Landfill leachate is highly polluted wastewater and generated as a result of water infiltration through solid waste produced domestically and industrially. This study investigates the potential use of oil palm trunk starch (OPTS) and crosslinks oil palm trunk starch (C-OPTS) as coagulant and coagulant aid in tandem with polyaluminum chloride (PAC) for the treatment of landfill leachate. As primary coagulant, the optimum pH and dosage for OPTC were 7 and 500 mg/L, respectively. For C-OPTS, the optimum conditions were pH 8.3 and 1,000 mg/L C-OPTS dosage. However, the optimum conditions for PAC were pH 7 and 8,000 mg/L PAC dosage. Results show that OPTS demonstrated superior feasibility as a selective coagulant targeting heavy metals such as Mn (100% removal), Cu (95.6% removal), Zn (100% removal), and PO43− (100% removal), whereas C-OPTS can be employed as both bulk and selective coagulants. On the other hand, C-OPTS prevailed over PAC in Mn, Zn, PO43−, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals by huge margins of 100%, 54.8%, 24.3%, and 17.1%, respectively, without any pH adjustments and with optimum dosage 87.5% lower than that of PAC.
{"title":"Potential use of oil palm trunk starch as coagulant and coagulant aid in semi-aerobic landfill leachate treatment","authors":"M. Yusoff, H. A. Aziz, M. Alazaiza, Long Rui","doi":"10.2166/WQRJ.2019.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WQRJ.2019.041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Landfill leachate is highly polluted wastewater and generated as a result of water infiltration through solid waste produced domestically and industrially. This study investigates the potential use of oil palm trunk starch (OPTS) and crosslinks oil palm trunk starch (C-OPTS) as coagulant and coagulant aid in tandem with polyaluminum chloride (PAC) for the treatment of landfill leachate. As primary coagulant, the optimum pH and dosage for OPTC were 7 and 500 mg/L, respectively. For C-OPTS, the optimum conditions were pH 8.3 and 1,000 mg/L C-OPTS dosage. However, the optimum conditions for PAC were pH 7 and 8,000 mg/L PAC dosage. Results show that OPTS demonstrated superior feasibility as a selective coagulant targeting heavy metals such as Mn (100% removal), Cu (95.6% removal), Zn (100% removal), and PO43− (100% removal), whereas C-OPTS can be employed as both bulk and selective coagulants. On the other hand, C-OPTS prevailed over PAC in Mn, Zn, PO43−, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals by huge margins of 100%, 54.8%, 24.3%, and 17.1%, respectively, without any pH adjustments and with optimum dosage 87.5% lower than that of PAC.","PeriodicalId":23720,"journal":{"name":"Water Quality Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2166/WQRJ.2019.041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48481488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Synthetic dyes are harmful to human beings, and the removal of colour from process or waste effluents is environmentally important. Crystal violet (CV) is a typical triphenylmethane dye, which is widely used in textile dyeing and paper printing industries. The present study shows that granulated and calcinated waste mussell shells (CWMS) can be used as a potential low-cost and locally available adsorbent for the removal of CV from aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacities of the CWMS for CV were investigated with respect to the effect of pH value, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature. Process variables were optimized, and a maximum dye adsorption of 482.0 mg/g was achieved at pH 6, 0.2 g/L adsorbent dosage, 220 min contact time and 25 °C for dye initial concentration of 100 mg/L. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms were followed by the pseudo-second order model and Freundlich isotherm models, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that adsorption of CV was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The results indicated that the CWMS as a new adsorbent had the potential to serve in wastewater treatment applications, especially in the removal of CV from aqueous solutions.
{"title":"High performance adsorption of hazardous triphenylmethane dye-crystal violet onto calcinated waste mussel shells","authors":"Sahra Dandil, D. A. Sahbaz, C. Acıkgoz","doi":"10.2166/WQRJ.2019.050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WQRJ.2019.050","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Synthetic dyes are harmful to human beings, and the removal of colour from process or waste effluents is environmentally important. Crystal violet (CV) is a typical triphenylmethane dye, which is widely used in textile dyeing and paper printing industries. The present study shows that granulated and calcinated waste mussell shells (CWMS) can be used as a potential low-cost and locally available adsorbent for the removal of CV from aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacities of the CWMS for CV were investigated with respect to the effect of pH value, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature. Process variables were optimized, and a maximum dye adsorption of 482.0 mg/g was achieved at pH 6, 0.2 g/L adsorbent dosage, 220 min contact time and 25 °C for dye initial concentration of 100 mg/L. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms were followed by the pseudo-second order model and Freundlich isotherm models, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that adsorption of CV was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The results indicated that the CWMS as a new adsorbent had the potential to serve in wastewater treatment applications, especially in the removal of CV from aqueous solutions.","PeriodicalId":23720,"journal":{"name":"Water Quality Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2166/WQRJ.2019.050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48130276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, air temperatures were collected between 1985 and 2016 and compared with water temperatures in four locations in the distribution system of Pasadena Water and Power (PWP), which received surface water imported into Pasadena between 2001 and 2016 from the Metropolitan Water District. The concentrations of chloramine residual and nitrite concentrations were collected between 2001 and 2016 from these five locations. The results indicate that the median nighttime temperature of the period 2009–2016 was 1.6 °C warmer than the period 1985–2000 and 0.5 °C warmer than the period 2001–2008. The median water temperature in the four distribution system samples increased by 0.8–1.4 °C depending on the location over the study period (p < 0.001). The median chloramine concentration fell significantly (p < 0.001) at three distribution system locations, and the nitrite concentrations increased significantly at all four distribution system locations (p < 0.001). As air temperature in the study area increased, water temperatures also increased resulting in the loss of disinfectant residual and the increase in the activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. As this represented an increased risk to public health, PWP took additional steps to increase disinfectant residuals by adding chlorine and flushing stale water. In localities where climate change is most measurable, local water purveyors must adapt to warmer water to ensure stable concentrations of disinfectants. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the kind support of CAWQ/ACQE (https://www.cawq.ca).
{"title":"Impact of local climate change on drinking water quality in a distribution system","authors":"D. Kimbrough","doi":"10.2166/WQRJ.2019.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WQRJ.2019.054","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study, air temperatures were collected between 1985 and 2016 and compared with water temperatures in four locations in the distribution system of Pasadena Water and Power (PWP), which received surface water imported into Pasadena between 2001 and 2016 from the Metropolitan Water District. The concentrations of chloramine residual and nitrite concentrations were collected between 2001 and 2016 from these five locations. The results indicate that the median nighttime temperature of the period 2009–2016 was 1.6 °C warmer than the period 1985–2000 and 0.5 °C warmer than the period 2001–2008. The median water temperature in the four distribution system samples increased by 0.8–1.4 °C depending on the location over the study period (p < 0.001). The median chloramine concentration fell significantly (p < 0.001) at three distribution system locations, and the nitrite concentrations increased significantly at all four distribution system locations (p < 0.001). As air temperature in the study area increased, water temperatures also increased resulting in the loss of disinfectant residual and the increase in the activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. As this represented an increased risk to public health, PWP took additional steps to increase disinfectant residuals by adding chlorine and flushing stale water. In localities where climate change is most measurable, local water purveyors must adapt to warmer water to ensure stable concentrations of disinfectants.\u0000 This article has been made Open Access thanks to the kind support of CAWQ/ACQE (https://www.cawq.ca).","PeriodicalId":23720,"journal":{"name":"Water Quality Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2166/WQRJ.2019.054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48479919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eutrophication is a serious phenomenon in shallow lakes in Hanoi. The most important effect is the change of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water column. The value of DO in water changed over time, and the variation of DO proved to be more important than the absolute value. The research aimed to assess the role of daily DO variation in classifying the eutrophication status of shallow lakes in Hanoi. Data were collected in eight shallow eutrophicated lakes in Hanoi during 2015–2017 in relation to water quality parameters. A large variation of DO was observed with the maximum value achieved at 15–17 h (180% saturation DO) and the minimum value at 4–6 h (20% saturation DO). The lowest DO value reached 1.5 mg/L, which was much lower than the threshold of survival of some aquatic animals. The daily DO fluctuations correlated with phytoplankton density, the Trophic State Index (TSI), chlorophyll-a concentration and density, and the proportion of DIN:PO4, showing the close relationship between DO variation and eutrophication in the lakes. The decision trees were developed and also selected the ΔDO as the driving variable in classifying the eutrophication status in lakes. The daily DO variation could be an important indicator for eutrophication.
{"title":"Decision tree techniques to assess the role of daily DO variation in classifying shallow eutrophicated lakes in Hanoi, Vietnam","authors":"T. Hoang, V. Nguyen, Anh D. Van, H. T. Nguyen","doi":"10.2166/WQRJ.2019.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WQRJ.2019.105","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Eutrophication is a serious phenomenon in shallow lakes in Hanoi. The most important effect is the change of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water column. The value of DO in water changed over time, and the variation of DO proved to be more important than the absolute value. The research aimed to assess the role of daily DO variation in classifying the eutrophication status of shallow lakes in Hanoi. Data were collected in eight shallow eutrophicated lakes in Hanoi during 2015–2017 in relation to water quality parameters. A large variation of DO was observed with the maximum value achieved at 15–17 h (180% saturation DO) and the minimum value at 4–6 h (20% saturation DO). The lowest DO value reached 1.5 mg/L, which was much lower than the threshold of survival of some aquatic animals. The daily DO fluctuations correlated with phytoplankton density, the Trophic State Index (TSI), chlorophyll-a concentration and density, and the proportion of DIN:PO4, showing the close relationship between DO variation and eutrophication in the lakes. The decision trees were developed and also selected the ΔDO as the driving variable in classifying the eutrophication status in lakes. The daily DO variation could be an important indicator for eutrophication.","PeriodicalId":23720,"journal":{"name":"Water Quality Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2166/WQRJ.2019.105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43261870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Barry R. Husk, Juan Sebastián Sánchez, R. Leduc, L. Takser, O. Savary, H. Cabana
In Canada, the presence of pharmaceuticals and pesticides in municipal drinking water has been examined primarily in larger urban centres which draw their supplies from surface water. However, few studies have examined this issue in smaller and rural communities, which represent nearly one-third of the Canadian population and which draw their drinking water mainly from groundwater. This study presents a regional-scale assessment of the presence of these contaminants in the drinking waters of 17 smaller rural communities, compared with two larger urban communities, in south-central Quebec. From a total of 70 chemicals examined, 15 compounds (nine pharmaceuticals and six pesticides) were detected. The three most frequently detected contaminants were caffeine, atrazine and naproxen, respectively, in 29%, 24% and 21% of the samples. Detections reported here for the first time in Quebec drinking water include the known human carcinogen cyclophosphamide and the fungicide thiabendazole. Maximum concentrations of pharmaceuticals ranged from 30 to 1,848 ng L−1 and of pesticides from 21 to 856 ng L−1. This study provides direct evidence that drinking water in smaller, rural communities of Quebec, Canada, whether sourced from groundwater or surface water, can contain measurable levels of pharmaceuticals and pesticides, indicative of their susceptibility to source contamination.This article has been made Open Access thanks to the kind support of CAWQ/ACQE (https://www.cawq.ca).
{"title":"Pharmaceuticals and pesticides in rural community drinking waters of Quebec, Canada – a regional study on the susceptibility to source contamination","authors":"Barry R. Husk, Juan Sebastián Sánchez, R. Leduc, L. Takser, O. Savary, H. Cabana","doi":"10.2166/WQRJ.2019.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WQRJ.2019.038","url":null,"abstract":"In Canada, the presence of pharmaceuticals and pesticides in municipal drinking water has been examined primarily in larger urban centres which draw their supplies from surface water. However, few studies have examined this issue in smaller and rural communities, which represent nearly one-third of the Canadian population and which draw their drinking water mainly from groundwater. This study presents a regional-scale assessment of the presence of these contaminants in the drinking waters of 17 smaller rural communities, compared with two larger urban communities, in south-central Quebec. From a total of 70 chemicals examined, 15 compounds (nine pharmaceuticals and six pesticides) were detected. The three most frequently detected contaminants were caffeine, atrazine and naproxen, respectively, in 29%, 24% and 21% of the samples. Detections reported here for the first time in Quebec drinking water include the known human carcinogen cyclophosphamide and the fungicide thiabendazole. Maximum concentrations of pharmaceuticals ranged from 30 to 1,848 ng L−1 and of pesticides from 21 to 856 ng L−1. This study provides direct evidence that drinking water in smaller, rural communities of Quebec, Canada, whether sourced from groundwater or surface water, can contain measurable levels of pharmaceuticals and pesticides, indicative of their susceptibility to source contamination.This article has been made Open Access thanks to the kind support of CAWQ/ACQE (https://www.cawq.ca).","PeriodicalId":23720,"journal":{"name":"Water Quality Research Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2166/WQRJ.2019.038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43381147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23335-8_4
C. Boyd
{"title":"Solubility and Chemical Equilibrium","authors":"C. Boyd","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-23335-8_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23335-8_4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23720,"journal":{"name":"Water Quality Research Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82359330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23335-8_2
C. Boyd
{"title":"Solar Radiation and Water Temperature","authors":"C. Boyd","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-23335-8_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23335-8_2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23720,"journal":{"name":"Water Quality Research Journal","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79413137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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