Water Resources and Industry最新文献_第2页

Experimental and computational investigation of cold atmospheric plasma/visible-light/N-TiO2 in treatment of synthetic and real wastewaters

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES

Water Resources and Industry

Pub Date : 2024-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100276

Mohsen Sheydaei, Parisa Moharramkhani, Baharak Ayoubi-Feiz, Farhad Khodabandeloo

Cold atmospheric plasma and visible-light photocatalysis (CAPVP) is considered as an effective advanced oxidation process. Experimental and computational investigation of CAPVP application for treatment of synthetic and industrial wastewaters was conducted for the first time in this work. N-TiO₂ as a visible-light photocatalyst was synthesized and characterized. The CAPVP reactor was developed and its performance in synthetic (cefixime) and real wastewater (Eshtehard Industrial Zone, Iran) was investigated. The effect of catalyst dosage, discharge voltage, inlet gas, visible-light power, and electrode distance from water surface was investigated on the cefixime degradation efficiency. The combined CAPVP with catalyst dosage = 1 g L⁻¹, air flow rate = 5 L min^-1 under visible-light power of 36 W with discharge voltage = 35 kV and the electrode-water surface distance of 5 mm caused about 95 % cefixime degradation after 20 min. A three-layered feed forward back propagation artificial neural network was developed for analysis of different variables influence on the CAPVP process. Findings showed that the catalyst dosage and discharge voltage had the highest effect on the degradation among the investigated variables. Also, the comparative experiments showed that the efficiency of the CAPVP was higher than that of one stage photocatalysis and plasma processes and showed a synergistic coefficient of 3.06. Furthermore, the CAPVP was used to treat the effluent of the real industrial wastewater and the effect of the catalyst dosage and discharge voltage was investigated on treatment efficiency. The results indicated that the combined process for 240 min reduced the COD of the effluent of Eshtehard Industrial Zone up to 95 %.

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引用次数: 0

The hydrological hazard in artificially-drained mining and post-mining areas–A significant environmental aspect requiring systemic management

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES

Water Resources and Industry

Pub Date : 2024-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100275

Dariusz Ignacy

This paper describes a case study of a highly urbanized artificially-drained mine subsidence area massively impacted by mining. Within this area, the surface has subsided over 40 m and the area threatened by flooding is 18 times larger than the observable inundation today. This surface relief disturbance and hydrological hazard is shown using the author's innovative concepts in the form of relative elevation models and four hydrological hazard frameworks. This paper contains analyses supporting the main thesis that in highly transformed and artificially-drained mining and post-mining areas, the hydrological hazard should be classified as a significant environmental aspect requiring systemic management. It outlines in detail the above premise by describing the inter-related mining and non-mining processes causing changes to the hydrological hazard leading to the subsequent complexity of mitigation measures. The introduction of relative elevation models and newly-defined hydrological hazard frameworks are projected onto a site-specific hydromorphologic map. This map forms the hydrological basis for identifying and dimensioning existing flood-related geohazards. The innovative contribution is the ability to incorporate time-related data to assess past and future hydrological hazards. This knowledge makes it possible to simplify flood-related geohazard mitigation. Additionally, it affords policy-makers a range of options regarding future spatial planning to optimize land-use according to societal will. To date, environmental management systems do not sufficiently take into account the mining-induced hydrological hazard in mine subsidence areas. The main goal of this paper is to show that the existing gap in management capability of the hydrological hazard and flood-related geohazards and risks can be resolved by the author's novel site-specific decision support tools.

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引用次数: 0

Si-N doped eucalyptus biochar supported TiO2-ZnO (Si-N@EBC/3TiZn) as novel solar light responsive photocatalyst for enhanced degradation of cationic dye in aqueous solution

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES

Water Resources and Industry

Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100274

Adeyinka S. Yusuff , Lukman S. Mustapha , Khairia M. Al-Ahmary , Elham A. Alzahrani , Jamelah S. Al-Otaibi , Mazen R. Alrahili

A novel Si-N@EBC/3TiZn composite was developed, analyzed and utilized as a photocatalyst for methylene blue (MB) degradation. The Si-N@EBC/3TiZn at various compositions of Si-N@EBC was investigated and exhibited excellent photoactivity for degradation reaction when the Si-N@EBC composition in the photocatalyst was 30%. Textural analysis showed that 30%Si–N@EBC/3TiZn was a mesoporous material with 80.3 m²/g specific surface area and 19.3 nm pore diameter, while optical analysis showed a remarkable reduction in the band gap of the sample, making it a solar light responsive photocatalyst. The percent MB removal from the photodegradation process was 98.61

\pm

0.21% at optimal initial MB concentration of 24.7 mg/L, pH of 9.84, 30%Si–N@EBC/3TiZn dosage of 1.16 g/L and irradiation period of 51.7 min. The pseudo-first-order L-H model provided a good fit to the MB photocatalytic degradation data with high

R^{2}

values. 30%Si–N@EBC/3TiZn was recycled eight times, with 90.78% degradation occurring at the 8th run.

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引用次数: 0

Numerical simulations of solid suspensions in a gravity thickener

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES

Water Resources and Industry

Pub Date : 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100273

Mahmoud Alzoubi , Antoine Monot , David Rancourt , Sébastien Poncet

Reducing the overall water and energy consumptions in deep mines is a necessity in moving toward a more sustainable mining industry. Underground water treatment is a key requirement to achieve this goal. This study numerically investigates the dynamics of a continuous decantation process as a technique to recycle and reuse wastewater in deep mines without pumping it to the surface. A three-dimensional mathematical model that considers the conservation of mass and momentum has been derived, validated, and implemented to simulate the turbulent two-phase flow inside a decantation tank. The validation is achieved by comparing the numerical simulations to experimental data from the literature for two reference cases: (i) turbulent slurry flows (water and glass particles) in a horizontal pipe; (ii) turbulent swirling flow of limestone ore - water in a hydrocyclone. The framework of the validated model has been extended to examine the effect of various design parameters on the efficiency of a full-scale conical-shaped decantation tank (diameter of 1 [m] and total height of 0.97 [m]). The inlet values of flowrate and particle volume concentration are fixed to 50 [GPM] and 4.5 [%], respectively. The diameter and density of the solid particles are equal to 150 [μm] and 1.15, respectively. The results compare the efficiency of 20 different designs of the decantation tank (with/without inner cylinder, scrapers, feedwell, …) in terms of the overflow water quality. The results indicate that the efficiency of the decantation tank increases with inner surface area at fixed volume. Also the plain decanter with scrapers exhibits the highest efficiency, whereas the design with the center extract performs the worst.

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引用次数: 0

Groundwater potential in mining regions for drinking water supply: A case study of the Żelatowa intake (Chrzanów, Poland) 矿区地下水用于饮用水供应的潜力：Żelatowa取水口（波兰Chrzanów）案例研究

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES

Water Resources and Industry

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100272

Katarzyna Wawrzonek , Katarzyna Wątor , Mateusz Topolewski , Agata Kasprzak , Ewa Kmiecik

Sustainable development of groundwater resources in regions affected by mining activity requires a comprehensive view of the problem from both a hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical perspective. As groundwater serves as a main source of drinking water in many regions of the world, it is necessary to recognise the potential of mine waters and their real influence on its quality. This study analyses the long-term dynamics of changes in drinking water quality from deep wells S1, S2, and S3 comprising the Żelatowa intake (Chrzanów, Poland), which is located in an area of intensive mining activity. Analysis of the data showed that mining operations are affecting water quality, as observed by upward trends for electrical conductivity, total hardness, and concentrations of certain ions between 2016 and 2021, and downward trends from 2022 onwards. The greatest adverse changes in water quality were observed in well S2 (Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, SO₄²⁻ concentrations and total hardness do not meet the requirements of Directive 2020/2184), the water requiring mixing with water from other wells to ensure that it is of suitable quality for drinking purposes. The PHREEQC software was successfully used to predict the chemical composition of the final mixture, which meets the requirements of appropriate regulations. The water from the Żelatowa intake can have an adverse effect on the water supply system, which has been proven by several scaling and corrosion indices. Continuous monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of these waters is essential to ensure the safety of the drinking water supply for the surrounding population.

要实现受采矿活动影响地区地下水资源的可持续发展，就必须从水文地质和水文地质化学的角度全面看待这一问题。由于地下水是世界许多地区的主要饮用水源，因此有必要认识到矿井水的潜力及其对水质的实际影响。本研究分析了Żelatowa 取水口（波兰 Chrzanów）深井 S1、S2 和 S3 饮用水水质的长期动态变化，该取水口位于采矿活动密集的地区。数据分析显示，采矿作业正在影响水质，2016 年至 2021 年期间，电导率、总硬度和某些离子的浓度呈上升趋势，2022 年以后呈下降趋势。S2 井的水质变化最大（Fe2+、Mn2+、SO42- 浓度和总硬度不符合 2020/2184 号指令的要求），需要与其他水井的水混合，以确保水质适合饮用。PHREEQC 软件成功地预测了最终混合物的化学成分，符合相关法规的要求。泽拉托瓦（Żelatowa）取水口的水可能会对供水系统产生不利影响，这一点已被多个结垢和腐蚀指数所证实。对这些水的理化参数进行持续监测对于确保周围居民的饮用水供应安全至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of the effectiveness of organic compounds from the amine group in precipitating ions from soda production wastewater 胺类有机化合物沉淀制碱废水中离子的效果分析

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES

Water Resources and Industry

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100271

Janina Piekutin , Adam Gołub , Jacek Leszczyński

Treating wastewater from the soda industry is a complicated and lengthy process, requiring a great deal of labor and financial resources. No method has yet been developed to eliminate the environmental damage caused by the soda industry entirely. The leakage of highly contaminated soda production wastewater into soils, groundwater, and surface water can cause corrosion of water infrastructure and deterioration of water quality for both drinking and agricultural use. Soil contamination from post-production wastewater leads to erosion and adversely affects vegetation. The work focused on the removal of chloride, sulfate, calcium, and sodium from soda production wastewater by precipitation using organic solvents such as isopropylamine (IPA), diisopropylamine (DIPA), propylamine (PA) and ethylamine (EA) in various proportions. Statistical modelling through Bayesian beta regression was used to select the amine most effectively removing the tested ions in precipitate form. The effect of precipitating agent dosage on the pH and conductivity of the solution was also investigated. Samples of wastewater obtained from the soda industry were characterized by high values of pH (up to 11.9), specific electrolytic conductivity (up to 128 mS cm⁻¹), and high concentrations of sodium (up to 13 g L⁻¹), chloride (up to 60 g L⁻¹) and calcium (up to 24 g L⁻¹) ions. Solvent-based precipitation showed that organic solvents are effective in precipitating salts from wastewater from the soda industry. Sulfate and chloride removal efficiencies of 85.1 and 34 %, respectively, were observed. Statistical analysis showed that isopropylamine was the most effective amine for ion removal.

处理苏打工业的废水是一个复杂而漫长的过程，需要大量的人力和财力。目前还没有一种方法可以完全消除苏打工业对环境造成的破坏。高度污染的苏打生产废水渗漏到土壤、地下水和地表水中，会腐蚀水利基础设施，导致饮用水和农业用水的水质恶化。生产后废水造成的土壤污染会导致水土流失，并对植被产生不利影响。这项工作的重点是使用异丙胺（IPA）、二异丙胺（DIPA）、丙胺（PA）和乙胺（EA）等不同比例的有机溶剂，通过沉淀去除制碱废水中的氯化物、硫酸盐、钙和钠。通过贝叶斯贝塔回归法建立统计模型，以选择能最有效地去除沉淀形式的受测离子的胺。此外，还研究了沉淀剂用量对溶液 pH 值和电导率的影响。苏打工业废水样本的特点是 pH 值高（高达 11.9），比电解电导率高（高达 128 mS cm-1），钠离子（高达 13 g L-1）、氯离子（高达 60 g L-1）和钙离子（高达 24 g L-1）浓度高。溶剂沉淀法表明，有机溶剂能有效沉淀制碱工业废水中的盐分。硫酸盐和氯化物的去除率分别为 85.1% 和 34%。统计分析显示，异丙胺是去除离子最有效的胺。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainable water treatment: Harnessing mining waste as catalysts for Sicomet green degradation 可持续水处理：利用采矿废料作为催化剂实现 Sicomet 绿色降解

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES

Water Resources and Industry

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100269

Mohammed Kebir , Hichem Tahraoui , Imene Kahina Benramdane , Noureddine Nasrallah , Selma Toumi , Jie Zhang , Abdeltif Amrane

This paper presents a novel circular economy approach to water remediation that focuses on creating sustainable systems by utilizing mining waste from El-Ouenza, Tebessa, in the east of Algeria. Waste materials are employed as catalysts in Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. Two cases were studied: the conventional and the modified heterogeneous photo-Fenton at a pH of 3 and under modified pH conditions for degrading Sicomet Green food dye ZS120. Catalysts were characterized through various analyses. Catalyst performance and dye degradation were examined for raw and calcined waste at 500 °C. Parameters like catalyst amount, sodium sulfite concentration, oxalic acid, and pH were optimized for both systems, with and without ligand. The first system achieved 91.5 % mineralization using 0.15 g L⁻¹ catalyst, pH of 3, and 0.45 mM Na₂SO₃ in 90 min under sunlight. The second reached 78.5 % efficiency with variable conditions. Kinetic models demonstrated a first-order model for both photo-Fenton degradation and mineralization under sunlight. These findings guide eco-friendly dye degradation via mining waste-based catalysts in photo-Fenton systems, supporting sustainable wastewater treatment.

本文介绍了一种新颖的循环经济水修复方法，其重点是利用阿尔及利亚东部泰贝萨 El-Ouenza 的采矿废料创建可持续系统。废料被用作芬顿和光-芬顿工艺的催化剂。研究了两种情况：在 pH 值为 3 的条件下降解 Sicomet Green 食品染料 ZS120 的传统和改良异相光-芬顿以及在改良 pH 值条件下降解 Sicomet Green 食品染料 ZS120。通过各种分析对催化剂进行了表征。催化剂性能和染料降解情况在 500 °C 下对未加工和煅烧过的废料进行了检测。催化剂用量、亚硫酸钠浓度、草酸和 pH 值等参数在有配体和无配体的两种体系中进行了优化。第一个系统在阳光下使用 0.15 g L-1 催化剂、pH 值为 3 和 0.45 mM Na2SO3，90 分钟内矿化率达到 91.5%。第二个系统在不同条件下的效率达到 78.5%。动力学模型显示，光-芬顿降解和阳光下矿化均为一阶模型。这些发现为在光-芬顿系统中通过基于采矿废料的催化剂进行生态友好型染料降解提供了指导，从而支持了可持续的废水处理。

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引用次数: 0

Industrial water consumption index: A new bridge between water consumption and socioeconomic development 工业用水指数：水消耗与社会经济发展之间的新桥梁

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES

Water Resources and Industry

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100270

Chenkai Cai , Caijie Yang , Xuan Lu , Yan Chen , Jinhua Wen , Jing Wang , Ruotong Wang , Zupeng Zhang , Xinyi Shen

Regional water consumption is closely linked to socioeconomic development trends; however, studies that analyze and evaluate socioeconomic development trends based on water consumption data are lacking. This study established a new general index, the industrial water consumption index (IWCI), using several variables from water consumption data through the entropy weight method and tested the index in Jiaxing City, China. The results showed that the relationship between water consumption and socioeconomic development varied depending on different industrial divisions. The IWCI, established based on water consumption data was highly sensitive to changes in socioeconomic development, especially rapid changes. Compared to the raw water consumption data, the IWCI presented a better performance in evaluation indicators for the selected several divisions, with a Pearson correlation coefficient ranging from 0.70 to 0.85 and a normalized mutual information ranging from 0.31 to 0.45. Overall, the IWCI provides an effective way to evaluate socioeconomic development trends by relying solely on water consumption data, particularly for industrial divisions where water plays an important role in production. The index allows managers to quickly assess and analyze socioeconomic development trends and develop corresponding response measures.

地区用水量与社会经济发展趋势密切相关，但基于用水量数据分析和评价社会经济发展趋势的研究却十分缺乏。本研究通过熵权法，利用用水数据中的多个变量建立了一个新的通用指数--工业用水指数（IWCI），并在中国嘉兴市进行了测试。结果表明，不同工业部门的用水量与社会经济发展之间的关系各不相同。基于用水量数据建立的 IWCI 对社会经济发展的变化，尤其是快速变化高度敏感。与原始用水量数据相比，IWCI 在所选几个分部的评价指标方面表现更佳，其皮尔逊相关系数在 0.70 至 0.85 之间，归一化互信息在 0.31 至 0.45 之间。总体而言，IWCI 提供了一种仅依靠用水数据就能评估社会经济发展趋势的有效方法，尤其是对水在生产中发挥重要作用的工业部门而言。通过该指数，管理人员可以快速评估和分析社会经济发展趋势，并制定相应的应对措施。

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引用次数: 0

Preparation of a rubber nanocomposite for oil/water separation using surface functionalized/silanized carbon black nanoparticles 利用表面功能化/硅烷化炭黑纳米颗粒制备用于油水分离的橡胶纳米复合材料

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES

Water Resources and Industry

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100268

Fatemeh Ghasemi , Masoud Jamshidi , Reza Ghamarpoor

Clean water is the basic need of living organisms on the earth. Oil spills to free waters is one of the most important threats to living beings. It has been believed that using sorbents is the most effective method for this purpose. In this research, usage of tire rubber with improved hydrophobic properties is considered. For this purpose, carbon black nanoparticles (CBNs) were surface modified with vinyltrimthoxysilane (VTMS) at concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 by sol-gel method. Before, the CBNs were hydroxylated to increase silane grafting content. The surface modified was evaluated using XPS, FTIR, TGA, BET and FESEM analysis. Results showed a great change in the CBNs nature from hydrophilic to hydrophobic after silane modification that could help in more oil absorption and water repletion at the same time. In fact, the water contact angle (WCA) of the CBNs changed from 40 to 135°. The pure and silane grafted CBNs were added to the tire tread compound to prepare elastomeric nanocomposites as oil sorbent. The results showed that the modified nanocomposite had a higher reinforcement index than the samples contained pure and hydroxylated CBNs. The effects of CBNs on WCA, OCA and oil absorption capacity of the samples were also determined. It was found that silane modification a considerable increase in the WCA from 61.2° to 125.03° and a decrease in the oil contact angle (OCA) from 70.01° to 17.74°. Also, the oil absorption capacity of rubber enhanced from 0.55 to 1.95 g/g.

清洁的水是地球上生物的基本需求。石油泄漏到自由水域是对生物最重要的威胁之一。人们认为，使用吸油剂是最有效的方法。在这项研究中，考虑使用具有更好疏水特性的轮胎橡胶。为此，采用溶胶-凝胶法用乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷（VTMS）对炭黑纳米颗粒（CBNs）进行了表面改性，改性浓度分别为 1、5 和 10。在此之前，先对 CBN 进行羟基化处理，以增加硅烷接枝的含量。使用 XPS、傅立叶变换红外光谱、热重分析、BET 和 FESEM 分析对表面改性进行了评估。结果表明，经过硅烷改性后，CBNs 的性质发生了很大变化，从亲水性变为疏水性，这有助于同时提高吸油量和补水量。事实上，CBN 的水接触角（WCA）从 40° 变为 135°。将纯的和硅烷接枝的 CBN 添加到轮胎胎面化合物中，制备出作为吸油剂的弹性纳米复合材料。结果表明，改性纳米复合材料的补强指数高于纯CBN和羟基CBN样品。此外，还测定了 CBN 对样品的 WCA、OCA 和吸油能力的影响。结果发现，硅烷改性使 WCA 从 61.2° 显著增加到 125.03°，油接触角（OCA）从 70.01° 减小到 17.74°。此外，橡胶的吸油能力也从 0.55 g/g 提高到 1.95 g/g。

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引用次数: 0

Application of selected indicators to assess contamination of municipal landfill leachate and its impact on groundwater 应用选定指标评估城市垃圾填埋场沥滤液污染及其对地下水的影响

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES

Water Resources and Industry

Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100265

Aleksandra Wdowczyk , Agata Szymańska–Pulikowska , Anshu Gupta

Leachate formation is one of the most important factors taken into account during the operation and long-term management of municipal waste landfills. Systematic assessment of groundwater and leachate contamination may be useful in selecting the appropriate method of leachate management or treatment processes. The use of indicators to quantify the contamination potential of leachate and groundwater in the vicinity of MSW could help landfill managers assess their quality. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the representativeness of selected indicator methods for analyzing the temporal variability of leachate and groundwater properties in the vicinity of two municipal waste landfills in a Central European country (Poland). The leachate pollution index (LPI), sub-LPI and adjusted leachate pollution index (r-LPI) were used to assess the quality of leachate water, while the landfill water pollution index (LWPI) was used to assess the variability of groundwater quality. The results confirmed that LWPI is an effective method for assessing the quality of groundwater in the vicinity of municipal waste landfills. The obtained results confirm the negative impact of landfills, despite the insulation used. LWPI showed poor quality of groundwater and visible impact of the landfill (landfill W, average LWPI - 2.34) and moderately polluted waters and minor impact of the landfill (landfill S, average LWPI - 1.37). In most cases, it was observed that two parameters, EC and TOC, are the main factors contributing to the deterioration of groundwater quality. The sub-LPI analysis showed that leachates from both landfills have a very low content of heavy metals, so they should not have a negative impact on the biological treatment process. The obtained r-LPI values were in all cases higher than the calculated LPI values. For landfill S, the average r-LPI was 26.3 (Z-1) and 25.7 (Z-2). However, the average LPI was 13.5 (Z-1) and 13.2 (Z-2). For landfill W, the average r-LPI was 14.6 and the average LPI was 11.4. Analysis conducted on multi-year leachate and groundwater data using specific indicators can help managers better understand the impact of MSW on surrounding areas and help avoid potential operational problems in the future.

沥滤液的形成是城市垃圾填埋场运行和长期管理过程中需要考虑的最重要因素之一。对地下水和沥滤液污染进行系统评估可能有助于选择适当的沥滤液管理方法或处理工艺。使用指标来量化都市固体废物附近沥滤液和地下水的污染潜力，有助于垃圾填埋场管理者评估其质量。因此，本研究旨在评估选定指标方法的代表性，以分析中欧国家（波兰）两个城市垃圾填埋场附近沥滤液和地下水特性的时变性。渗滤液污染指数 (LPI)、子 LPI 和调整后的渗滤液污染指数 (r-LPI) 用于评估渗滤液水质，而填埋水污染指数 (LWPI) 则用于评估地下水水质的可变性。结果证实，LWPI 是评估城市垃圾填埋场附近地下水质量的有效方法。尽管使用了隔热材料，但所得结果证实了垃圾填埋场的负面影响。LWPI 显示地下水质量较差，垃圾填埋场的影响明显（W 垃圾填埋场，平均 LWPI - 2.34），水质中度污染，垃圾填埋场的影响较小（S 垃圾填埋场，平均 LWPI - 1.37）。在大多数情况下，EC 和 TOC 这两个参数是导致地下水水质恶化的主要因素。子 LPI 分析表明，两个垃圾填埋场的渗滤液重金属含量都很低，因此不会对生物处理过程产生负面影响。获得的 r-LPI 值在所有情况下都高于 LPI 计算值。垃圾填埋场 S 的 r-LPI 平均值为 26.3（Z-1）和 25.7（Z-2）。然而，平均 LPI 为 13.5（Z-1）和 13.2（Z-2）。对于垃圾填埋场 W，平均 r-LPI 为 14.6，平均 LPI 为 11.4。利用特定指标对多年沥滤液和地下水数据进行分析，可帮助管理人员更好地了解 MSW 对周边地区的影响，并有助于避免未来可能出现的运营问题。

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引用次数: 0