Vision Research最新文献_第9页

S cone increments and decrements: Nearly-linear perceptual scales and variable noise S锥增量和递减：近线性感知尺度和可变噪声

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-04-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108613

Yangyi Shi, Rhea T. Eskew Jr.

Two psychophysical experiments investigated perceptual differences between increases and decreases in stimulation of the short-wavelength (S) cone photoreceptors. In Experiment 1, observers’ suprathreshold perceptual scale responses to S cone stimulation were estimated using the Maximum Likelihood Difference Scaling (MLDS) procedure. In Experiment 2, observers’ pedestal discrimination thresholds were measured with a two alternative forced choice (2AFC) method. Both experiments were performed using incremental (S+) and decremental (S−) contrasts separately. Substantial asymmetry between S+ and S− was found in pedestal discrimination thresholds, but not in S+ and S− perceptual scales: perceived S cone contrast was nearly linear with S cone contrast for both polarities. To reconcile perceptual scales and thresholds, a model is proposed in which the noise in the S cone pathway is assumed to be proportional to the square root of stimulus contrast. The model works well for both the perceptual scales and forced-choice discrimination, indicating that S+ and S− signals are processed in an asymmetrical way, likely due to the physiological differences between S ON and S OFF pathways.

两个心理物理实验研究了短波锥光感受器刺激增加和减少之间的感知差异。实验1采用最大似然差标度法（MLDS）估计观赏者对S锥刺激的超阈知觉标度反应。实验2采用两种强迫选择法（two alternative forced choice, 2AFC）测量观察者的基座辨别阈值。两个实验分别使用增量（S+）和递减（S−）对比进行。S+和S -在基座辨别阈值上存在明显的不对称性，但在S+和S -知觉尺度上没有发现：在两个极性上，感知到的S锥对比与S锥对比几乎是线性的。为了协调感知尺度和阈值，提出了一种假设S锥通路中的噪声与刺激对比度的平方根成正比的模型。该模型适用于感知尺度和强迫选择辨别，表明S+和S -信号以不对称的方式处理，可能是由于S ON和S OFF通路之间的生理差异。

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引用次数: 0

Japanese readers show a crowding reduction even in vertically oriented strings of letters 即使在垂直方向的字母串中，日本读者的拥挤程度也有所下降

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-04-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108598

Miki Uetsuki , Kazushi Maruya

Visual crowding affects reading performances. Related to this, the visual crowding effect is weaker in letter reading than in recognizing symbols in a string. A previous study reported that crowding reduction was observed exclusively in horizontal strings by participants with extensive reading experience in horizontal text strings. In the present study, we examined letter identification performance across various string orientations among Japanese readers with extensive experience reading both vertically and horizontally oriented texts. Through three experiments, we observed crowding reduction among Japanese readers in vertical test strings. Additionally, the observed crowding reduction was not robust when reading strings along unfamiliar orientations, such as diagonal orientations. These findings suggest that reading experience with specific text orientations adaptively shapes the spatial properties of letter-specific detection units. However, our results also indicate that reading experience has limited influence. For example, crowding reduction was not as robust for Japanese letters as it was for alphabet letters, showing that the influence of reading experience on crowding reduction depends on letter type, whereas letter type in previous reading does not matter. Furthermore, when the strings aligned with the zone where stronger crowding occurs, irrespective of letter type, crowding reduction was not robust, even for alphabet. These results imply that the reading experience could affect only a specific part of letter identification, which is likely important for alphabet identification in higher-level processing.

视觉拥挤影响阅读表现。与此相关的是，字母阅读中的视觉拥挤效应比识别字符串中的符号要弱。先前的一项研究报告称，具有丰富水平文本阅读经验的参与者仅在水平字符串中观察到拥挤减少。在本研究中，我们研究了具有丰富阅读垂直和水平方向文本经验的日本读者在不同字符串方向上的字母识别性能。通过三个实验，我们观察到日语读者在垂直测试串中的拥挤减少。此外，当沿着不熟悉的方向（如对角线方向）读取字符串时，观察到的拥挤减少并不稳健。这些发现表明，特定文本方向的阅读体验自适应地塑造了字母特定检测单元的空间属性。然而，我们的研究结果也表明，阅读经验的影响有限。例如，拥挤减少对日文字母的影响不如对字母的那么强，这表明阅读经验对拥挤减少的影响取决于字母类型，而之前阅读的字母类型无关紧要。此外，当字符串与发生更强拥挤的区域对齐时，无论字母类型如何，拥挤减少并不稳健，即使对于字母也是如此。这些结果表明，阅读体验只会影响字母识别的特定部分，这可能对更高层次的字母识别很重要。

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引用次数: 0

Alternating pattern orientation or phase can increase the amplitude of the visual evoked potential 交替的模式取向或相位可以增加视觉诱发电位的振幅

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108609

Jawshan Ara , Alireza Tavakkoli , Michael A. Crognale

Reversing, achromatic patterns generally produce large and characteristic evoked responses. However, pattern onsets produce large and reliable evoked potentials for chromatic stimuli, while pattern reversal responses are considerably weaker. These differences likely arise in part from the transient and sustained nature of the achromatic and chromatic pathways, respectively; contrast adaption of the sustained, chromatic pathways may also contribute to these observations, as time-averaged contrast is higher for pattern reversals than for pattern onsets. Evidence suggests chromatic pathways may also be tuned for orientation similar to achromatic pathways. Changing orientations may stimulate additional neural populations and reduce contrast adaptation’s effect on the evoked potential. We recorded responses to chromatic and achromatic patterns using both onsets and reversals, with and without alternating orientation. As a control, we included a “reversing” onset condition with a 180-degree spatial shift between presentations. Results revealed that responses binned over 6 s did not exhibit adaptation over 60 s. Chromatic onsets with alternating orientation or phase resulted in larger amplitudes and shorter latencies. Both orientation and phase changes increased chromatic onset responses for the L-M axis, but VEP amplitudes were smaller for alternating phases than for alternating orientations on the S-axis. One possible explanation is that in addition to recruiting different orientation-selective neurons, alternating phase or orientation produces motion responses, which are more prominent in L-M pathways than S pathways. Alternating the phases or orientations of the patterns likely increases the evoked response by recruiting additional neuron populations but at the cost of pathway specificity.

相反，消色差模式通常产生大的和特征性的诱发反应。然而，模式启动对色刺激产生大而可靠的诱发电位，而模式反转反应相对较弱。这些差异可能部分来自消色差和彩色通路的短暂性和持续性；持续的彩色路径的对比度适应也可能有助于这些观察，因为模式反转的时间平均对比度高于模式开始。有证据表明，色觉通路也可以像消色觉通路一样调整方向。改变取向可能刺激额外的神经群，降低对比适应对诱发电位的影响。我们记录了对彩色和消色差模式的反应，使用了开始和逆转，有和没有交替的方向。作为对照，我们纳入了一个“反转”发病条件，在表现之间有180度的空间移动。结果表明，超过6 s的反应不表现出超过60 s的适应性。交替取向或相位的色散发作导致较大的振幅和较短的潜伏期。取向和相位变化均增加了L-M轴上的色度起始响应，但在s轴上，交替相位的VEP振幅小于交替方向的VEP振幅。一种可能的解释是，除了招募不同的定向选择神经元外，交替的相位或定向产生运动反应，这在L-M通路中比S通路更突出。交替模式的阶段或方向可能通过招募额外的神经元群来增加诱发反应，但以途径特异性为代价。

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引用次数: 0

A neurological basis for visual stress and its treatment with coloured filters 视觉压力的神经学基础及其彩色滤光片的治疗

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108615

Arnold J. Wilkins

The perceptual distortions and discomfort that some individuals experience when they read has a recent literature. A review of this literature leads to the conclusion that the distortions and discomfort can have their basis in an excitability of the visual cortex. Tinted lenses of an individually selected hue and saturation reduce the discomfort, possibly because the resulting change in the cortical distribution of activation avoids locally excitable tissue. The above conclusion is reached as follows. Images from nature, despite their heterogeneity, have in common certain statistical features that enable them to be encoded efficiently by the human visual system. Certain images that have an un-natural spatial and chromatic structure (including text) can be uncomfortable to look at. They can give rise to a large cortical haemodynamic response, consistent with indications from computational neurology that they are processed inefficiently. There are large differences between people in susceptibility to discomfort from images. These differences reflect differences in medical history. When the spatial and chromatic structure of images deviates maximally from those found in nature, susceptible individuals are liable to discomfort, migraine and/or seizures, a liability that individually coloured filters can sometimes reduce.

一些人在阅读时所经历的感知扭曲和不适最近有文献报道。对这些文献的回顾可以得出这样的结论：扭曲和不适可能是视觉皮层兴奋性的基础。单独选择的色调和饱和度的有色镜片减少了不适感，可能是因为由此产生的皮层激活分布的变化避免了局部兴奋组织。以上结论得出如下。来自自然界的图像，尽管它们具有异质性，但具有某些共同的统计特征，使它们能够被人类视觉系统有效地编码。某些具有不自然的空间和色彩结构的图像（包括文本）可能会让人不舒服。它们可以引起大的皮质血流动力学反应，这与计算神经学的指示一致，即它们被低效地处理。人们对图片带来的不适的敏感度存在很大差异。这些差异反映了病史的差异。当图像的空间和色彩结构最大程度地偏离自然界时，易受影响的个体容易感到不适、偏头痛和/或癫痫发作，而单独着色的滤光片有时可以减轻这种危险。

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引用次数: 0

Facial expression categorization predominantly relies on mid-spatial frequencies 面部表情分类主要依赖于中空间频率

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-04-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108611

Isabelle Charbonneau , Justin Duncan , Caroline Blais , Joël Guérette , Marie-Pier Plouffe-Demers , Fraser Smith , Daniel Fiset

Facial expressions are crucial in human communication. Recent decades have seen growing interest in understanding the role of spatial frequencies (SFs) in emotion perception in others. While some studies have suggested a preferential treatment of low versus high SFs, the optimal SFs for recognizing basic facial expressions remain elusive. This study, conducted on Western participants, addresses this gap using two complementary methods: a data-driven method (Exp. 1) without arbitrary SF cut-offs, and a more naturalistic method (Exp. 2) simulating variations in viewing distance. Results generally showed a preponderant role of low over high SFs, but particularly stress that facial expression categorization mostly relies on mid-range SF content (i.e. ∼6–13 cycles per face), often overlooked in previous studies. Optimal performance was observed at short to medium viewing distances (1.2–2.4 m), declining sharply with increased distance, precisely when mid-range SFs were no longer available. Additionally, our data suggest variations in SF tuning profiles across basic facial expressions and nuanced contributions from low and mid SFs in facial expression processing. Most importantly, it suggests that any method that removes mid-SF content has the downfall of offering an incomplete account of SFs diagnosticity for facial expression recognition.

面部表情在人类交流中是至关重要的。近几十年来，人们对理解空间频率（sf）在他人情绪感知中的作用越来越感兴趣。虽然一些研究表明，对低和高的SFs有优先处理，但识别基本面部表情的最佳SFs仍然难以捉摸。本研究以西方参与者为对象，使用两种互补的方法解决了这一差距：一种是数据驱动的方法（实验1），没有任意的SF截止，另一种是更自然的方法（实验2），模拟观看距离的变化。结果普遍显示低SF比高SF更重要，但特别强调面部表情分类主要依赖于中档SF含量（即每张脸6-13个周期），这在以前的研究中经常被忽视。在中短距离（1.2-2.4 m）观察到最佳性能，随着距离的增加而急剧下降，正是在中距离SFs不再可用时。此外，我们的数据还表明，在基本面部表情中，SF调节谱存在差异，在面部表情处理中，中低SF的细微贡献也存在差异。最重要的是，它表明，任何去除中间sf内容的方法都有一个缺点，即对面部表情识别的sf诊断性提供不完整的说明。

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引用次数: 0

Attention deficits in Amblyopia: A narrative review 弱视的注意力缺陷：一个叙述性回顾

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-04-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108606

Yuntao Zhou , Benjamin Thompson

Amblyopia has effects on vision that extend from the processing of low-level visual features to higher level functions such as visual attention. In this narrative review, we focus on the impact of amblyopia on visual attention. A structured literature search revealed 28 articles reporting comparisons between amblyopia and normal vision control groups for a variety of visual attention tasks. Several of these articles also included neuroimaging measures. A review of these articles suggested that amblyopia does not affect behavioral performance of tasks with a low attentional load, such as cuing tasks, but deficits emerge for tasks with high demands on visual attention such as multiple object tracking. Deficits are not limited to the amblyopic eye but are also evident under fellow eye and binocular viewing conditions suggesting that abnormal early binocular visual experience can fundamentally alter the development of visual attention. Overall, the current literature suggests that amblyopia is associated with reduced visual attention resources. We raise the possibility that this attention resource deficit may be partially associated with an attentional demand for suppression of the amblyopic eye.

弱视对视觉的影响从低级视觉特征的处理延伸到高级功能，如视觉注意。在这篇叙述综述中，我们主要关注弱视对视觉注意的影响。一项结构化的文献检索显示，有28篇文章报道了弱视和正常视力控制组在各种视觉注意任务上的比较。其中一些文章还包括神经成像测量。对这些文章的回顾表明，弱视不影响低注意力负荷任务（如提示任务）的行为表现，但在视觉注意力要求高的任务（如多目标跟踪）中出现缺陷。这种缺陷不仅局限于弱视眼，在同眼和双眼观看条件下也很明显，这表明早期双眼视觉体验的异常可以从根本上改变视觉注意的发展。总的来说，目前的文献表明弱视与视觉注意力资源减少有关。我们提出这种注意力资源不足可能部分与抑制弱视的注意力需求有关。

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引用次数: 0

Visual pleasantness and unpleasantness of natural surfaces 视觉上的愉悦和自然表面的不愉悦

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108597

Narumi Ogawa , Hiromi Sato , Shiori Mori , Isamu Motoyoshi

In the natural environment, we are attracted to pleasant stuffs such as fur and jewels, and turn away from unpleasant stuffs such as decaying matter and gatherings of small insects. Increasing evidence for the dependence of human preferences and aesthetic judgments on simple image features implies that such affective responses to natural surfaces and textures are related to specific image statistics. Using 194 diverse natural surfaces and their statistically synthesized images, the present study examined if and how ratings of pleasantness − unpleasantness are related to low-level image statistics. The results showed that human observers gave similar emotional ratings for natural images and for Portilla-Simoncelli synthesized images. The perceived surface properties such as glossiness, bumpiness, and translucency showed no or little correlation with the emotional ratings and were degraded in synthesized stimuli. The analysis of surface images revealed that the emotional ratings were related to a small set of low-level image statistics, such as excessive power at specific spatial frequencies and cross-orientation energy correlation. The results suggest the critical role of low-level image statistics in affective responses to natural surfaces and textures.

在自然环境中，我们喜欢皮毛和珠宝等令人愉快的东西，而不喜欢腐烂的物质和小昆虫的聚集等令人不快的东西。越来越多的证据表明，人类的偏好和审美判断依赖于简单的图像特征，这意味着对自然表面和纹理的情感反应与特定的图像统计有关。本研究使用194种不同的自然表面和它们的统计合成图像，研究了愉快-不愉快的等级是否以及如何与低级图像统计相关。结果表明，人类观察者对自然图像和波蒂拉-西蒙切利合成图像给出了相似的情感评级。感知到的表面特性，如光泽度、凹凸度和透明度，与情绪评级没有或很少相关，并且在合成刺激下降低了。对表面图像的分析表明，情绪评分与一小组低水平图像统计相关，如特定空间频率下的过度功率和交叉定向能量相关。结果表明，低水平图像统计在对自然表面和纹理的情感反应中起着关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

Development of human binocular vision: An electrophysiological perspective 人类双目视觉的发展：电生理学的视角

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108593

Anthony M. Norcia

Vision with two eyes confers evolutionary advantages in terms of field of view, binocular summation and the sense of depth from disparity and motion. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the development of binocular vision through the lens of Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs). The review begins with early studies of binocular summation that compared monocular to binocular VEP amplitude ratios. This is followed by a description of more definitive indices of binocular interaction afforded by studies of dichoptic masking and intermodulation. We then describe a striking immaturity of binocular motion processing – the developmental motion asymmetry – a monocular nasalward/temporalward asymmetry of motion processing that reflects the child’s developmental history of normal binocular interaction. We end with a review of the development of sensitivity to the primary cue for depth – horizontal retinal disparity. Together, the available results paint a picture of early competency in some respects, combined with both quantitative and important qualitative differences from the adult that suggest the presence of distinct processing mechanisms with different developmental sequences.

两只眼睛的视觉在视野、双眼汇总以及从视差和运动中获得的深度感方面具有进化优势。本文综述了目前在视觉诱发电位（VEPs）透镜下双目视觉发展的研究进展。本综述从比较单眼和双眼VEP振幅比的双目汇总的早期研究开始。这是随后的描述双眼相互作用的更明确的指标提供的研究双眼掩蔽和互调。然后，我们描述了双眼运动加工的显著不成熟-发育运动不对称-单眼向鼻/颞方向运动加工的不对称，反映了儿童正常双眼相互作用的发展史。最后，我们回顾了对深度水平视网膜视差的主要线索的敏感性的发展。总之，现有的研究结果在某些方面描绘了一幅早期能力的图景，并结合了与成人的数量和重要的质量差异，这些差异表明，在不同的发育序列中存在着不同的加工机制。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of stimulus onset and offset asynchrony on audiovisual temporal recalibration 刺激开始和偏移非同步对视听时间再校准的影响

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108595

Yaru Wang , Makoto Ichikawa

When short audiovisual stimuli are presented with a consistent temporal lag, adaptive temporal recalibration occurs to reduce the asynchrony between the stimuli. We investigated adaptive temporal recalibration in prolonged audiovisual stimuli. Specifically, we examined whether temporal recalibration occurs for both the onset and offset of stimuli when these stimulus parts can be distinguished. We also examined whether a constant temporal lag (the auditory stimulus preceded or followed the visual stimulus by 240 ms or 0 ms) at the onset (or offset) of the audiovisual stimuli would allow recalibration for the stimuli’s offset (or onset). Experiments 1 and 2 explored whether temporal recalibration occurs at the audiovisual stimuli’s onset (or offset) when the onset (or offset) is asynchronous in the adaptation phase. Significant temporal recalibration was found only in the auditory leading condition in these experiments. Experiments 3 and 4 investigated whether temporal recalibration occurs at the audiovisual stimuli’s offset (or onset) when the onset (or offset) was asynchronous in the adaptation phase. No significant temporal recalibration was observed in auditory and visual leading conditions in these experiments. These results demonstrated that temporal asynchrony adaptation is only effective when the temporal context (onset or offset) of adapting and test events is matched. The present results suggest that the adaptive temporal recalibration process for prolonged audiovisual stimuli depends upon the onset/offset channel processes and awareness of the temporal lag between those stimulus parts, rather than upon some automatic processing of each stimulus part.

当短的视听刺激具有一致的时间滞后时，会发生自适应的时间重新校准，以减少刺激之间的不同步。我们研究了长时间视听刺激下的适应性时间再校准。具体地说，我们研究了当刺激部分可以区分时，刺激的开始和抵消是否会发生时间重新校准。我们还研究了在视听刺激开始（或开始）时恒定的时间滞后（听觉刺激先于视觉刺激240毫秒或0毫秒）是否允许重新校准刺激的偏移（或开始）。实验1和实验2探讨了在适应阶段，当视听刺激的开始（或抵消）是异步的时，时间重新校准是否发生在视听刺激开始（或抵消）时。在这些实验中，仅在听觉引导条件下发现了显著的时间重新校准。实验3和实验4考察了在适应阶段，当视听刺激的开始（或开始）是非同步时，时间重新校准是否发生在视听刺激的开始（或开始）时。在这些实验中，在听觉和视觉领先条件下，没有观察到明显的时间重新校准。这些结果表明，只有当适应和测试事件的时间背景（开始或偏移）相匹配时，时间异步适应才有效。本研究结果表明，长时间视听刺激的适应性时间再校准过程依赖于开始/抵消通道过程和对刺激部分之间时间滞后的认识，而不是依赖于每个刺激部分的某种自动加工。

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引用次数: 0

Structural and functional analysis of the eye according to the accommodation-age relationship 根据适应-年龄关系分析眼睛的结构和功能

IF 1.5 4区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Vision Research

Pub Date : 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108596

María Arcas-Carbonell , Elvira Orduna-Hospital , Sara Oliete-Lorente , María Mechó-García , Guisela Fernández-Espinosa , Ana Sanchez-Cano

This study investigates how accommodative demand affects ocular function by examining variations in the anterior chamber depth (ACD), as well as the retinal and anterior surface curvatures of the crystalline lens across different age groups.

The study included 96 right eyes from healthy individuals aged 18 to 66 years. Accommodation was assessed using an aberrometer under demands up to 5 diopters (D). Images of the anterior segment and retina were recorded and analyzed with custom software to adjust these surfaces to conic curves, providing data on changes in ACD, anterior surface curvature of the crystalline lens, and retinal shape during accommodation.

The average age of participants was 35.42 ± 13.55 years. Accommodation matched the demand at low levels (up to 1D) but under-accommodated at higher demands. No significant differences were found in the anterior surface curvature of the crystalline lens with increased accommodation, though a weak trend was observed in younger individuals. ACD significantly decreased with accommodation due to the anterior displacement of the lens. Retinal curvature showed significant changes, including flattening, with increased accommodative demand. There were correlations between the anterior surface eccentricity of the crystalline lens and both ACD changes and retinal eccentricity.

In conclusion, accommodation effectively responds to demands up to 1D across all ages. Our findings suggest a tendency for retinal curvature to flatten to higher demands, requiring further validation. While the central curvature of the anterior surface of the crystalline lens does not change significantly, ACD decreases with accommodation, indicating how age and presbyopia influence accommodative capacity and structural changes in the eye.

本研究通过检查不同年龄组的前房深度（ACD）以及视网膜和晶状体前表面曲率的变化，探讨了适应性需求如何影响眼功能。该研究包括来自18至66岁的健康个体的96只右眼。在高达5屈光度(D)的要求下，使用像差仪评估调节。记录前段和视网膜的图像，并使用定制软件进行分析，将这些表面调整为圆锥曲线，提供调节期间ACD变化、晶状体前表面曲率和视网膜形状的数据。参与者平均年龄为35.42±13.55岁。住宿满足低水平（至1D）的需求，但较高需求的住宿不足。虽然在年轻人中观察到微弱的趋势，但在晶状体的前表面曲率随着调节的增加而没有发现显著的差异。由于晶状体前移位，ACD随调节而显著降低。随着调节需求的增加，视网膜曲率发生了显著变化，包括变平。晶状体前表面偏心率与ACD变化及视网膜偏心率均有相关性。总之，住宿有效地响应了所有年龄段的需求。我们的研究结果表明，视网膜曲率趋于平坦，以更高的要求，需要进一步验证。虽然晶状体前表面的中心曲率没有明显变化，但ACD随着调节而降低，这表明年龄和老花眼如何影响眼睛的调节能力和结构变化。

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引用次数: 0