Vision Research最新文献

{"title":"What are the most salient visuoperceptual reading symptoms to identify visual stress in adults? Using exploratory factor analysis to develop the Ulster visual stress questionnaire","authors":"Darragh L. Harkin,&nbsp;Julie-Anne Little,&nbsp;Sara J. McCullough","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Visual Stress (</em>VS<em>)</em> is a reading disorder characterised by visuoperceptual distortion symptoms experienced when reading. VS diagnosis is on an ad-hoc basis, with symptomology and diagnostic criteria poorly understood. This study investigated reading symptoms in adults to develop a clinically useful questionnaire for VS diagnosis. A comprehensive 17-item questionnaire was developed probing reading symptoms derived from the existing literature. 1248 undergraduate students (aged 18–50 years) completed the questionnaire and pattern glare test. 294 participants (23.6 %) exhibited pattern glare (scores &gt; 3 on a mid-spatial frequency pattern glare test) which was used as an indirect measure of cortical hyperexcitation. After exclusion of diagnosed migraineurs, data from 247 participants were analysed. Parallel analysis determined the number of distinct factors and exploratory factor analysis assigned symptoms to these factors. To ensure symptoms mapped to a single factor, retained items needed to satisfy three conditions: (i) load onto their primary factor if &gt;0.40, (ii) cross-load onto alternative factors by &lt;0.30 and (iii) exhibit a difference in item primary factor and subsequent factor loadings of &gt;0.20. Five factors were identified and mapped well to aetiological theories proposed to explain visual stress: 1) Magnocellular Pathway Deficits 2) Cortical Hyperexcitability 3) Eye Movement/Tracking Issues 4) Aversion to High Temporal Frequency ‘Flicker’ and 5) Concurrent Pathologies associated with Visual Stress. Post-hoc item analysis reduced questionnaire content to ten items. Exploratory factor analysis enabled systematic creation of a robust 10-item questionnaire to aid visual stress diagnosis. The questionnaire will be applied in a clinical context and among different ages for validation purposes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 108668"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144756995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring afterimage appearance with the natural color system","authors":"Vincent C. Sun ,&nbsp;Ching Wei Peng ,&nbsp;Ming Chuan Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A color afterimage is the perceived hue in the visual field when viewing a blank background after an inducing or adapting chromatic stimulus has been presented in that area for a certain duration. Color afterimage experiences are triggered by physical stimuli but persist even without such stimuli. It is a private perceptual experience, yet it remains a significant focus of scientific investigations. Research on color afterimages usually focuses on the appearance of these afterimages, and various methods for measuring their appearance have been developed. The present study employs direct appearance matching and an intuitive color appearance system to explore afterimage appearances effectively. The authors adopted the Natural Color System (NCS) as the reference system for measuring and representing the color appearance of afterimages. The inducing stimuli consisted of selected color patches with various hues and nuances (blackness and chromaticness) according to the NCS notations, while the induced afterimage hues were determined by matching the perceived afterimages to a color circle comprised of 40 patches. These 40 patches were chosen from the standard 40 NCS hues, all with the same nuance value in the initial phase. After establishing the hue for a given induced patch, a second-stage matching task utilized a set of patches with reduced chromaticness to achieve a nuance match. The collected data were used to construct a color afterimage map in the NCS color space, providing empirical guidelines about color afterimages and their inducing colors within a well-constructed color space.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 108665"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Binocular summation of pupil light reflex with different light stimulation in each eye","authors":"Yuto Oshika ,&nbsp;Ariki Sato ,&nbsp;Shintaro Nakatani","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Binocular summation of the pupil light reflex refers to the phenomenon where the pupillary constriction elicited by binocular light stimulation is greater than the expected response based on monocular stimulation. An increase in the total flux reaching the retina influences pupil constriction. Under binocular conditions, the combined light entering both eyes is greater than that under monocular conditions, which can affect the pupil’s response. However, previous research indicates that equal luminance presented either to one eye or distributed equally between the two eyes cannot adequately explain the effect of binocular summation. This study aimed to investigate how pupil constriction differs when the total illuminance stimulating the eyes remains constant, but the distribution of illuminance between the left and right eyes varies. Nine participants viewed a flickering target stimulus at 1 Hz. We compared the average pupillary constriction across various interocular illuminance ratios, including a monocular condition (only one eye exposed to the total illuminance) and binocular conditions where the total illuminance was divided unequally or equally between the two eyes. The results showed that when the total illuminance stimulating the eyes was constant, pupil constriction was significantly stronger as the illuminance distribution between the eyes approached equality (i.e., a ratio closer to one), with binocular conditions generally causing stronger average constriction than monocular conditions. Furthermore, analysis of the power spectrum density at 1 Hz revealed no significant difference between the tested illuminance conditions, suggesting that the phasic response was similar despite differences in tonic constriction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 108667"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Native components analysis of the spectral electroretinogram","authors":"Christopher W. Tyler ,&nbsp;Michael Liang ,&nbsp;Zhangziyi Zhou ,&nbsp;Lora T. Likova","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electroretinogram (ERG) is a mass electrical response from all electrically activated components of the retina, recorded with the goal of identifying the individual contributions of relevant components for the purposes of electrodiagnosis of eye diseases and other systemic medical conditions. The primary hypothesis being tested was that the ERGs across the spectrum in the mesopic range of intensities could be fully accounted with a duplex (two-component) model of linear combinations of rod- and cone-pathway responses. Full-field square-wave ERGs were measured with the RETeval device at 2 Hz for 7 spectral bands: red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, magenta, and white, in increasing steps of 0.5 log units from 3 to 300 phot cd/m², totaling 35 conditions for each eye of three neurotypical participants. A novel three-stage process termed Native Components Analysis (NCA), designed to overcome the distributive and orthogonality disadvantages of conventional linear component analysis, was implemented to identify the components contributing to the On-response of the overall ERG. The first step was select the ERG waveforms representative of each region of the response matrix. They were thus designated in terms of a) high and low intensities and b) the narrowband red, green and blue spectral regions. These 6 waveforms were taken as the native component candidates for an optimized fit to the full dataset. The second step was to determine the fit of these ERG components so-defined to the overall set of recorded ERG On-responses from each eye – a 140-parameter fit to the 10,500-parameter dataset. This approach was then compared with the standard approach of orthogonal Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to provide comparable compression. Over 6 datasets from the two eyes of three participants, the fit of the first 4 factors of the novel NCA approach accounted for 95.0 % of the overall variance in the data, compared with 97.5 % for the standard PCA approach. Adding components beyond the best 4 provided no significant improvement in the fits. For the individual datasets, the fit of the PCA accounted for 95.4 – 99.1 % of the variance, while the fit of the representative ERGs of the NCA approach accounted for 89.6–98.1 % of the variance across the individual datasets, validating the strategy of using representative ERG responses as the analytic components. The NCA fits strongly disconfirm the duplex rod/cone model that the ERG is a combination of just two temporal components, showing that as many as four separate components are required to account for the variance in the 35 waveforms in the participant group, with consistent structure across the spectral datasets. These results validate the utility of the novel Native Components Analysis approach to functional response analysis of retinal signals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 108661"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between parameters estimated by the colour assessment and diagnosis and the Cambridge colour test in color discrimination evaluation","authors":"Joycianne Rodrigues Parente ,&nbsp;Eliza Maria da Costa Brito Lacerda ,&nbsp;Dora Fix Ventura ,&nbsp;Paulo Roney Kilpp Goulart ,&nbsp;Natália B. Dutra ,&nbsp;Givago Silva Souza ,&nbsp;Letícia Miquilini","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) and the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) are computerized psychophysical tests widely used in the diagnosis of color vision deficiencies due to their high specificity and sensitivity. However, these tests differ substantially in the type of visual task, stimulus configuration, vectors, luminance, background composition, and presentation time. This study aimed to compare the evaluation parameters estimated by these tests in trichromatic and dichromatic individuals. A total of sixty-six participants (40 trichromats and 38 dichromat individuals −16 protans and 22 deutans; mean age: 26.3 ± 8.9 years) were evaluated. Color discrimination thresholds were fitted to elliptical functions, and parameters such as ellipse area, rotation angle, and the size of protan, deutan, and tritan vectors were analyzed. Results showed equivalence between the tests for: the deutan and tritan vector areas and sizes in the trichromat subgroup; tritan vector area and size in the protan subgroup; and protan and tritan vector sizes in the deutan subgroup. Differences in the central coordinates of the CAD and CCT tests and the spatial arrangement of vectors in the CIE 1976 color space (specific to the CCT test) may have influenced the results. Nonetheless, agreement was observed in the measures of ellipse area, rotation angle, and sizes of the protan and tritan vectors between the two tests. These findings suggest that, despite methodological differences, the CAD and CCT tests produce largely comparable results and can be considered complementary tools in the assessment of color discrimination in clinical and research settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 108664"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feature synergy enhances detection but not recognition of shape from texture cues","authors":"Cordula Hunt-Radej,&nbsp;Anna-Lena Schubert,&nbsp;Günter Meinhardt","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Texture regions that differ from their surroundings in more than one local feature are more easily detected. Recent findings show that a low-level summary statistic, net contrast energy, predicts this double-cue advantage, suggesting early-stage integration during image analysis. We investigated whether this advantage also applies to more complex, texture-defined shape discrimination beyond figure-ground segregation. Using both a figure detection task and a more demanding shape identification task, we calibrated <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> sensitivity to fixed baseline levels with single-cue targets defined by orientation or spatial frequency contrast. We then measured performance for double-cue targets at these baselines. Contrary to earlier results reported for simpler shape discriminations, we found a reduced double-cue advantage in the shape identification task. Specifically, double-cue sensitivity was notably lower than the algebraic sum of the single-cue sensitivities, a level achieved consistently in the detection task. Control tests with high feature contrast showed perfect detection performance for both single and combined cues. However, shape identification saturated at levels between <span><math><mrow><mn>83</mn><mtext>%–</mtext><mn>90</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span> accuracy, while gray-shaded figures yielded perfect performance, suggesting that unique shape representations could not be built from single or combined texture cues. These findings suggest that texture cue summation enhances texture segregation and segmentation but does not improve higher-level recognition of 2D texture shapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 108660"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attentional settings based on previous experience affect bias in visual comparisons","authors":"Ailsa Humphries ,&nbsp;Kyle R. Cave ,&nbsp;Zhe Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous experiments in visual comparison have shown that the spatial congruency bias (SCB), a bias to categorise two targets as “same” if they occupy the same location in successive displays, and the overall bias (OB), the average bias across all trials, vary with visual similarity; and that the OB also varies with the type of task being performed. In four experiments, we explore whether these results are best explained by a visual similarity account, an attentional zoom account, or a combination of the two. Using a shape comparison task, we manipulated the visual similarity and predictability of the target displays by varying the local position of the target letter, either between different blocks (i.e., predictable; Experiments 1a and 2a) or within a block (i.e., unpredictable; Experiments 1b and 2b); additionally, we varied the distractor letters such that they were the same between the to-be-compared displays in most of the trials (Experiments 1a and 1b) or they were different in every trial (Experiments 2a and 2b). Under conditions of low interference, the predictability of visual information has no effect on the OB, or on the SCB, but this may be because attentional demands are low in these conditions. As predicted by the attentional zoom account, the SCB is influenced by predictability when peripheral interference is high. These results suggest that both similarity and attention play a role in visual comparisons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 108662"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accommodative forces in aging human eye","authors":"Leyla Nur Turhal Çalışkan,&nbsp;Samet Çıklaçandır,&nbsp;Ömer Pars Kocaoğlu","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Changes in the mechanical properties of the human crystalline lens over the years result in a loss of accommodation amplitude and eventually in presbyopia. While some material property changes of the aging human crystalline lens have been mapped, challenges remain in their in vivo characterization. Conflicting findings in the literature highlight the complexity of accurately defining lens biomechanics. Young’s modulus, anterior and posterior lens curvatures, lens thickness, and refractive index are examples of these well-studied properties. However, knowledge of forces applied to the crystalline lens for generating corresponding accommodative amplitudes has been limited to a few age groups. A full mapping of these accommodative forces over decades for the aging human eye remains incomplete. We used mechanical properties available in the literature to develop a mechanical model of the crystalline lens for age groups between 10 and 70 years. Then, finite element modeling and optical power calculations obtained from lens deformation during simulated accommodation were used to create a map of accommodative forces over the human lifespan. We found an S-curve-shaped decline in total equatorial forces required on the capsule to achieve reported accommodative amplitudes. This decline does not indicate increased lens compliance but reflects the possibility of age-related weakening of the applied force. The total force ranged from 0.5 N at age 10 to near zero at age 70, with a steep drop between ages 30 and 50.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 108657"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining fixation accuracy with optical coherence tomography and its implication on visual acuity in amblyopia","authors":"Maureen D Plaumann ,&nbsp;Wei Wei,&nbsp;Teng Leng Ooi","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inaccurate fixation is a hallmark of strabismus and amblyopia. Recently, positional error of fixation in amblyopic children was assessed with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). This study extends the use of OCT to examine both positional error and stability of fixation in an adult population and investigates how lifelong impairment of fixation can impact visual acuity in amblyopia. Twenty macular cube scans per eye were acquired with the Cirrus HD-OCT in 30 amblyopes and 30 controls with normal binocular vision. The foveal location was identified with the instrument’s software as line scan coordinates to determine the distance between the fovea and the center of the scan. The average positional error and stability of fixation were calculated utilizing the foveal location measurements. Crowded monocular distance visual acuity (VA) was obtained from each eye. Amblyopic eyes demonstrated greater position error and fixation instability compared to fellow and control eyes. Simple linear regressions revealed a significant relationship between both position error and VA and fixation stability and VA. However, with multiple regression, position error alone was the significant predictor of VA. Fixation accuracy analysis from OCT imaging provides a quantitative assessment of fixation behavior, allowing for more comprehensive clinical management of amblyopia and predicting visual acuity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 108659"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The contributions of pictorial, motion, and binocular cues to the perception of depth and distance","authors":"Paul B. Hibbard ,&nbsp;Jordi M. Asher ,&nbsp;Rebecca L. Hornsey","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multiple visual cues are available for the estimation of distance. According to the modified weak fusion model, the information from these cues is combined through weighted averaging, with the weights determined by the relative reliability of each cue. Empirical tests of this model tend to isolate a small number of cues, in order for their reliabilities to be manipulated. Weights measured in this way are specific to the testing environment, and do not allow us to quantify the contributions of individual cues in natural viewing. To address this, we used estimates from the literature of sensitivity for a wide range of distance cues to predict the contribution of pictorial, binocular, and motion cues to relative distance. The cues assessed included convergence, accommodation, height in the field, texture density, relative size, height in the field, binocular disparity, and motion (assuming a walking observer). We used the modified weak fusion model to estimate the contribution of binocular, motion, and pictorial cues for distances between 2 and 100 m. These calculations provide estimates of the expected contributions of individual depth cues in everyday viewing conditions. In most cases, our results show a clear benefit for the weighted averaging of cues in the natural environment, in comparison with the use of the most reliable cue alone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 108653"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}