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Long term operation of a continuous submerged photocatalytic membrane reactor utilizing membrane distillation: Membrane performance and treatment efficiency 利用膜蒸馏技术的连续浸没式光催化膜反应器的长期运行:膜性能和处理效率
IF 4.5 3区 工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100267
Sylwia Mozia, Revathy Rajakumaran, Joanna Grzechulska-Damszel, Kacper Szymański, Marek Gryta

Long term (200 h) continuous operation of a submerged photocatalytic membrane reactor utilizing direct contact membrane distillation (SPMR-DCMD) is presented. Various types of feed contaminated with ketoprofen were treated: brackish water (BW), seawater (SeaW), and secondary wastewater effluent (SE). Ketoprofen decomposition after 24 h exceeded 99.5 %, regardless of feed type. The distillate showed no toxicity to Aliivibrio fischeri. A significant decrease in flux after 100–124 h of BW and SeaW treatment occurred due to scaling, while for SE the flux remained almost constant for 200 h. This indicates that a shorter study would not allow a proper analysis of the process. A scaling layer was formed regardless of feed type, and the formation of CaSO4⋅2H2O, CaCO3 or (Ca,Mg)CO3 was proved. The porous structure of the deposit during SE treatment prevented significant flux deterioration. The formed TiO2 layer protected the membrane from damage by the growing salt crystals.

介绍了利用直接接触膜蒸馏(SPMR-DCMD)的浸没式光催化膜反应器的长期(200 小时)连续运行情况。受酮洛芬污染的各种进料均得到了处理:苦咸水(BW)、海水(SeaW)和二级废水废水(SE)。24 小时后,无论饲料类型如何,酮洛芬的分解率均超过 99.5%。蒸馏物对弗氏阿里弧菌(Aliivibrio fischeri)无毒性。BW 和 SeaW 处理 100-124 小时后,由于结垢,通量明显下降,而 SE 处理 200 小时后,通量几乎保持不变。无论进料类型如何,都会形成结垢层,并证明形成了 CaSO4⋅2H2O、CaCO3 或 (Ca,Mg)CO3。在 SE 处理过程中,沉积物的多孔结构防止了明显的通量劣化。形成的二氧化钛层保护了膜免受盐晶体生长的破坏。
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引用次数: 0
Climate change's ripple effect on water supply systems and the water-energy nexus – A review 气候变化对供水系统和水与能源关系的连锁反应 - 综述
IF 4.5 3区 工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100266
Weronika Rosińska, Jakub Jurasz, Kornelia Przestrzelska, Katarzyna Wartalska, Bartosz Kaźmierczak

In light of observed climate change dynamics, including intensified precipitation events, prolonged arid spells, and elevating sea and ocean levels, water supply infrastructures face escalating challenges. Some regions are facing significant damage, with failures in network components leading to losses of up to 30 %, while globally, can escalate to tens of millions of cubic meters of water. The spatial analysis of energy consumption in abstraction, transmission, and treatment processes per cubic meter of water carried out in this article highlights the impact of climate change on the choice of specific unit process methods. Consequently, clarifying the complex interaction between water and energy attempted in this work assumes paramount importance in ecological and economic water supply network planning.

根据观测到的气候变化动态,包括降水量增加、干旱期延长以及海平面和洋平面上升,供水基础设施面临着不断升级的挑战。一些地区正面临着重大损失,供水网络组件的故障导致的损失高达 30%,而全球范围内的损失可达数千万立方米。本文对每立方米水在取水、输水和处理过程中的能耗进行了空间分析,强调了气候变化对选择特定单位工艺方法的影响。因此,澄清这项工作中尝试的水与能源之间复杂的相互作用,对于生态和经济供水网络规划至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
A heat pump-driven mechanical vapor compression desalination system and its operating characteristics 热泵驱动的机械蒸汽压缩海水淡化系统及其运行特性
IF 4.5 3区 工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100264
Han Yang , Chunxin Yang , Leiming Geng

The converter valve of ultra-high-voltage direct current grid requires a large amount of cooling water for heat dissipation. Considering the generated waste heat, this study proposes a heat pump-driven mechanical vapor compression (HP-MVC) desalination system based on traditional power-driven mechanical vapor compression (MVC). Using the scaling-endoreversible thermodynamic model, the analytical solutions of the structural equation and operating boundary of the proposed HP-MVC system were derived, which is the innovation of this study. The effects of different component parameters on the thermodynamic characteristics and operation boundaries of the HP-MVC were determined. The results revealed that the HP-MVC system alternately exhibited heat-drive dominant and power-drive dominant modes, in which the specific power consumption was lower in the former. When the recovery ratio was 0.3, with an increase in the pressure ratio from 1.15 to 1.50, the heat supplemented by the heat pump decreased by 31.9 %, and the specific power consumption increased by 63.1 %. The analytical solutions of the structural equation provide a theoretical basis for the efficient operation of the system, and the operation boundaries demonstrate the difference between HP-MVC and traditional MVC. The HP-MVC reduces heat dissipation requirements and results in a more energy-efficient desalination system, which is a typical mutually beneficial design and worth promoting.

特高压直流电网的换流阀需要大量冷却水进行散热。考虑到产生的余热,本研究在传统电力驱动机械蒸汽压缩(MVC)的基础上,提出了一种热泵驱动机械蒸汽压缩(HP-MVC)海水淡化系统。利用比例-内可逆热力学模型,推导出了拟议的 HP-MVC 系统的结构方程和运行边界的解析解,这是本研究的创新之处。研究确定了不同组件参数对 HP-MVC 热力学特性和运行边界的影响。结果表明,HP-MVC 系统交替表现出热驱动主导模式和功率驱动主导模式,其中前者的比功耗较低。当回收比为 0.3 时,压力比从 1.15 增加到 1.50,热泵补充的热量减少了 31.9%,比功耗增加了 63.1%。结构方程的分析解为系统的高效运行提供了理论依据,而运行边界则证明了 HP-MVC 与传统 MVC 的区别。HP-MVC 降低了散热要求,使海水淡化系统更加节能,是一种典型的互利设计,值得推广。
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引用次数: 0
Proposal and design a comprehensive framework to provide water and energy from rain and precipitation 建议并设计一个综合框架,利用雨水和降水提供水和能源
IF 4.5 3区 工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100263
Amin Hadidi

In this paper a new renewable energy source was proposed based on rain power. Rain energy was not used as an energy source up to now; so, in this research its applicability was investigated as a green large scale power source. Hence, three innovative mechanisms were presented to harvest the energy of rain. Firstly, the kinetic energy of rain drops was converted to electricity using piezoelectric harvesters designed and named as Pizo-panel collectors. Secondly, potential energy of collected rainwater was enhanced by utilizing designed towers and converted to electricity using a water turbine. Thirdly, collected water was used in osmotic power units to generate electricity from the salinity gradient of that rain water and brine. The results show that generated power in the presented power plant named as rain power plant, was considerable and can be used for diversifying of energy basket. In addition to power generation, collected water in the rain power plant can be used for supplying urban and agricultural need for water. The presented power source not only does not have destructive impacts on the environment, but also helps the soil to prevent it from splash and crusting erosion. The results showed that total global annual rain energy potential amount was estimated to be 3.44 × 108 GW h which is comparable with global potential of solar energy. Also, the results showed that for rainy areas with an annual rainfall of 200 cm, 2.59 kW h/m2 could be produced, which is equal to 51.7 MW h for an area of 200,000 m2.

本文提出了一种基于雨能的新型可再生能源。到目前为止,雨能还没有被用作一种能源;因此,在这项研究中,对雨能作为一种大规模绿色能源的适用性进行了调查。因此,提出了三种创新机制来收集雨能。首先,利用压电收集器将雨滴的动能转化为电能,这种收集器被设计并命名为 "Pizo-panel 收集器"。其次,利用设计的塔增强收集雨水的势能,并利用水轮机将其转化为电能。第三,将收集到的水用于渗透发电装置,利用雨水和盐水的盐度梯度发电。结果表明,该发电站(雨水发电站)的发电量相当可观,可用于实现能源篮子的多样化。除发电外,雨水发电厂收集的水还可用于满足城市和农业用水需求。这种发电方式不仅不会对环境造成破坏性影响,还能帮助土壤防止飞溅和板结侵蚀。研究结果表明,全球每年雨能的总潜力估计为 3.44 × 108 GW h,与全球太阳能的潜力相当。结果还显示,在年降雨量为 200 厘米的多雨地区,每平方米可产生 2.59 千瓦时,相当于 20 万平方米面积可产生 51.7 兆瓦时。
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引用次数: 0
Modelling and optimising of MED-TVC seawater desalination plants assisted with electric heaters 使用电加热器辅助的 MED-TVC 海水淡化设备的建模和优化
IF 4.5 3区 工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100262
Reza Shahouni , Mohsen Abbasi , Mohammad Kord , Mohammad Akrami

One major issue with MED-TVC systems, a widely used thermal-based desalination technology, is their high energy consumption and carbon emissions. This underscores the importance of optimising and integrating these thermal-based desalination technologies with sustainable energy systems to utilize their waste heat and enhance the performance of these plants effectively. This research aimed to optimize and address the environmental challenges of MED-TVC desalination plants in areas with insufficient sunlight, unstable weather conditions, and limited economic resources. To this end, a model of an electric heater for generating thermal energy coupled with an optimized MED-TVC desalination plant was proposed. The MED-TVC section was optimized by incorporating an additional ejector in the final stage of MED-TVC demonstrating an increase of over 11 % in evacuating non-condensable gases from the last effect and increasing the product water by up to 14.89 %. Regarding the design of the electric heating elements used in electric heaters, the use of one-plus-two U-tubes with helical baffles was more efficient than multi-layer U-tubes with segmental baffles as improved the pressure loss of the thermal fluid by 25 % and increased the heat transfer coefficient of the heating elements to 18 %. The power section was also equipped with an off-grid system to provide the necessary power for the equipment of the proposed model. In the economic analysis of employing a parabolic trough solar collector and electric heaters, not only were the direct costs of the electric heaters almost equal to just 40 % of the direct costs of the parabolic trough solar collector approach but also the required thermal fluid was 50 % of the solar case.

MED-TVC 系统是一种广泛使用的热法海水淡化技术,其主要问题是能耗高、碳排放量大。这凸显了优化这些热法海水淡化技术并将其与可持续能源系统集成,以利用其余热并有效提高这些工厂性能的重要性。本研究旨在优化和解决日照不足、气候条件不稳定和经济资源有限地区的 MED-TVC 海水淡化厂所面临的环境挑战。为此,我们提出了一个用于产生热能的电加热器模型,该模型与经过优化的 MED-TVC 海水淡化厂相结合。通过在 MED-TVC 的最后阶段增加一个喷射器,对 MED-TVC 部分进行了优化,结果表明,从最后阶段排出的不凝性气体增加了 11%,产品水增加了 14.89%。关于电加热器中使用的电加热元件的设计,使用带有螺旋挡板的一加二 U 形管比带有分段挡板的多层 U 形管更有效,因为热流体的压力损失降低了 25%,加热元件的传热系数提高了 18%。动力部分还配备了离网系统,为拟议模型的设备提供必要的电力。在采用抛物槽太阳能集热器和电加热器的经济分析中,不仅电加热器的直接成本几乎只相当于抛物槽太阳能集热器直接成本的 40%,而且所需的导热液体也是太阳能情况下的 50%。
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引用次数: 0
Removal of a model reactive azo dye from aqueous solution by a bioadsorbent in batch and fixed-bed column modes: Application of the developed technology to a textile wastewater 生物吸附剂在间歇和固定床柱模式下去除水溶液中的一种活性偶氮染料:在纺织废水中应用所开发的技术
IF 4.5 3区 工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100261
Natália Roberta Marques Tanure , Luisa Cardoso Maia , Liliane Catone Soares , Megg Madonyk Cota Elias , Grazielle Pereira da Silva , Eduardo Ribeiro de Azevedo , Leandro Vinícius Alves Gurgel

Sugarcane bagasse (SB) was used to produce a new bioadsorbent (STEA), drawing on circular economy concepts. STEA was synthesized using a two-step one-pot reaction, employing epichlorohydrin and triethylamine in the presence of N,N-dimethylformamide, without the use of a petroleum-based catalyst. The structure and surface of STEA were characterized by elemental C, H, N, and Cl analysis, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, specific surface area and pore size distribution determination, and point of zero charge measurement. Batch adsorption and desorption tests were performed with the model dye Remazol Golden Yellow (RGY) RNL, a reactive anionic azo dye widely used in textile industry, to evaluate the potential reuse and application of STEA in a fixed-bed column for wastewater treatment. For batch adsorption, the best dose and agitation speed were 0.2 g L−1 and 50 rpm, respectively. STEA effectively removed RGY over a wide range of pH (2.00–10.00). The equilibrium time, maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax), and desorption efficiency (Edes) were 720 min, 369 mg g−1 (0.71 mmol g−1), and 49.5 %, respectively. The fixed-bed column fed with a spiked aqueous RGY solution could be operated for 415 min, with Qmax of 422 mg g−1 (0.81 mmol g−1) and Edes of 58.9 %. Batch and continuous experiments using real textile industry wastewater containing reactive azo dyes showed high color removal efficiency by STEA, with no interference of other compounds present in wastewater on adsorption of the reactive azo dyes (overshooting effect). The technology was validated in a relevant environment and achieved technology readiness level 5, showing potential to be upscaled. Therefore, STEA proved to be an efficient bio-based technology for application in tertiary treatment of real textile plant wastewater to remove reactive anionic azo dyes.

利用甘蔗渣(SB)生产新型生物吸附剂(STEA),借鉴了循环经济理念。STEA 是在不使用石油催化剂的情况下,利用环氧氯丙烷和三乙胺在 N,N-二甲基甲酰胺存在下进行两步一步反应合成的。通过 C、H、N 和 Cl 元素分析、X 射线衍射、红外光谱、13C 固态核磁共振光谱、热重分析、比表面积和孔径分布测定以及零点电荷测量,对 STEA 的结构和表面进行了表征。为了评估 STEA 在固定床色谱柱废水处理中的再利用和应用潜力,对广泛用于纺织工业的活性阴离子偶氮染料 Remazol Golden Yellow (RGY) RNL 进行了批量吸附和解吸试验。在批量吸附中,最佳剂量和搅拌速度分别为 0.2 g L-1 和 50 rpm。STEA 可在较宽的 pH 值范围(2.00-10.00)内有效去除 RGY。平衡时间、最大吸附容量(Qmax)和解吸效率(Edes)分别为 720 分钟、369 mg g-1(0.71 mmol g-1)和 49.5%。注入加标 RGY 水溶液的固定床色谱柱可运行 415 分钟,Qmax 为 422 mg g-1(0.81 mmol g-1),Edes 为 58.9%。使用含有活性偶氮染料的实际纺织工业废水进行的批量和连续实验表明,STEA 的除色效率很高,废水中存在的其他化合物对活性偶氮染料的吸附没有干扰(过冲效应)。该技术在相关环境中进行了验证,并达到了技术就绪程度 5 级,显示出升级的潜力。因此,STEA 被证明是一种高效的生物技术,可用于实际纺织厂废水的三级处理,以去除活性阴离子偶氮染料。
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引用次数: 0
Application of photocatalytic and fenton processes for the degradation of toxic pollutants from pulp and paper industry effluents 应用光催化和芬顿法降解纸浆和造纸工业污水中的有毒污染物
IF 4.5 3区 工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2024-06-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100260
Mohammad Saleh Shafeeyan

Pulp and paper mill effluents represent a significant environmental concern due to the presence of various toxic organic and inorganic pollutants, posing risks even at low concentrations. With the paper production process consuming approximately 200 tons of water per ton of paper and generating effluents containing over 250 different chemicals, effective treatment methods are essential to mitigate the environmental impact of the pulp and paper (PP) industry. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of heterogeneous and homogeneous photocatalytic treatments for PP industry-derived effluents, targeting reductions in major pollutant concentrations below environmental standards. A thorough review of the literature on pollutant removal from PP effluents using photocatalytic treatment, particularly employing UV/TiO2 and UV/ZnO photocatalysts, reveals significant removal rates. Doped photocatalysts have shown enhanced performance, achieving removal percentages of 98 % for BOD and COD, and 99 % for color and lignin. Additionally, Fenton and photo-Fenton treatment techniques have demonstrated high removal efficiencies for BOD, COD, color, and lignin.

纸浆和造纸厂排放的废水是一个重大的环境问题,因为其中含有各种有毒的有机和无机污染物,即使浓度很低也会带来风险。造纸过程中每吨纸约消耗 200 吨水,产生的废水中含有 250 多种不同的化学物质,因此有效的处理方法对于减轻制浆造纸(PP)行业对环境的影响至关重要。本研究全面评估了异质和均质光催化处理 PP 行业废水的效果,目标是将主要污染物浓度降至环境标准以下。对利用光催化处理(特别是采用紫外线/二氧化钛和紫外线/氧化锌光催化剂)去除聚丙烯废水中污染物的文献进行了全面回顾,发现去除率非常高。掺杂光催化剂的性能有所提高,对生化需氧量和化学需氧量的去除率达到 98%,对色素和木质素的去除率达到 99%。此外,芬顿和光-芬顿处理技术对生化需氧量、化学需氧量、颜色和木质素的去除率也很高。
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引用次数: 0
The perils of building big: Desalination sustainability and brine regulation in the Arab Gulf countries 大兴土木的危险:阿拉伯海湾国家海水淡化的可持续性和盐水监管
IF 5.1 3区 工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100259
Mohammad Al-Saidi , Ann-Katrin Ellermann , Markus Frederic Fittkow , Tobias Romanus Perillieux , Imen Saadaoui , Radhouane Ben-Hamadou

Seawater desalination has become an accessible option for augmenting freshwater supplies worldwide. In the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), it has been practiced for decades as the main source for domestic water use. Sustainable desalination requires addressing environmental impacts including damage to ecosystems from the high volumes of brine in the Gulf. This paper examines challenges related to environmental regulation of brine management in the Arab Gulf countries using the example of Qatar. It analyzes the brine challenge through infrastructure planning policies and stakeholders’ perceptions. The brine issue has been identified as a major environmental concern that requires action through discharge infrastructure, brine management technologies, and regulatory approaches based on quality thresholds and monitoring systems. Although there is a high level of agreement on the solvability of the brine issue, there are limitations with regard to the high reliance on desalination rendered through large-scale infrastructure. These limitations necessitate complementary water supply infrastructure for storage or the development of other sources through water reuse and storage. While water security considerations require prioritization of protection and supply continuity through desalination, incremental change through a stepwise dual approach of brine management and regulation is still possible.

海水淡化已成为全世界增加淡水供应的一种便捷选择。在海湾合作委员会(GCC)国家,海水淡化作为家庭用水的主要来源已实行了几十年。可持续的海水淡化需要解决环境影响问题,包括海湾地区大量盐水对生态系统造成的破坏。本文以卡塔尔为例,探讨了阿拉伯海湾国家在盐水管理的环境监管方面面临的挑战。本文通过基础设施规划政策和利益相关者的看法分析了盐水带来的挑战。盐水问题已被确定为主要的环境问题,需要通过排放基础设施、盐水管理技术以及基于质量阈值和监测系统的监管方法采取行动。尽管人们对盐水问题的可解决性达成了高度共识,但由于高度依赖通过大型基础设施提供的海水淡化,因此存在一些局限性。由于这些局限性,有必要补充用于储存的供水基础设施,或通过水的再利用和储存来开发其他水源。虽然出于水安全的考虑,需要优先考虑通过海水淡化来保护和保持供应的连续性,但仍有可能通过盐水管理和监管的渐进式双管齐下方法来实现渐进式变革。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental investigation of simultaneous nitrification-denitrification and phosphorus removal in pilot-scale sequencing batch moving bed biofilm reactors (SB-MBBRs) 中试规模序批式移动床生物膜反应器(SB-MBBR)中硝化-反硝化和除磷同步进行的实验研究
IF 5.1 3区 工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100258
A.B. Fanta , S. Sægrov , K. Azrague , S.W. Østerhus

Sequencing batch moving bed biofilm reactors have been widely used in commercial wastewater treatment facilities for organic carbon and nitrogen removal. However, these reactors can remove low phosphorus (P) levels. Therefore, this study investigated the potential of SB-MBBRs for maximizing simultaneous nitrification-denitrification and P removal (SNDPR) potential from P-rich municipal wastewater impacted by industrial discharges. A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of external volatile fatty acid (VFA) dosing, airflow rate, and temperature on SNDPR using pilot-scale SBMBBRs. Stable and robust SNDPR was achieved with an optimum acetic acid supply of 150 mg SCOD/L, at 20 oC and 2.5 L air/min. A low airflow rate (AFR) and high-temperature conditions affected P release and uptake kinetics. Efficient PHA storage, dissolved oxygen (DO) transfer (outer layer), DO diffusion limitation (inner layer) of biofilm, and conversion of NH4-N to NO2-N/NO3-N enhanced SNDPR in the two pilot SB-MBBRs.

序批式移动床生物膜反应器已广泛应用于商业废水处理设施,用于去除有机碳和氮。然而,这些反应器去除磷(P)的水平较低。因此,本研究调查了移动床生物膜反应器(SB-MBBR)在最大限度地同时去除受工业排放影响的富含磷的城市污水中的硝化-反硝化和磷(SNDPR)方面的潜力。利用中试规模的 SBMBBR 进行了一系列实验,研究外部挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)投加量、气流速率和温度对 SNDPR 的影响。在 20 oC 和 2.5 L 空气/分钟的条件下,最佳醋酸供应量为 150 mg SCOD/L,从而实现了稳定和稳健的 SNDPR。低气流速率(AFR)和高温条件影响了 P 的释放和吸收动力学。高效的 PHA 储存、生物膜的溶解氧(DO)传输(外层)、溶解氧扩散限制(内层)以及 NH4-N 向 NO2-N/NO3-N 的转化提高了两个中试 SB-MBBR 的 SNDPR。
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引用次数: 0
Degradation of enrofloxacin with natural manganese oxides and enhancement by manganese oxidizing bacteria 天然锰氧化物对恩诺沙星的降解作用及锰氧化细菌的强化作用
IF 5.1 3区 工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100257
Qiqi Zhang, Yiming Tan, Ying Chen, Anlin Xu, Yongjun Zhang

Natural manganese oxides (n-MnOx) widely exist in the nature and may contribute to the elimination of organic contaminants. The present study investigated the degradation of frequently detected fluoroquinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin (EFX) and the degradation kinetics were analyzed. During the reaction, the valence of Mn in n-MnOx changed with the release of Mn ions. It was also found that combing manganese oxidizing bacteria with n-MnOx can enhance the degradation of EFX and alter the degradation pathway as well. The transformation products of EFX were analyzed with UPLC-MS/MS, which revealed seven products. Based on them, it is proposed that the degradation may start with the dehydrogenation from the piperazine moiety that was further broken down. Respirometry tests demonstrated that the degradation with n-MnOx significantly reduced the toxicity of EFX. This study proved the oxidation with n-MnOx as a simple and effective technology to remediate the contamination of enrofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones and the potential of combing the special capacity of microorganisms.

天然锰氧化物(n-MnOx)广泛存在于自然界中,可能有助于消除有机污染物。本研究调查了经常检测到的氟喹诺酮类抗生素恩诺沙星(EFX)的降解情况,并分析了其降解动力学。在反应过程中,正锰氧化物中锰的价态随着锰离子的释放而发生变化。研究还发现,将锰氧化细菌与 n-MnOx 结合使用可增强 EFX 的降解能力,并改变降解途径。利用 UPLC-MS/MS 分析了 EFX 的转化产物,发现有七种产物。据此推测,降解可能是从哌嗪分子的脱氢反应开始,然后进一步分解。呼吸测定法测试表明,使用 n-MnOx 进行降解可大大降低 EFX 的毒性。这项研究证明,使用 n-MnOx 进行氧化是一种简单而有效的技术,可以解决恩诺沙星和其他氟喹诺酮类药物的污染问题,并具有结合微生物特殊能力的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
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Water Resources and Industry
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