) and eye movements (EyeLink 1000 binocular eye tracker) were recorded as they reached to touch a dot displayed at one of four locations (±5 deg or ±10 deg) on a computer monitor. Saccade and reach kinematic measures were assessed between groups, and factors associated with impairments in the MD amblyopia group were evaluated. The MD amblyopia group as a whole had impaired saccade (lower saccade gain, reduced saccade precision, more reach-related saccades) and reach (longer total reach duration, slower peak velocity, reduced touch accuracy) kinematics compared to controls. However, performance was worse in those with a poorer visual acuity outcome (≥0.7 logMAR) compared to good visual acuity outcome (≤0.6 logMAR). MD amblyopia impacts the development of eye-hand coordination during reaching, particularly in those with a poorer visual acuity outcome. Longer deceleration in the final approach and more reach-related saccades may suggest an inability to adapt or form an efficient compensatory strategy and may also be indicative of impaired on-line control.

单眼剥夺（MD）弱视由密集的单侧先天性或婴儿白内障引起，可导致感觉和眼运动缺陷，进而影响运动表现。先前的研究表明，患有中度弱视的儿童在标准化任务中的精细运动技能有所下降。在这里，我们评估视觉引导下MD弱视伸手时的眼手协调。招募了17名7-15岁单侧白内障导致的MD弱视儿童和41名年龄相近的对照组儿童。在双眼观看期间，当儿童伸手触摸电脑显示器上显示的四个位置（±5度或±10度）之一的点时，他们的伸手动作（LEAP运动控制器）和眼动（EyeLink 1000双目眼动仪）被记录下来。评估两组间的扫视和屈伸运动测量，并评估与MD弱视组损伤相关的因素。与对照组相比，MD弱视组整体上的扫视功能受损（扫视增益降低，扫视精度降低，更多与屈伸相关的扫视）和屈伸运动（总屈伸持续时间更长，峰值速度更慢，触摸精度降低）。然而，与视力良好（≤0.6 logMAR）的患者相比，视力较差（≥0.7 logMAR）的患者表现更差。MD弱视影响伸手过程中手眼协调的发展，特别是那些视力较差的人。最后进近减速时间较长和与到达有关的跳频较多，可能表明无法适应或形成有效的补偿策略，也可能表明联机控制受损。

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引用次数: 0

Vergence anomalies are associated with impaired stereopsis in amblyopia 聚光异常与弱视的立体视觉受损有关。

IF 1.4 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108696

Preeti Verghese , Adrien Chopin , Ângela Gomes-Tomaz , Noelia G. Alcalde , Dennis M. Levi

We examined the relationship between stereopsis and fusional vergence in groups of amblyopic and stereo-normal control observers. As absolute disparity is thought to be the basis for relative disparity and for disparity-driven vergence, we hypothesized that vergence anomalies would be accompanied by impaired stereopsis. Specifically, we examined whether patterns of impaired stereopsis across the central 20° of the visual field were accompanied by impaired fusional vergence for stimuli confined to these regions. Stereopsis was measured locally across the visual field with disparity steps of 5 to 20 arcmin. Fusional vergence to large disparity steps (2 to 3°) was measured with binocular eye tracking. The vergence stimuli were random dot stereograms, in one of 3 spatial configurations: a large disc 16° in diameter, a small disc 4° in diameter, and an annulus with outer and inner diameters corresponding to the large and small discs. Of the controls (n = 25) with no history of abnormal visual development, 12 individuals exhibited normal stereopsis across the visual field and normal vergence gains for all configurations. Thirteen individuals with weak stereopsis in the central field tended to have anomalous vergence for small stimuli, but normal vergence for larger stimuli. Amblyopic/strabismic individuals (n = 12) had poor stereopsis and poor vergence for small stimuli. We report a strong correlation between vergence, coarse and fine stereopsis, with no double dissociation (no cases of impaired vergence with normal stereopsis). Taken together, the results suggest that compromised binocular interaction is the cause of both stereopsis and vergence deficits.

我们检查了在弱视组和立体正常对照组中立体视觉和融合收敛之间的关系。由于绝对视差被认为是相对视差和视差驱动辐散的基础，我们假设辐散异常会伴随着立体视觉受损。具体来说，我们研究了视野中央20°的立体视觉受损模式是否伴随着局限于这些区域的刺激的融合辐散受损。立体视在视野范围内局部测量，视差步距为5 ~ 20角分。双目眼动跟踪测量大视差步长（2 ~ 3°）的融合收敛度。辐合刺激为随机点立体图，具有3种空间构型：直径为16°的大圆盘、直径为4°的小圆盘和大小圆盘对应的外径和内径的环。在没有视觉发育异常史的对照组（n = 25）中，12个人在整个视野中表现出正常的立体视觉，并且在所有配置下都表现出正常的聚光增益。13名中央区立体视功能弱的个体，在小刺激下呈现异常收敛，而在大刺激下呈现正常收敛。弱视/斜视个体（n = 12）立体视觉较差，对小刺激的收敛性较差。我们报告了散度，粗立体和细立体之间的强相关性，没有双重解离（没有与正常立体受损的散度）。综上所述，结果表明双目相互作用受损是立体视觉和聚光缺陷的原因。

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引用次数: 0

ON-Pathway visual acuity deficits in 8–12 years old children with unilateral amblyopia 8-12岁单侧弱视儿童的非通路视力缺陷

IF 1.4 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108694

Zi Rui Li , Yi Pang , Xiao Tong Chen , Marilyn Vricella , Daniella Rutner , Jose-Manuel Alonso , Jingyun Wang

Conventional visual acuity (VA) tests, using black optotypes on white background, may not fully detect subtle ON-pathway amblyopia deficits or increases in visual dark dominance. This pilot study tests the hypothesis that VA testing with reverse contrast polarity, white optotypes on black background, is more sensitive in detecting amblyopia than conventional VA testing. Two groups of children aged 8–12 were enrolled. The amblyopic group (N = 13) had a best-corrected VA of 20/32 or worse in the amblyopic eye and an interocular VA difference of ≥ 0.2 logMAR. The normal control group (N = 16) had best-corrected VA equal to or better than 20/25 and an interocular VA difference of ≤ 0.1 logMAR. Monocular VA was tested for each polarity using an ETDRS program using the Amblyopia Treatment Study protocol, with results reported as a Score. Two optotype polarities were tested in randomized order, and tests were repeated after a 30-minute interval. VA was compared among amblyopic, fellow, and the right eyes of the control group for both polarities. For amblyopic eyes, the mean VA Score was significantly lower for white optotypes than for black optotypes by 3.6 letters or approximately 0.07 logMAR, indicating that amblyopic eyes had more difficulty seeing white than black optotypes. For fellow eyes, the mean Score was also significantly lower for white than for black optotypes. No significant differences in mean Scores between two polarities were found within the control eyes. Our findings suggest that visual acuity testing with reverse polarity could be more sensitive to detect amblyopia in children.

传统的视敏度（VA）测试，在白色背景上使用黑色视型，可能不能完全检测到细微的on通路弱视缺陷或视觉黑暗优势的增加。本初步研究验证了反向对比极性、黑色背景下的白光视视检测对弱视的检测比传统视差测试更敏感的假设。研究人员招募了两组8-12岁的儿童。弱视组（N = 13）的最佳矫正视差为20/32或更差，眼间视差差≥0.2 logMAR。正常对照组（N = 16）的最佳矫正眼压等于或优于20/25，眼间眼压差≤0.1 logMAR。使用ETDRS程序，使用弱视治疗研究方案，对每个极性的单眼VA进行测试，并将结果作为评分报告。按随机顺序测试两种视型极性，每隔30分钟重复测试一次。比较弱视组、右眼组和对照组的视电位。对于弱视眼，白色视型的平均VA评分比黑色视型低3.6个字母或约0.07 logMAR，表明弱视眼比黑色视型更难以看到白色。对于同类眼睛来说，白色眼睛的平均得分也明显低于黑色眼睛。在对照眼内，两极性的平均得分无显著差异。我们的研究结果表明，反极性视力测试可以更灵敏地检测儿童弱视。

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引用次数: 0

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with near heterophoria and accommodative dysfunction 注意缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）与近斜视和适应性功能障碍有关

IF 1.4 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108699

A. Eusebio López-Hernández , Carmen Miquel-López , José Javier García-Medina , Diego García-Ayuso

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition in young populations and is often associated with visual disturbances. This study investigated clinical measurements in individuals with ADHD and compared them with individuals without ADHD. This study included 80 participants: 40 with ADHD and 40 age- and sex-matched controls. The mean age ± standard deviation was 19.93 ± 6.42 (range 6–36). The optometric tests performed assessed accommodative and binocular visual functions, including accommodative amplitude, monocular and binocular accommodative facility, Cover Test, near point of convergence, monocular estimated method, and calculated accommodation convergence/accommodation ratio. Subgroup analysis within the ADHD group, based on sex and medication use, explored the associations with optometric findings. The ADHD group showed a significantly higher lag of accommodation (+0.30 ± 0.17 D) than the control group (+0.18 ± 0.23 D) and a higher accommodative amplitude (ADHD group = 13.15 ± 1.73, control group = 12.07 ± 1.60). ADHD was also associated with a higher prevalence of near-heterophoria. No differences were observed between medicated and medication-free at testing individuals with ADHD. Furthermore, males demonstrated higher near heterophoria than females, with males having significantly more phorias at near. The results of this paper demonstrate that individuals with ADHD commonly experience compromised accommodative responses and a heightened occurrence of heterophoria compared with individuals without ADHD. These results emphasize the importance of eye exams for ADHD patients, as vision issues may reduce attention and concentration, especially for near-work tasks.

注意缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）是年轻人中普遍存在的神经发育疾病，通常与视觉障碍有关。本研究调查了ADHD患者的临床测量结果，并将其与非ADHD患者进行了比较。这项研究包括80名参与者：40名ADHD患者和40名年龄和性别匹配的对照组。平均年龄±标准差为19.93±6.42（范围6 ~ 36）。验光测试评估了调节和双眼视觉功能，包括调节幅度、单眼和双眼调节设施、覆盖测试、近会聚点、单眼估计方法和计算调节会聚/调节比。ADHD组的亚组分析，基于性别和药物使用，探讨了与验光结果的关系。ADHD组调节滞后时间（+0.30±0.17 D）显著高于对照组（+0.18±0.23 D），调节幅度（ADHD组= 13.15±1.73，对照组= 12.07±1.60）显著高于对照组（+0.18±0.23 D）。多动症还与近斜视的较高患病率有关。在对ADHD患者进行测试时，没有观察到服药和不服药之间的差异。此外，男性比女性表现出更高的近斜视，男性的近斜视明显更多。本文的结果表明，与没有ADHD的个体相比，患有ADHD的个体通常会经历妥协的适应性反应和更高的异视发生率。这些结果强调了对多动症患者进行眼科检查的重要性，因为视力问题可能会降低注意力和集中力，尤其是在接近工作的任务中。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Contextual feedback in object recognition: A biologically inspired computational model and human behavioral study” [Vision Res. 237 (2025) 108679] “对象识别中的上下文反馈：生物学启发的计算模型和人类行为研究”[视觉Res. 237(2025) 108679]的更正。

IF 1.4 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108698

Elahe Soltandoost , Karim Rajaei , Reza Ebrahimpour

引用次数: 0

The Gestalt computational model by persistent homology 持久同调的格式塔计算模型。

IF 1.4 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108697

Yu Chen, Hongwei Lin, Jiacong Yan

As a classic theory in cognitive psychology, Gestalt theory elucidates basic principles in visual perception. However, the Gestalt principles are validated mainly by psychological experiments, lacking quantitative research supports and theoretical coherence. In this paper, we utilize persistent homology, a mathematical tool in computational topology, to develop a unified computational model for Gestalt principles, addressing the challenges of quantification and computation. This Gestalt computational model provides a quantitative approach to several key Gestalt principles, and it shows that these Gestalt principles can be uniformly calculated using persistent homology, thus developing a coherent theory for Gestalt principles in computation. Moreover, it is anticipated that the Gestalt computational model can serve as a significant computational model in the field of computational psychology, and help the understanding of human visual perception.

格式塔理论是认知心理学的经典理论，阐述了视觉感知的基本原理。然而，格式塔原理主要是通过心理学实验来验证的，缺乏定量的研究支持和理论一致性。在本文中，我们利用计算拓扑中的一个数学工具——持久同调，为格式塔原理建立了一个统一的计算模型，解决了量化和计算的挑战。该格式塔计算模型为几个关键的格式塔原理提供了定量方法，并表明这些格式塔原理可以使用持久同调统一计算，从而为计算中的格式塔原理发展了一个连贯的理论。预计格式塔计算模型可以作为计算心理学领域的重要计算模型，并有助于理解人类的视觉感知。

引用次数: 0

Eye-hand coordination during a precision grasping and placement task in children with a history of amblyopia 弱视病史儿童在精确抓握和放置任务中的眼手协调。

IF 1.4 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108700

Ewa Niechwiej-Szwedo , Susana Wu , Deborah Giaschi , Linda Colpa , Agnes M.F. Wong , Lisa Christian

Eye-hand coordination is a key aspect of visuomotor control essential for performing most daily activities. Disruption in visuomotor control, characterized by slower arm movements and grasping errors, has been documented in children with amblyopia. This study aimed to characterize the effects of amblyopia on the temporal pattern of eye and hand coordination during the performance of a task that involves reaching, precision grasping, and placement. The study recruited 28 children with a history of amblyopia and 56 typically developing peers (age range 6–14 years). Children performed a bead-threading task while their eyes and hand movements were recorded concurrently. As hypothesized, children with amblyopia demonstrated poorer task performance, with greater deficits for the object manipulation compared to the reaching (transport) components. In comparison to their peers with normal vision, children with amblyopia had shorter reaction time for initiating eye and hand movement, longer object fixation duration to guide grasp execution and object placement, and lower eye-hand latency difference for the second movement indicating that the hand movement preceded eye initiation. These results suggest that children with amblyopia have poorer motor planning ability, which impacts movement execution. Longer fixations during object manipulations indicate that more time is required to transform the noisy visual input into a motor response. Overall, the study adds to the growing body of evidence highlighting deficits in visuomotor control in amblyopia.

眼手协调是视觉运动控制的一个关键方面，对执行大多数日常活动至关重要。视觉运动控制的中断，以手臂运动缓慢和抓握错误为特征，已经在弱视儿童中得到证实。本研究旨在描述弱视在执行涉及伸手、精确抓取和放置的任务时对眼手协调的时间模式的影响。这项研究招募了28名有弱视病史的儿童和56名正常发育的同龄人（年龄在6-14岁之间）。孩子们在执行穿线任务时，他们的眼睛和手的运动同时被记录下来。正如假设的那样，弱视儿童表现出较差的任务表现，与到达（运输）部分相比，他们在物体操作方面的缺陷更大。与视力正常的同龄人相比，弱视儿童启动眼手动作的反应时间更短，引导抓握执行和物体放置的物体注视时间更长，第二次动作的眼手潜伏期差更小，说明手动作先于眼手动作。这些结果表明弱视儿童的运动计划能力较差，影响运动执行。在物体操作过程中，长时间的注视表明需要更多的时间将嘈杂的视觉输入转化为运动反应。总的来说，这项研究增加了越来越多的证据，强调了弱视在视觉运动控制方面的缺陷。

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引用次数: 0

A comparison of density-based and feature-based texture boundary segmentation 基于密度和基于特征的纹理边界分割的比较

IF 1.4 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108695

Christopher DiMattina

Previous studies have demonstrated that density of texture elements is an important perceptual aspect of textural appearance, and can enable texture segmentation in the absence of other cues. We compared segmentation thresholds for two kinds of second-order boundaries comprised of two species of micropatterns (e.g., horizontal and vertical Gabors): (1) Feature boundaries, with the same number of total micropatterns on opposite sides but different numbers of each micropattern species within each side, and (2) Density boundaries, with different numbers of total micropatterns on opposite sides, but with the same number of both micropattern species within each side. Contrary to the predictions of a standard late-pooling Filter-Rectify-Filter (FRF) model in which different micropattern specific first-order channels are analyzed by different second stage filters before pooling, we observed lower segmentation thresholds for density boundaries than feature boundaries. This suggests that density boundaries may be detected by a different, early-pooling mechanism. In a second experiment, we considered how two species of micropatterns combine for boundary segmentation. When two single-micropattern-species density boundaries are superimposed in-phase to form a new density boundary, the boundaries formed by each micropattern species combine via probability summation. By contrast, when two single-micropattern-species density boundaries are superimposed in opposite-phase to form a feature boundary, segmentation performance is worse than for either single-micropattern-species boundary alone. We conclude that the mechanisms for density-based texture segmentation are not identical to the mechanisms for feature-based segmentation and that density-sensitive mechanisms most likely integrate across multiple first-order filters responsive to different micropattern species.

先前的研究表明，纹理元素的密度是纹理外观的一个重要感知方面，可以在没有其他线索的情况下实现纹理分割。我们比较了由两种微图案组成的两种二级边界（如水平Gabors和垂直Gabors）的分割阈值：(1)特征边界，相对侧微图案总数相同，但每侧微图案种数不同；(2)密度边界，相对侧微图案总数不同，但每侧微图案种数相同。与标准的延迟池化滤波-校正-滤波（FRF）模型的预测相反，我们观察到密度边界的分割阈值低于特征边界。在该模型中，不同的微模式特定的一阶通道在池化之前由不同的第二阶段滤波器分析。这表明密度边界可以通过不同的早期池化机制来检测。在第二个实验中，我们考虑了两种微模式如何结合在一起进行边界分割。当两个单一微图案-物种密度边界相叠加形成新的密度边界时，各微图案物种形成的密度边界通过概率求和组合在一起。相比之下，当两个单微图案-物种密度边界以相反的相位叠加形成特征边界时，分割性能比单独使用单个微图案-物种边界差。我们得出结论，基于密度的纹理分割的机制与基于特征的纹理分割的机制不同，密度敏感的机制很可能集成了多个一阶滤波器，响应不同的微图案种类。

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引用次数: 0

Slow binocular reading during rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) in children with amblyopia and the role of fixation instability 弱视儿童快速连续视觉呈现（RSVP）时双眼阅读缓慢及注视不稳定的作用

IF 1.4 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108684

Dorsa Mir Norouzi , Norah M. Nyangau , Yi-Zhong Wang , Lori M. Dao , Cynthia L. Beauchamp , David R. Stager Jr , Jeffrey S. Hunter , Krista R. Kelly

Children with amblyopia read slower than their peers during binocular viewing. Ocular motor dysfunction typical of amblyopia may cause slow reading. It is unclear whether this is due to fixation instability or increased forward saccades. We examined whether removing the requirement of inter-word saccades helps children with amblyopia read at a similar rate as controls using a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. We also assessed whether reading rate was related to fixation instability. Children with amblyopia (n = 32) and control (n = 30) children ages 8–12 years silently read sentences presented in RSVP (single word presentation at screen center) during binocular viewing. Exposure time per sentence changed with a 2 − down 1 − up staircase to obtain reading speed thresholds (log words/minute [WPM]). Eye movements were tracked to determine fellow eye (FE) and amblyopic eye (AE) fixation stability during RSVP reading. Children with amblyopia read slower than controls (2.75 ± 0.47 log WPM vs 3.06 ± 0.40 log WPM), and had increased AE fixation instability (0.21 ± 0.39 log deg² vs − 0.20 ± 0.18 log deg²) and increased FE fixation instability (−0.03 ± 0.34 log deg² vs − 0.20 ± 0.15 log deg²) during RSVP reading. Reading rate in amblyopic children with good FE stability (n = 11) did not differ from controls and was faster than those with poor FE stability (n = 21). Children with poor FE stability read slower than controls. Removing the need for inter-word saccades (i.e., RSVP reading) did not help children with amblyopia read at control speeds. Our data support FE fixation instability as a source of slow reading in amblyopia.

弱视儿童在双眼观看时阅读速度比同龄人慢。弱视典型的眼运动障碍可能导致阅读缓慢。目前尚不清楚这是由于固定不稳定还是前扫视增加所致。我们研究了通过快速连续视觉呈现（RSVP）任务，去除单词间扫视的要求是否有助于弱视儿童以与对照组相似的速度阅读。我们还评估了阅读速度是否与注视不稳定性有关。弱视儿童（n = 32）和对照组（n = 30） 8-12岁儿童（n = 30）在双眼观看时默读RSVP（屏幕中心单字呈现）中呈现的句子。每句话的曝光时间随2 -下1 -上的楼梯变化，以获得阅读速度阈值（log words/minute [WPM]）。在RSVP阅读过程中，追踪眼球运动以确定同侧眼（FE）和弱视眼（AE）的注视稳定性。弱视儿童的阅读速度比对照组慢（2.75±0.47 log WPM vs 3.06±0.40 log WPM），并且在RSVP阅读期间AE固定不稳定性增加（0.21±0.39 log deg2 vs - 0.20±0.18 log deg2）和FE固定不稳定性增加（- 0.03±0.34 log deg2 vs - 0.20±0.15 log deg2）。视力稳定性好的弱视儿童（n = 11）的阅读速度与对照组没有差异，且比视力稳定性差的儿童（n = 21）的阅读速度更快。FE稳定性差的儿童阅读速度比对照组慢。消除单词间扫视的需要（即RSVP阅读）并不能帮助弱视儿童以控制速度阅读。我们的数据支持前视固定不稳定是弱视患者阅读缓慢的一个原因。

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引用次数: 0

Origins and objectives of computational diversity in sensory populations 感官种群计算多样性的起源和目标

IF 1.4 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108683

Wiktor F. Młynarski

Populations of sensory neurons are not homogeneous. Even neighboring neurons located in the same brain area can process identical stimuli in significantly different ways. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are a prominent example of such heterogeneity — they exhibit diverse properties whose computational role and purpose remain mysterious. In this review, we explore normative theories of neural computation that attempt to explain the origins and role of functional variability in the retina. We first express a general mathematical formulation of normative theories of neural computation and identify components of these theories that can explain the heterogeneity of sensory populations. We then organize existing theoretical studies of retinal coding according to the factors they highlight as explanations of the computational diversity in the retina — the beginning of the visual hierarchy.

感觉神经元的种群并不均匀。即使是位于同一大脑区域的相邻神经元也可以以明显不同的方式处理相同的刺激。视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）是这种异质性的一个突出例子-它们表现出不同的特性，其计算作用和目的仍然是神秘的。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了神经计算的规范理论，试图解释视网膜功能变异性的起源和作用。我们首先表达了神经计算规范理论的一般数学公式，并确定了这些理论的组成部分，可以解释感官群体的异质性。然后，我们根据他们强调的解释视网膜计算多样性的因素，组织现有的视网膜编码理论研究-视觉层次的开始。

引用次数: 0