Water Resources and Industry最新文献

Leachate formation is one of the most important factors taken into account during the operation and long-term management of municipal waste landfills. Systematic assessment of groundwater and leachate contamination may be useful in selecting the appropriate method of leachate management or treatment processes. The use of indicators to quantify the contamination potential of leachate and groundwater in the vicinity of MSW could help landfill managers assess their quality. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the representativeness of selected indicator methods for analyzing the temporal variability of leachate and groundwater properties in the vicinity of two municipal waste landfills in a Central European country (Poland). The leachate pollution index (LPI), sub-LPI and adjusted leachate pollution index (r-LPI) were used to assess the quality of leachate water, while the landfill water pollution index (LWPI) was used to assess the variability of groundwater quality. The results confirmed that LWPI is an effective method for assessing the quality of groundwater in the vicinity of municipal waste landfills. The obtained results confirm the negative impact of landfills, despite the insulation used. LWPI showed poor quality of groundwater and visible impact of the landfill (landfill W, average LWPI - 2.34) and moderately polluted waters and minor impact of the landfill (landfill S, average LWPI - 1.37). In most cases, it was observed that two parameters, EC and TOC, are the main factors contributing to the deterioration of groundwater quality. The sub-LPI analysis showed that leachates from both landfills have a very low content of heavy metals, so they should not have a negative impact on the biological treatment process. The obtained r-LPI values were in all cases higher than the calculated LPI values. For landfill S, the average r-LPI was 26.3 (Z-1) and 25.7 (Z-2). However, the average LPI was 13.5 (Z-1) and 13.2 (Z-2). For landfill W, the average r-LPI was 14.6 and the average LPI was 11.4. Analysis conducted on multi-year leachate and groundwater data using specific indicators can help managers better understand the impact of MSW on surrounding areas and help avoid potential operational problems in the future.

Long term (200 h) continuous operation of a submerged photocatalytic membrane reactor utilizing direct contact membrane distillation (SPMR-DCMD) is presented. Various types of feed contaminated with ketoprofen were treated: brackish water (BW), seawater (SeaW), and secondary wastewater effluent (SE). Ketoprofen decomposition after 24 h exceeded 99.5 %, regardless of feed type. The distillate showed no toxicity to Aliivibrio fischeri. A significant decrease in flux after 100–124 h of BW and SeaW treatment occurred due to scaling, while for SE the flux remained almost constant for 200 h. This indicates that a shorter study would not allow a proper analysis of the process. A scaling layer was formed regardless of feed type, and the formation of CaSO₄⋅2H₂O, CaCO₃ or (Ca,Mg)CO₃ was proved. The porous structure of the deposit during SE treatment prevented significant flux deterioration. The formed TiO₂ layer protected the membrane from damage by the growing salt crystals.

In light of observed climate change dynamics, including intensified precipitation events, prolonged arid spells, and elevating sea and ocean levels, water supply infrastructures face escalating challenges. Some regions are facing significant damage, with failures in network components leading to losses of up to 30 %, while globally, can escalate to tens of millions of cubic meters of water. The spatial analysis of energy consumption in abstraction, transmission, and treatment processes per cubic meter of water carried out in this article highlights the impact of climate change on the choice of specific unit process methods. Consequently, clarifying the complex interaction between water and energy attempted in this work assumes paramount importance in ecological and economic water supply network planning.

The converter valve of ultra-high-voltage direct current grid requires a large amount of cooling water for heat dissipation. Considering the generated waste heat, this study proposes a heat pump-driven mechanical vapor compression (HP-MVC) desalination system based on traditional power-driven mechanical vapor compression (MVC). Using the scaling-endoreversible thermodynamic model, the analytical solutions of the structural equation and operating boundary of the proposed HP-MVC system were derived, which is the innovation of this study. The effects of different component parameters on the thermodynamic characteristics and operation boundaries of the HP-MVC were determined. The results revealed that the HP-MVC system alternately exhibited heat-drive dominant and power-drive dominant modes, in which the specific power consumption was lower in the former. When the recovery ratio was 0.3, with an increase in the pressure ratio from 1.15 to 1.50, the heat supplemented by the heat pump decreased by 31.9 %, and the specific power consumption increased by 63.1 %. The analytical solutions of the structural equation provide a theoretical basis for the efficient operation of the system, and the operation boundaries demonstrate the difference between HP-MVC and traditional MVC. The HP-MVC reduces heat dissipation requirements and results in a more energy-efficient desalination system, which is a typical mutually beneficial design and worth promoting.

In this paper a new renewable energy source was proposed based on rain power. Rain energy was not used as an energy source up to now; so, in this research its applicability was investigated as a green large scale power source. Hence, three innovative mechanisms were presented to harvest the energy of rain. Firstly, the kinetic energy of rain drops was converted to electricity using piezoelectric harvesters designed and named as Pizo-panel collectors. Secondly, potential energy of collected rainwater was enhanced by utilizing designed towers and converted to electricity using a water turbine. Thirdly, collected water was used in osmotic power units to generate electricity from the salinity gradient of that rain water and brine. The results show that generated power in the presented power plant named as rain power plant, was considerable and can be used for diversifying of energy basket. In addition to power generation, collected water in the rain power plant can be used for supplying urban and agricultural need for water. The presented power source not only does not have destructive impacts on the environment, but also helps the soil to prevent it from splash and crusting erosion. The results showed that total global annual rain energy potential amount was estimated to be 3.44 × 10⁸ GW h which is comparable with global potential of solar energy. Also, the results showed that for rainy areas with an annual rainfall of 200 cm, 2.59 kW h/m² could be produced, which is equal to 51.7 MW h for an area of 200,000 m².

One major issue with MED-TVC systems, a widely used thermal-based desalination technology, is their high energy consumption and carbon emissions. This underscores the importance of optimising and integrating these thermal-based desalination technologies with sustainable energy systems to utilize their waste heat and enhance the performance of these plants effectively. This research aimed to optimize and address the environmental challenges of MED-TVC desalination plants in areas with insufficient sunlight, unstable weather conditions, and limited economic resources. To this end, a model of an electric heater for generating thermal energy coupled with an optimized MED-TVC desalination plant was proposed. The MED-TVC section was optimized by incorporating an additional ejector in the final stage of MED-TVC demonstrating an increase of over 11 % in evacuating non-condensable gases from the last effect and increasing the product water by up to 14.89 %. Regarding the design of the electric heating elements used in electric heaters, the use of one-plus-two U-tubes with helical baffles was more efficient than multi-layer U-tubes with segmental baffles as improved the pressure loss of the thermal fluid by 25 % and increased the heat transfer coefficient of the heating elements to 18 %. The power section was also equipped with an off-grid system to provide the necessary power for the equipment of the proposed model. In the economic analysis of employing a parabolic trough solar collector and electric heaters, not only were the direct costs of the electric heaters almost equal to just 40 % of the direct costs of the parabolic trough solar collector approach but also the required thermal fluid was 50 % of the solar case.