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Development and evaluation of filter for canal water potability 开发和评估运河水饮用过滤器
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-11-17 DOI: 10.2166/wqrj.2023.009
V. Tiwari, J. Singh, P. Sahota, N. N. Singh, K. Singh
Low-cost portable water filter having a capacity of 15 l for an average small family size was designed, developed, and fabricated for canal water potability. The volume and thickness of filter media were computed and found to be 4,544 cm3 and 5.6 cm, respectively. The provision for injection of sodium hypochlorite solution was made for the removal of bacterial contaminants and calibrated to be 1.5 mL for 15 l of water to maintain the required level of residual chlorine content (2–5 ppm) which was supplied through the pumping unit. The adsorbed contaminants on the filter media could be removed by placing them in 3 l of boiled water for 2 min. The experiment was conducted to determine the settlement duration of suspended solids in canal water and found to be 8 h, thereafter allowing it for filtration. The performance of the developed filter was evaluated by analyzing water quality parameters of the canal water before and after filtration. The values of BOD, chemical oxygen demand (COD), MPN, TDS, pH, and residual chlorine of filtered water were found to be within the permissible limit. The cost of the developed filter was estimated to be INR 1,300 which is economically viable, technically feasible, and easily portable.
设计、开发和制造了低成本便携式滤水器,滤水量为 15 升,适合普通小家庭使用。经计算,滤料的体积和厚度分别为 4 544 立方厘米和 5.6 厘米。注入次氯酸钠溶液是为了去除细菌污染物,并校准为每 15 升水注入 1.5 毫升次氯酸钠溶液,以保持所需的余氯含量(百万分之 2-5)。将吸附在过滤介质上的污染物放入 3 升沸水中煮 2 分钟即可去除。实验确定了悬浮固体在运河水中的沉降时间,结果发现沉降时间为 8 小时,然后进行过滤。通过分析过滤前后运河水的水质参数,对所开发过滤器的性能进行了评估。结果发现,过滤水的生化需氧量(BOD)、化学需氧量(COD)、中性粒径(MPN)、总淀粉含量(TDS)、pH 值和余氯值均在允许范围内。据估计,所开发过滤器的成本为 1,300 印度卢比,经济上可行,技术上可行,而且便于携带。
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引用次数: 0
Phosphorus removal and recovery from anaerobic bioreactor effluent using a batch electrocoagulation process 间歇式电絮凝法去除厌氧生物反应器出水中的磷
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.2166/wqrj.2023.111
G. P. Bhoi, Kripa S. Singh, Dennis A. Connor
A batch monopolar electrocoagulation system was developed and studied for the removal of phosphorus from anaerobic bioreactor effluent using iron as an electrode material. The study focused on the optimization of the independent variables, such as initial pH, retention time (RT), current density (CD) and inter-electrode distance (IED) using the response surface methodology (RSM) to maximize the removal of total phosphorus (TP). A quadratic model was fitted to the experimental data for TP removal. The optimal parameters were found to be pH of 6.75, RT of 11.06 min, CD of 300 A/m2, and inter-electrode distance of 1.5 cm resulting in 98.05% TP removal and energy consumption of 1.28 kWh/m3. A kinetic study for TP removal revealed that at optimal conditions, removal followed first-order kinetics (K = 0.185 m/min). Phosphorus was recovered from the post-precipitated sludge through combustion at 900 °C followed by acid leaching with sulfuric acid. Acid leaching tests were carried out with sulfuric acid for the post-precipitated sludge obtained at the optimum conditions. It resulted in around 91% of phosphorus recovery at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 100 mL/g.
以铁为电极材料,开发并研究了一种间歇式单极电絮凝系统对厌氧生物反应器出水中磷的去除。本研究的重点是使用响应面法(RSM)优化自变量,如初始pH、保留时间(RT)、电流密度(CD)和电极间距离(IED),以最大限度地去除总磷(TP)。将二次模型拟合到TP去除的实验数据中。最佳参数为pH为6.75,RT为11.06min,CD为300A/m2,电极间距离为1.5cm,TP去除率为98.05%,能耗为1.28kWh/m3。TP去除的动力学研究表明,在最佳条件下,去除遵循一级动力学(K=0.185 m/min)。通过在900°C下燃烧,然后用硫酸进行酸浸,从后沉淀污泥中回收磷。对在最佳条件下获得的后沉淀污泥进行了硫酸酸浸试验。在100mL/g的液固比下,它导致约91%的磷回收率。
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引用次数: 0
A Fuzzy Inference System for enhanced groundwater quality assessment and index determination 强化地下水水质评价与指标确定的模糊推理系统
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-08-07 DOI: 10.2166/wqrj.2023.031
Isaac Sajan R., V. B. Christopher
Groundwater is a vital resource for human consumption, particularly in rural areas with limited access to treated water. Assessing groundwater quality is crucial for economic development and human well-being. The conventional Water Quality Index models used for this purpose have limitations related to data volatility and judgment uncertainties. To overcome these limitations, our study introduces a novel approach that employs a Fuzzy Inference System to determine the Water Quality Index. The dataset used in our research includes multiple parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, Cl, SO4, TH, DWQI, and other physio-chemical and chemical parameters. Our approach utilizes linguistic variables, fuzzy rules, and the hyperbolic tangent set function to handle imprecise and uncertain water quality data. By employing Fuzzy C-Means clustering, we group similar water samples based on quality parameters and map membership values to linguistic terms representing water quality categories. Suitable defuzzification methods are then applied to convert fuzzy outputs into precise results. This proposed approach provides a comprehensive framework for accurate water quality assessment, enabling informed decision-making and more reliable and precise evaluations of groundwater quality for human consumption. Our approach enhances groundwater safety and supports the effective management of this vital natural resource.
地下水是人类消费的重要资源,特别是在获得处理过的水的机会有限的农村地区。评估地下水质量对经济发展和人类福祉至关重要。用于此目的的传统水质指数模型存在与数据波动性和判断不确定性相关的局限性。为了克服这些限制,本研究引入了一种新的方法,即采用模糊推理系统来确定水质指数。我们研究使用的数据集包括pH、EC、TDS、Ca、Mg、Na、K、HCO3、Cl、SO4、TH、DWQI等多种理化和化学参数。我们的方法利用语言变量、模糊规则和双曲切线集函数来处理不精确和不确定的水质数据。通过使用模糊c均值聚类,我们根据水质参数对相似的水样进行分组,并将隶属度值映射到代表水质类别的语言术语上。然后采用合适的去模糊化方法将模糊输出转化为精确结果。这一提议的方法为准确的水质评估提供了一个全面的框架,使人们能够做出明智的决策,并对供人类消费的地下水质量进行更可靠和精确的评估。我们的方法提高了地下水的安全性,并支持对这一重要自然资源的有效管理。
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引用次数: 0
The risk of bacterial virulence in the face of concentrated river pollution 面对集中的河流污染,细菌毒性的风险
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.2166/wqrj.2023.004
Roukaya Al Haj Ishak Al Ali, L. Mondamert, Alexandre Crépin, Maha Al Badany, Joelle Jandry, J. Berjeaud, J. Labanowski
The decrease in low-water flows and the increase in water temperature and other parameters as observed in the rivers over the last 50 years suggest that a concentration of compounds and pollutants is taking place, in connection with climate change and/or anthropisation (without discerning their respective contributions). These effects occur in a context where the rivers are already impacted by the presence of many pollutant cocktails (pesticides, drugs, and others). The authors now show that these pollutant cocktails – at the environmental concentrations currently found – constitute a threat to human health through their possible effects on the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. While certain genes of Salmonella Typhimurium may not experience an increased risk, the exposure to more concentrated cocktails (at a five-fold concentration) could potentially amplify certain virulent factors such as the motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa H103. The findings indicate that pollution mixtures have an effect on the virulence potential of certain waterborne pathogenic bacteria, even at concentrations currently observed in rivers.
在过去50年中,在河流中观察到的低水流量的减少、水温和其他参数的升高表明,与气候变化和/或人类活动有关的化合物和污染物的浓度正在发生(没有发现它们各自的贡献)。这些影响发生在河流已经受到许多污染物混合物(杀虫剂、药物和其他)影响的情况下。作者现在表明,这些污染物混合物——以目前发现的环境浓度——通过可能对致病菌的毒力产生影响,对人类健康构成威胁。虽然鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的某些基因可能不会增加风险,但暴露于更高浓度的鸡尾酒(五倍浓度)可能会放大某些毒力因子,如铜绿假单胞菌H103的运动性。研究结果表明,污染混合物对某些水传播致病菌的毒力潜力有影响,即使在目前在河流中观察到的浓度下也是如此。
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引用次数: 0
Efficient removal of perfluorinated compounds with the polyamide nanofiltration membrane and membrane fouling resistance analysis 聚酰胺纳滤膜对全氟化合物的高效去除及膜污染阻力分析
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-07-27 DOI: 10.2166/wqrj.2023.011
Yuyang Wu
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are significant pollutants known for their high toxicity and resistance to natural degradation, posing a severe threat to both the global environment and human health. In this study, a polyamide (PA) membrane with an intermediate layer structure of MXene-TiO2 (referred to as MXT-NFM) was utilized for the removal of PFCs. Experimental results confirm that MXT-NFM exhibited remarkable capacity in intercepting PFCs, accompanied by the high water flux. To gain insights into the mechanisms governing membrane fouling induced by PFCs, inorganic ions, and organics, a series of fouling tests were conducted using MXT-NFM under diverse conditions. Additionally, the XDLVO theory was employed to provide a theoretical perspective on the interactions occurring during the fouling process. The findings suggest that the MXene-TiO2 intermediate layer contributed to the exceptional hydrophilicity and rough surface properties, enabling multiple functionalities. These include alleviating membrane pore plugging, improving the physical configuration of the PA layer, and effectively mitigating fouling phenomena in coexisting systems during practical applications. Moreover, the particle size of pollutant colloids and the acid–base interaction were identified as decisive factors influencing the development of membrane fouling.
全氟化合物(PFCs)是一种重要的污染物,以其高毒性和抗自然降解性而闻名,对全球环境和人类健康构成严重威胁。在本研究中,使用具有MXene-TiO2中间层结构的聚酰胺(PA)膜(称为MXT-NFM)去除PFCs。实验结果证实,MXT-NFM在高水通量的条件下具有显著的截留PFCs的能力。为了深入了解PFCs、无机离子和有机物诱导的膜污染机制,使用MXT-NFM在不同条件下进行了一系列污染测试。此外,采用XDLVO理论对结垢过程中发生的相互作用提供了理论视角。研究结果表明,MXene-TiO2中间层具有优异的亲水性和粗糙的表面性能,实现了多种功能。这些措施包括缓解膜孔堵塞,改善PA层的物理配置,以及在实际应用中有效缓解共存系统中的结垢现象。此外,污染物胶体的粒径和酸碱相互作用被确定为影响膜污染发展的决定性因素。
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引用次数: 0
A comparative study of several types of indices for river quality assessment 几种河流水质评价指标的比较研究
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.2166/wqrj.2023.029
Norma Gil-Rodas, Meyer Guevara-Mora, Gabriel Rivas, Gabriela Dávila, Doris García, Alejandra Contreras-Perdomo, Pride Alvizures, Mónica Martínez, G. Calvo-Brenes
Water is vital for humans, plants, and animals; unfortunately, some anthropogenic activities adversely alter water quality (WQ). Many indicators can be used for WQ assessment; fortunately, extensive data can be simplified by using WQ indices (WQIs). The main difference among WQIs lies in the way of assessing pollution and the number and types of WQ indicators used; therefore, the selection of a reliable WQI should be the first step. This research aimed to compare several types of indices and evaluate their effectiveness. Eighteen sampling sites were monitored, and the selected indices showed different results. Biological indexes exhibited a significant statistical correlation and yet different quality results. In addition, biological WQIs showed different outcomes from the physicochemical index. The high concentrations of phosphates, fecal coliforms, and biological oxygen demand, found in most rivers, were responsible for adversely influencing the quality results of the physicochemical index; however, their high concentrations found in some sampling sites had no adverse effect on the macroinvertebrate's existence; therefore, biological WQ assessment showed better quality results than the physicochemical index. The Rapid Bioassessment Protocol index, based on visual habitat observations, proved to be an easy way to classify WQ and an adequate replacement for biological indices.
水对人类、植物和动物都是至关重要的;不幸的是,一些人为活动对水质(WQ)产生了不利影响。可用于WQ评估的指标很多;幸运的是,通过使用WQ索引(wqi)可以简化大量数据。不同wqi的主要区别在于评价污染的方式以及所使用的WQ指标的数量和类型;因此,选择一个可靠的WQI应该是第一步。本研究旨在比较几种类型的指标,并评估其有效性。对18个采样点进行了监测,所选指标显示出不同的结果。生物学指标具有显著的统计学相关性,但质量结果存在差异。此外,生物WQIs表现出与理化指标不同的结果。在大多数河流中发现高浓度的磷酸盐、粪便大肠菌群和生物需氧量是对理化指数质量结果产生不利影响的原因;然而,在一些采样点发现它们的高浓度对大型无脊椎动物的存在没有不利影响;因此,生物WQ评价比理化指标具有更好的质量效果。基于生境目视观察的快速生物评价方案指数被证明是一种简便的WQ分类方法,是生物指标的适当替代。
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引用次数: 0
Prioritization of micropollutants based on removal effort in drinking water purification treatment 饮用水净化处理中基于去除努力的微污染物的优先顺序
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.2166/wqrj.2023.032
T. Pronk, Astrid Fischer, A.E.T. van den Berg, Roberta C. H. M. Hofman
A main focus of water managers with regard to micropollutants is the protection of aquatic ecology. However, micropollutants also have the potential to affect the production of clean drinking water. In this paper, we propose to consider the removal effort when assessing micropollutants with an ‘Effort Index’ (EI). Assessments using the EI show which micropollutants need more extensive monitoring or abatement because of their difficulty to be removed using low-effort water purification treatment techniques. For water containing mixtures of micropollutants, the averaged EI values can indicate overall water quality. Data on the removal by different purification treatment techniques are not necessarily available for all micropollutants. Therefore, a set of data-driven indicative removal rules is derived to quantify the relation between micropollutant properties and different drinking water treatment techniques. The indicative removal rules provide a rough indication of removability. As an illustration, the water quality of the river Rhine is evaluated between 2000 and 2018. The EI value shows that the Rhine contains increasingly more difficult-to-remove micropollutants. In total, 18 of those are labeled as particularly difficult-to-remove chemicals. These micropollutants are suggested as candidates for abatement to lower the required effort in drinking water production.
水资源管理者对微污染物的主要关注点是保护水生生态。然而,微污染物也有可能影响清洁饮用水的生产。在本文中,我们建议在用“努力指数”(EI)评估微污染物时考虑去除努力。使用EI的评估表明,哪些微污染物需要更广泛的监测或消除,因为它们很难使用低成本的水净化处理技术去除。对于含有微污染物混合物的水,平均EI值可以指示总体水质。并非所有微污染物都能获得不同纯化处理技术去除的数据。因此,导出了一组数据驱动的指示性去除规则,以量化微污染物特性与不同饮用水处理技术之间的关系。指示性移除规则提供了可移除性的粗略指示。例如,2000年至2018年间对莱茵河的水质进行了评估。EI值表明,莱茵河含有越来越难以去除的微污染物。总共有18种被标记为特别难以去除的化学品。这些微污染物被建议作为减少饮用水生产所需努力的候选污染物。
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引用次数: 0
Potential of Pseudomonas yamanorum for the valorization of municipal biosolids 山氏假单胞菌在城市生物固体中增值的潜力
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.2166/wqrj.2023.003
Jordan Lussier, L. Lonappan, H. Cabana
It is generally accepted that some trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) pass through the wastewater treatment process without being properly treated and find their way into waterbodies. These molecules can also be concentrated within the biosolids (BS) through adsorption. The presence of TrOCs in BS, which are then commonly used as soil amendments in agriculture, may affect plant growth and viability. The potential risks posed by TrOCs are being usually ignored because they are present in low concentrations and mostly have relatively short half-lives. However, the continuous addition of these substances in water sources and on farmlands makes them pseudo-persistent. To reduce the concentrations of selected TrOCs from these BS, Pseudomonas yamanorum LBUM636 (PY) was tested with and without a commercial bacterial blend of Bacillus spp. (BC). About 60% removal of atrazine was achieved using PY-amended BS. Bioslurries inoculated with PY had relatively high laccase activity at about 2,200 U/L. Laccase activity was seven times higher in samples where BC was also present, which suggests a synergistic effect between BC and PY. Concentrations of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, an antibiotic with a biopesticide effect, were also relatively important in PY-inoculated bioslurries.
人们普遍认为,一些微量有机污染物(TrOC)在未经适当处理的情况下通过废水处理过程,并进入水体。这些分子也可以通过吸附而浓缩在生物固体(BS)中。然后在农业中通常用作土壤改良剂的BS中存在TrOC,可能会影响植物的生长和生存能力。TrOC带来的潜在风险通常被忽视,因为它们的浓度较低,而且大多半衰期相对较短。然而,这些物质在水源和农田中的不断添加使其具有伪持久性。为了降低从这些BS中选择的TrOC的浓度,在有和没有芽孢杆菌的商业细菌混合物的情况下测试了山胞假单胞菌LBUM636(PY)。(BC)。PY改性BS对阿特拉津的去除率约为60%。PY接种的生物浆在2200U/L左右具有较高的漆酶活性。在同样存在BC的样品中,漆酶活性高出7倍,这表明BC和PY之间存在协同作用。具有生物农药作用的抗生素吩嗪-1-羧酸的浓度在PY接种的生物诱饵中也相对重要。
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引用次数: 0
Tannery effluent treatment and its environmental impact: a review of current practices and emerging technologies 制革厂废水处理及其对环境的影响:对当前做法和新兴技术的审查
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-05-09 DOI: 10.2166/wqrj.2023.002
A. Bhardwaj, Sanjeev Kumar, Davinder Singh
The tannery industry plays a significant role in the economy but poses a severe environmental threat due to its high water and chemical usage, leading to wastewater generation with a high concentration of pollutants. This wastewater contains a range of contaminants created throughout the leather manufacturing process, making effluent disposal a significant challenge for the industry. The tanning process also contributes significantly to the pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and concentrations of T Cr, Cr(III), Cr(VI), Cl−, sulfate, sulfide, and inorganic constituents in the wastewater. This review paper provides a concise overview of the origins and characteristics of post-tanning effluent, different treatment techniques, and applications of treated wastewater. Comparing the prominent tannery effluent technologies, adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) effectively improved wastewater biodegradability before biological treatment. AOPs, enzymatic, adsorption, and coagulation treatment effectively upgraded the effluent to desired levels for disposal. Additionally, membrane separation processes have shown high pertinency in cases where the treated effluent is intended for reuse, whereas hybrid technologies can be the answer for better and cost-effective results.
制革业在经济中发挥着重要作用,但由于其高用水量和化学品,导致产生高浓度污染物的废水,因此对环境构成了严重威胁。这些废水包含了整个皮革制造过程中产生的一系列污染物,这使得废水处理成为该行业面临的重大挑战。制革过程对废水中的pH、生物需氧量(BOD)、总悬浮固体(TSS)、化学需氧量(COD)、总溶解固体(TDS)以及T Cr、Cr(III)、Cr(VI)、Cl−、硫酸盐、硫化物和无机成分的浓度也有显著影响。本文简要介绍了制革后废水的来源和特点、不同的处理技术以及处理后废水的应用。与制革废水的主要处理技术相比,吸附法和高级氧化法在生物处理前有效地提高了废水的可生化性。AOPs、酶促、吸附和混凝处理有效地将污水提升到所需的处理水平。此外,在处理后的污水打算重复使用的情况下,膜分离工艺显示出了很高的针对性,而混合技术可以获得更好且具有成本效益的结果。
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引用次数: 1
Investigation of a basic nitrification–denitrification biofiltration system for primary wastewater treatment 用于污水一级处理的基本硝化-反硝化生物过滤系统研究
IF 2.3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.2166/wqrj.2023.103
W. Hassen, A. Ben Rejab, B. Hassen, N. Jdidi, A. Hassen
The study aimed to eliminate the nitrogen and its main residual forms from municipal wastewater by using a biofilter system adapted for a small community. The biological nitrification/denitrification system used involved two successive PVC columns; a first gravel column (C1) loaded with primary wastewater followed by a second sandy column (C2). A complex biofilm development on the gravel and sand materials has been confirmed by scanning electron microscope. The efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), BOD5, TSS, and NH4+-N removal from primary wastewater reached 75.3, 88.4, 83.5, and 88.1%, respectively, at the exit of the sandy column (C2). Inoculation with activated sludge as an external carbon source allowed an improvement in the nitrate removal, from 80 to 28 mg/l N-NO3. However, sludge inoculation showed non-significant fecal coliforms and Streptococcus contamination, and the biofilter appeared as effective for total nitrogen removal and a bacterial abatement of over 3.2 U-log10. The average bacterial removal seemed directly related to the applied load of about 50 cm/day and a tertiary disinfection treatment, such as UV-C254 irradiation, is needed as a preventive step to ensure the removal of pathogens.
该研究旨在通过使用适用于小型社区的生物过滤系统,消除城市废水中的氮及其主要残留形式。所使用的生物硝化/反硝化系统涉及两个连续的PVC塔;第一个砾石柱(C1)装载初级废水,然后是第二个砂柱(C2)。通过扫描电镜观察,证实了砾石和砂石材料上存在复杂的生物膜发育。在砂柱出口(C2),化学需氧量(COD)、BOD5、TSS和NH4+-N的去除率分别达到75.3、88.4、83.5和88.1%。接种活性污泥作为外部碳源可以提高硝酸盐的去除率,从80到28 mg/l N-NO3。然而,污泥接种显示粪便大肠菌群和链球菌污染不显著,生物过滤器似乎有效去除总氮和细菌减少超过3.2 U-log10。平均细菌去除率似乎与约50 cm/天的施加负荷直接相关,并且需要三级消毒处理,如UV-C254照射,作为确保病原体去除的预防步骤。
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引用次数: 0
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