Vision Research最新文献_第7页

The contributions of pictorial, motion, and binocular cues to the perception of depth and distance 图像、运动和双眼线索对深度和距离感知的贡献

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108653

Paul B. Hibbard , Jordi M. Asher , Rebecca L. Hornsey

Multiple visual cues are available for the estimation of distance. According to the modified weak fusion model, the information from these cues is combined through weighted averaging, with the weights determined by the relative reliability of each cue. Empirical tests of this model tend to isolate a small number of cues, in order for their reliabilities to be manipulated. Weights measured in this way are specific to the testing environment, and do not allow us to quantify the contributions of individual cues in natural viewing. To address this, we used estimates from the literature of sensitivity for a wide range of distance cues to predict the contribution of pictorial, binocular, and motion cues to relative distance. The cues assessed included convergence, accommodation, height in the field, texture density, relative size, height in the field, binocular disparity, and motion (assuming a walking observer). We used the modified weak fusion model to estimate the contribution of binocular, motion, and pictorial cues for distances between 2 and 100 m. These calculations provide estimates of the expected contributions of individual depth cues in everyday viewing conditions. In most cases, our results show a clear benefit for the weighted averaging of cues in the natural environment, in comparison with the use of the most reliable cue alone.

有多种视觉线索可用来估计距离。根据改进的弱融合模型，对这些线索信息进行加权平均，权重由每个线索的相对可靠性决定。该模型的实证检验倾向于孤立少量线索，以便对其可靠性进行操纵。以这种方式测量的权重是特定于测试环境的，并且不允许我们量化单个线索在自然观看中的贡献。为了解决这个问题，我们从文献中对广泛距离线索的敏感性进行估计，以预测图像、双目和运动线索对相对距离的贡献。评估的线索包括收敛、调节、视场高度、纹理密度、相对大小、视场高度、双眼视差和运动（假设是行走的观察者）。我们使用改进的弱融合模型来估计双眼、运动和图像线索对2至100米距离的贡献。这些计算提供了个人深度线索在日常观看条件下的预期贡献的估计。在大多数情况下，我们的研究结果表明，与单独使用最可靠的球杆相比，在自然环境中使用加权平均球杆有明显的好处。

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引用次数: 0

Ocular vergences measurement in virtual reality: A pilot study 虚拟现实中的眼辐角测量：一项初步研究

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108658

F. Monier , L. Hertel , S. Droit-Volet , P. Chausse

In this study, we investigated the value of using virtual reality to evaluate ocular vergence performance. We used a virtual reality device with an integrated eye-tracking system to create virtual environments that simulated far and near vision conditions and assessed ocular movements. We compared the maximum angular deviation compensated by the visual system or the vergence scores of the participants in the virtual environments with the vergence scores obtained with a prism in real environment, i.e. with the technique usually used for clinical assessments. We also compared a simple virtual environment with a complex virtual environment by creating landscapes. The vergence scores obtained for divergence and convergence with the virtual reality device were very similar to those obtained using prisms. This suggests that the virtual environments efficiently stimulated vision conditions in 3 dimensions. Our results also support the idea that modulating the angular deviation of the projected image in the virtual reality headset is a satisfactory way of inducing ocular vergences. The amplitudes of fusion were better in the virtual conditions, suggesting that the controlled virtual environments provided better conditions for measuring vergence movements. Furthermore, the virtual reality device induced a better amplitude of fusion in participants with high convergence abilities by preventing the underestimation of divergence abilities in these participants. This last result suggests that this type of virtual reality mechanism could be helpful in the future for remediating vergences-related disorders.

在这项研究中，我们探讨了使用虚拟现实来评估眼聚光性能的价值。我们使用了一个集成了眼球追踪系统的虚拟现实设备来创建虚拟环境，模拟远近视觉条件并评估眼球运动。我们比较了视觉系统补偿的最大角度偏差或参与者在虚拟环境中的聚光评分与在真实环境中使用棱镜获得的聚光评分，即与通常用于临床评估的技术。我们还通过创建景观来比较简单的虚拟环境和复杂的虚拟环境。用虚拟现实装置得到的发散和收敛的聚光分数与用棱镜得到的聚光分数非常相似。这表明虚拟环境有效地刺激了三维视觉条件。我们的研究结果也支持这样一种观点，即调制虚拟现实头戴式耳机中投影图像的角度偏差是一种令人满意的诱导眼辐的方法。虚拟条件下的融合幅值较好，说明受控的虚拟环境为测量辐合运动提供了较好的条件。此外，虚拟现实设备通过防止对高收敛能力参与者的发散能力的低估，诱导了更好的融合幅度。最后的结果表明，这种类型的虚拟现实机制在未来可能有助于治疗与边缘相关的疾病。

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引用次数: 0

Grouping strategies in induced perceptual grouping 诱导知觉分组中的分组策略

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108651

Maria Kon , Gregory Francis

Induced grouping refers to the influence of a perceived group of elements on the grouping of another set of elements that cannot be explained by other grouping principles. Vickery (2008) first highlighted this phenomenon and, despite convincing demonstrations of this principle, seems to be the only direct study. Here we report two successful large sample replications of one of Vickery’s experiments. We also explain Vickery’s results with a cortical model of visual grouping and selection. We extended a previous model, so that it performs a feature-based search of an image for a target. We show that induced grouping effects are the result of a connection strategy that links together target pairs in a visual search task combined with a selection strategy that tends to place a selection signal at locations close to the target pair features. These strategies interact because the connection strategy that links target pairs also sometimes links inducing elements, thereby influencing the selection signal location. The model extension plays a key role in explaining this phenomenon and enables the model to simulate other tasks, like visual search, where the observer uses a dynamic and feature-guided selection process.

诱导分组是指感知到的一组元素对另一组元素分组的影响，这种影响无法用其他分组原则来解释。Vickery（2008）首先强调了这一现象，尽管这一原理的论证令人信服，但似乎是唯一的直接研究。在这里，我们报告两个成功的大样本复制维克里的一个实验。我们还用视觉分组和选择的皮质模型来解释维克里的结果。我们扩展了之前的模型，使其对目标图像执行基于特征的搜索。我们表明，诱导分组效应是将视觉搜索任务中的目标对连接在一起的连接策略与倾向于在接近目标对特征的位置放置选择信号的选择策略相结合的结果。这些策略相互作用，因为连接目标对的连接策略有时也连接诱导元件，从而影响信号的选择位置。模型扩展在解释这一现象方面起着关键作用，并使模型能够模拟其他任务，如视觉搜索，其中观察者使用动态和特征引导的选择过程。

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引用次数: 0

Including the nonlinear response of neurons to improve the prediction of visual acuity across levels of contrast, luminance, and blur 包括神经元的非线性响应，以提高对对比度，亮度和模糊水平的视觉敏锐度的预测

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108652

Charles-Edouard Leroux, Christophe Fontvieille, Fabrice Bardin

We present a theoretical model that predicts visual acuity changes over extended ranges of stimulus contrast, luminance, and optical blur. We highlight the significance of neuronal response nonlinearity to optical contrast in achieving model agreement with experimental data. The model operates by computing, for each experimental condition, a parameter termed data separability within the framework of statistical decision theory. We assume a theoretical model observer that utilizes sharp image templates for optotype identification, consistent with our previous work for small (

< 0.5

D) optical aberrations (Leroux et al., 2024). The model incorporates the nonlinear response of visual neurons to contrast stimuli in the simulation of visual images. We digitalized measurements from Johnson and Casson (1995), who studied the combined effects of stimulus contrast (6 to 97%), luminance (0.075 to 75 cd/m

^{2}

), and blur (0 to 8 D positive lens), and compared our model’s predictions to their data. The model achieved an overall root-mean-square residual of 0.048 logMAR for measurements spanning 1.73 logMAR. Accounting for nonlinearity proved critical in predicting acuity across these extended ranges of experimental conditions. This approach may also be necessary for modeling acuity under non-standard experimental conditions and/or for subjects with pathologies.

我们提出了一个理论模型来预测视觉敏锐度在刺激对比度、亮度和光学模糊的扩展范围内的变化。我们强调了神经元响应非线性对光学对比度的重要性，以实现与实验数据的模型一致。该模型通过在统计决策理论框架内计算每个实验条件下称为数据可分性的参数来运行。我们假设有一个理论模型观测器，它利用锐利的图像模板进行光型识别，这与我们之前对小（<0.5 D）光学像差的研究一致（Leroux等人，2024）。该模型结合了视觉神经元对对比刺激的非线性响应来模拟视觉图像。我们将Johnson和Casson（1995）的测量数据数字化，他们研究了刺激对比度（6%至97%）、亮度（0.075至75 cd/m2）和模糊（0至8 D正透镜）的综合效应，并将我们的模型预测与他们的数据进行了比较。对于跨越1.73 logMAR的测量，该模型的总体均方根残差为0.048 logMAR。在这些扩展的实验条件范围内预测灵敏度时，非线性被证明是至关重要的。这种方法对于非标准实验条件下的敏锐度建模和/或有病理的受试者也是必要的。

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引用次数: 0

Receptive fields of retinal neurons: New themes and variations 视网膜神经元的接受野：新的主题和变化

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108654

Anna L. Vlasits

Receptive fields have long been central to understanding signal processing in the visual system. Initially defined as the region of visual space that influences a given neuron’s activity, receptive fields are now recognized to encompass additional dimensions such as time and color. This multidimensional representation provides a window into how visual neurons filter incoming stimuli. In the retina, receptive fields emerge from neuronal processing by a multi-layered circuit. Recent research on temporal, chromatic, and adaptive processing in the retina has revealed more complex receptive fields than were initially recognized. This review emphasizes new research on receptive fields in the retina and highlights approaches that promise to expand our understanding of retinal receptive fields.

长期以来，感受野一直是理解视觉系统信号处理的核心。最初被定义为影响给定神经元活动的视觉空间区域，现在被认为包括额外的维度，如时间和颜色。这种多维表征为研究视觉神经元如何过滤传入的刺激提供了一个窗口。在视网膜中，接受野是由多层电路的神经元处理产生的。最近对视网膜的时间、颜色和适应性处理的研究揭示了比最初认识到的更复杂的接受野。这篇综述强调了视网膜感受野的新研究，并强调了有望扩大我们对视网膜感受野的理解的方法。

引用次数: 0

CNN-extracted features generate synthetic fMRI responses to unseen images cnn提取的特征生成对未见图像的合成fMRI响应

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108641

Parsa Delavari , Leonid Sigal , Ipek Oruc

Inspired by biological vision, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have tackled challenging image recognition problems once considered the sole purview of human expertise. In turn, CNNs are now widely used as a framework for studying human vision. The organizational similarity between the layers of CNNs and cortical regions along the visual pathway has been shown in studies using human fMRI data, such that early visual areas’ activities are better predicted by the first layers of CNNs while their last layers better predict the response of higher-level visual areas. However, there is a lack of agreement on how well CNN features can predict fMRI responses, particularly in the presence of fMRI noise, which can result in varying brain responses to the repetitions of the same image. Additionally, the utility of these predicted responses to previously unseen images as synthetic fMRI data has not yet been explored. Here we use the BOLD5000 dataset and the AlexNet architecture initialized with the model weights pre-trained on ImageNet to show that features extracted by CNNs can g enerate highly accurate synthetic fMRI responses to images. We demonstrate that synthetic fMRI responses show higher correlations with repetitions of real responses than the real responses themselves, surpassing the quality of real data in the presence of noise. Moreover, we train a decoder with synthetic fMRI data to classify real fMRI data for unseen images and even unseen object categories. Our decoding experiments revealed that the synthetic data outperformed real data, particularly due to the ability to generate larger synthetic datasets. Our findings showcase the high quality of generated synthetic fMRI responses to images based on CNN features, exhibiting both similarities to real data and practical utility in empirical applications.

受生物视觉的启发，卷积神经网络（cnn）已经解决了曾经被认为是人类专业知识的唯一领域的具有挑战性的图像识别问题。反过来，cnn现在被广泛用作研究人类视觉的框架。利用人类功能磁共振成像（fMRI）数据的研究表明，cnn层与皮层区域沿视觉通路之间的组织相似性，即cnn的第一层能更好地预测早期视觉区域的活动，而cnn的最后一层能更好地预测高级视觉区域的反应。然而，对于CNN特征如何很好地预测fMRI反应，特别是在fMRI噪声存在的情况下，缺乏一致意见，这可能导致大脑对相同图像的重复反应不同。此外，这些对以前未见过的图像的预测反应作为合成fMRI数据的效用尚未被探索。在这里，我们使用BOLD5000数据集和AlexNet架构，并使用在ImageNet上预训练的模型权重初始化，以证明cnn提取的特征可以对图像产生高精度的合成fMRI响应。我们证明，合成fMRI响应与真实响应本身相比，与真实响应的重复表现出更高的相关性，超过了存在噪声的真实数据的质量。此外，我们用合成的fMRI数据训练了一个解码器，用于对真实的fMRI数据进行未见图像甚至未见对象类别的分类。我们的解码实验表明，合成数据优于真实数据，特别是由于能够生成更大的合成数据集。我们的研究结果展示了基于CNN特征的图像生成的高质量合成fMRI响应，显示出与真实数据的相似性和在经验应用中的实用性。

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引用次数: 0

Atropine restores retinal glutamate / γ-aminobutyric acid levels in vitro in an experimental chick model of myopia 阿托品在离体实验鸡近视模型中恢复视网膜谷氨酸/ γ-氨基丁酸水平

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108656

Jordan T Lloyd , Andrew V. Collins , John R Phillips , Monica L. Acosta

Atropine is widely used to slow childhood myopia progression, but its mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. This study investigated atropine’s effects on retinal neurochemistry in a chick model of form-deprivation myopia (FDM). Myopia was induced in chicks via monocular FDM. Retinas from FDM and contralateral normal eyes were enucleated, bisected and six retinal samples per group were incubated for 60 min in vitro in either 1.8 mM atropine or normal physiological buffer. Samples were fixed in glutaraldehyde for neurotransmitter detection using silver-intensified immunogold labelling. In a separate experiment, the incubation procedure of FDM and normal eyes was repeated and tissues were fixed in formaldehyde to examine dopaminergic neurons using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunofluorescence.

No significant changes in TH immunolabelling were observed between groups. However, myopia reduced glutamate levels by 43% compared to controls, with altered glutamate distribution in the inner retina. Bipolar cells in myopic eyes also showed a 57% decrease in glutamine levels. Within 60 min, atropine treatment restored both glutamate and glutamine levels toward normal levels. The most noteworthy changes to gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) was a 62% reduction observed in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) between normal and myopic retinas. Following atropine treatment, there was a further decrease in (GABA) levels in OPL and horizontal cells.

These findings suggest that one immediate effect of atropine treatment is to restore the balance of neurotransmitters that are disrupted in myopia, elevating glutamate while reducing GABA. This neurotransmitter modulation may contribute to atropine’s therapeutic effects in myopia control.

阿托品被广泛用于减缓儿童近视的进展，但其作用机制仍然知之甚少。本研究探讨了阿托品对小鸡形态剥夺性近视（FDM）模型视网膜神经化学的影响。用单眼FDM诱导雏鸡近视。分别取FDM和对侧正常眼视网膜去核、切开，每组6个视网膜样本在1.8 mM阿托品或正常生理缓冲液中体外培养60 min。样品用戊二醛固定，用银强化免疫金标记法检测神经递质。在另一个实验中，重复FDM和正常眼睛的孵育过程，并将组织固定在甲醛中，使用酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）免疫荧光检测多巴胺能神经元。各组间TH免疫标记无明显变化。然而，与对照组相比，近视降低了43%的谷氨酸水平，改变了视网膜内谷氨酸的分布。近视眼的双极细胞中谷氨酰胺水平也下降了57%。在60分钟内，阿托品治疗使谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺水平恢复到正常水平。gamma氨基丁酸（GABA）最显著的变化是在正常和近视视网膜的外丛状层（OPL）中观察到62%的减少。在阿托品治疗后，OPL和水平细胞中的GABA水平进一步下降。这些发现表明，阿托品治疗的一个直接效果是恢复近视中被破坏的神经递质的平衡，提高谷氨酸水平，同时降低GABA。这种神经递质调节可能有助于阿托品控制近视的治疗效果。

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引用次数: 0

Auditory discomfort and visual sensitivity 听觉不适和视觉敏感

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108655

Sarah M. Haigh, Jasmine A. Haggerty, Aimee Delgado

The field of visual discomfort is fast growing, identifying parameters of visual stimuli that evoke discomfort, their effect on the visual system, and their heightened impact in clinical populations. In contrast, there is little work on auditory discomfort. First, we reviewed the current findings in the field of auditory discomfort and report a preliminary study investigating the effects of uncomfortable sounds on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) responses from auditory cortex. Nine participants listened to pure 1 kHz tones that were modulated by a 2 Hz or a 16 Hz sinusoidal wave that made the tone sound as though it wobbled. The oxyhaemoglobin response to the uncomfortable 16 Hz sound was larger and slower compared to the relatively more comfortable 2 Hz sound. This suggests cortical excitability to uncomfortable sounds, similar to the heightened response reported in the visual modality. Second, we assessed the relationship between visual and auditory sensitivity in a large sample (N = 669) of participants who completed the Pattern Glare Test (PGT), the Amsterdam Misophonia Scale, the Hyperacusis Questionnaire, and the Functional Hearing Questionnaire (FHQ). While all measures of auditory sensitivity were significantly correlated with the number of illusions seen in the PGT (.1 > r_s < 0.3), the relationship with misophonia was significantly weaker than other comparisons. This highlights that while those who are visually sensitive are more likely to exhibit increased auditory sensitivity, the measures that focus on pain (PGT, hyperacusis, FHQ) may be dissociable from those that rely on emotive discomfort (misophonia). Together, this suggests similar mechanisms underlying auditory and visual discomfort.

视觉不适领域正在快速发展，识别引起不适的视觉刺激参数，它们对视觉系统的影响，以及它们在临床人群中的高度影响。相比之下，关于听觉不适的研究却很少。首先，我们回顾了目前在听觉不适领域的研究成果，并报道了一项初步研究，探讨了听觉不适声音对听觉皮层近红外光谱（NIRS）反应的影响。九名参与者听的是由2赫兹或16赫兹正弦波调制的纯1千赫的音调，使音调听起来好像在摇晃。与相对舒适的2赫兹声音相比，氧合血红蛋白对不舒服的16赫兹声音的反应更大、更慢。这表明皮层对不舒服的声音具有兴奋性，类似于在视觉模式中报道的增强反应。其次，我们评估了大样本（N = 669）参与者的视觉和听觉敏感性之间的关系，这些参与者完成了模式眩光测试（PGT）、阿姆斯特丹恐音症量表、超听觉问卷和功能性听力问卷（FHQ）。虽然所有的听觉敏感度测量都与PGT中看到的错觉数量显著相关(。1比;rs & lt;0.3)，与恐音症的关系明显弱于其他比较。这突出表明，虽然那些视觉敏感的人更有可能表现出听觉敏感性的增强，但专注于疼痛的测量（PGT、听觉亢进、FHQ）可能与那些依赖于情绪不适的测量（恐音症）是分离的。总之，这表明听觉和视觉不适的潜在机制相似。

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引用次数: 0

The subtypes of visual hypersensitivity are transdiagnostic across neurodivergence, neurology and mental health 视觉超敏症的亚型在神经分化、神经学和心理健康方面是跨诊断的

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108640

Alice Price, Petroc Sumner, Georgina Powell

Many areas of neurodivergence are associated with heightened sensitivity, discomfort, and aversion to certain visual stimuli (e.g., bright lights, patterns, movement, flicker, complex scenes). This hypersensitivity also associates with mental health and some areas of neurology. However, it remains unclear whether this is a transdiagnostic phenomenon, implying a common underlying mechanism of shared vulnerability, or whether the forms of visual discomfort differ instructively across the wide range of associated conditions and areas of neurodivergence. We compared the four recently clarified subtypes of visual hypersensitivity (Brightness, Pattern, Strobing, Intense Visual Environments) self-reported by 2582 participants across 11 areas of neurodivergence, neurology, and mental health: Autism, ADHD, Dyslexia, Dyspraxia, Fibromyalgia, Migraine, PPPD, synaesthesia, Distress, Eating Pathology, and Fear (HiTOP System). Enhanced sensitivity in all four factors was reported for every area. Sensitivity to Intense Visual Environments was especially pronounced across Autism, ADHD, Dyslexia, and Dyspraxia, forming a shared pattern. The same pattern was shared with fibromyalgia and PPPD, and to some extent with Eating Pathology and Fear, while migraine and synaesthesia showed a different pattern. Regression analyses controlling for comorbidities showed significant unique prediction by 9 out of 11 neurodivergence/condition labels, the strongest predictors being autism, fibromyalgia, migraine, and PPPD. In conclusion, the four factors of visual hypersensitivity are all transdiagnostic, and the relative emphasis on each factor also forms transdiagnostic patterns that transcend traditional discipline boundaries. This implies there are common underlying vulnerabilities in the development of perceptual systems that can be associated with a wide range of other symptomologies.

神经分化的许多领域与对某些视觉刺激（如强光、图案、运动、闪烁、复杂场景）的高度敏感、不适和厌恶有关。这种过敏还与心理健康和神经学的某些领域有关。然而，目前尚不清楚这是否是一种跨诊断现象，意味着共同脆弱性的共同潜在机制，或者视觉不适的形式是否在广泛的相关条件和神经分化区域之间具有指导意义。我们比较了来自神经分化、神经学和心理健康11个领域的2582名参与者自我报告的四种最近明确的视觉超敏症亚型（亮度、模式、频闪、强烈视觉环境）：自闭症、多动症、阅读障碍、运动障碍、纤维肌痛、偏头痛、PPPD、联觉、痛苦、饮食病理学和恐惧（HiTOP系统）。据报道，在所有四个因素中，每个区域的敏感性都有所提高。对强烈视觉环境的敏感性在自闭症、多动症、阅读障碍和运动障碍中尤为明显，形成了一个共同的模式。纤维肌痛和PPPD也有相同的模式，在一定程度上也有进食病理学和恐惧，而偏头痛和联觉则表现出不同的模式。控制合并症的回归分析显示，11个神经分化/疾病标签中有9个具有显著的独特预测，最强的预测因子是自闭症、纤维肌痛、偏头痛和PPPD。综上所述，视觉超敏症的四个因素都是跨诊断的，对各个因素的相对重视也形成了超越传统学科界限的跨诊断模式。这意味着在知觉系统的发展中存在共同的潜在脆弱性，这些脆弱性可能与广泛的其他症状相关联。

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引用次数: 0

Human trichromacy and refractive development 人类的三色和屈光发育

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-06-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108632

Timothy J. Gawne , Zhihui She , Safal Khanal

In the post-natal developing eye, there is an active process of refractive development in which the neural retina uses optical cues to evaluate focus, and adjusts the rate of axial elongation to first achieve, and then actively maintain as the optics continue to mature, sharp focus: the process of emmetropization. Increasingly it looks as if chromatic cues are essential (if not exclusive) for this process.

Nearly all non-primate mammals are dichromats, with short- and relatively long-wavelength sensitive cones. However, most humans are trichromats, with short-, medium-, and long-wavelength sensitive cones—although many humans are dichromats like non-primate mammals (“red-green color blind”). This leads to two related questions: is trichromacy important for human emmetropization, and do experimental results from dichromatic mammals apply to humans?

The issue is far from settled, but the available evidence indicates that emmetropization in humans is likely functionally dichromatic similar to that of other mammals, with the medium- and long-wavelength sensitive cones effectively pooled into a single functional “long” cone. In support of this, human dichromats generally emmetropize as well as human trichromats, and they also become myopic to a roughly similar proportion. Trichromacy does not appear to be of fundamental importance for refractive development in humans. While there is some evidence that dichromats might be slightly less susceptible to becoming myopic than human trichromats, the data are inconclusive. Further studies on this topic may lead to an improved understanding of why emmetropization increasingly fails leading to myopia development in humans.

在出生后发育的眼睛中，存在一个主动的屈光发育过程，在这个过程中，神经视网膜利用光学线索来评估焦点，并调节轴向伸长的速率，以首先实现，然后随着光学的不断成熟而主动保持，尖锐的焦点：正视化过程。在这个过程中，音色线索似乎越来越重要（如果不是唯一的话）。几乎所有的非灵长类动物都是二色视者，具有短波长和相对较长的敏感视锥细胞。然而，大多数人都是三色视者，具有短波、中波和长波敏感锥体——尽管许多人像非灵长类哺乳动物一样是二色视者（“红绿色盲”）。这就引出了两个相关的问题：三色对人类的异色化很重要吗？二色哺乳动物的实验结果是否也适用于人类？这个问题还远没有解决，但现有的证据表明，人类的异色化很可能在功能上与其他哺乳动物相似，中长波长敏感的视锥细胞有效地集中在一个单一的功能“长”视锥细胞中。为了支持这一观点，人类二色视者通常会像人类三色视者一样近视，他们也会以大致相似的比例近视。三色似乎对人类屈光发育并不具有根本的重要性。虽然有一些证据表明，二色视者比三色视者更不容易近视，但这些数据还没有定论。对这一主题的进一步研究可能有助于更好地理解为什么正视化越来越失败导致人类近视的发展。

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引用次数: 0