Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.30574/wjbphs.2024.19.1.0385
Boddu Navya, Syeda Nishat Fathima
The treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system disorders is challenging due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts the penetration of therapeutic molecules to the brain. Nasal Drug delivery system leverages the unique anatomy of the nasal cavity, allowing for direct access to the brain, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. This, combined with hepatic metabolism and drug elimination, reduces treatment efficacy, requires high doses, and often induces side effects. Nose-to-brain drug delivery bypasses the BBB, increasing drug concentration in the brain. The present review highlights the Mechanisms of Nasal Drug Delivery to the Brain, Advantages and disadvantages of Nasal Drug Delivery to the Brain, Nasal Drug Delivery Devices and recent studies on nose-to-brain drug delivery
{"title":"Optimizing neurological treatments with nasal drug delivery systems","authors":"Boddu Navya, Syeda Nishat Fathima","doi":"10.30574/wjbphs.2024.19.1.0385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.19.1.0385","url":null,"abstract":"The treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system disorders is challenging due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts the penetration of therapeutic molecules to the brain. Nasal Drug delivery system leverages the unique anatomy of the nasal cavity, allowing for direct access to the brain, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. This, combined with hepatic metabolism and drug elimination, reduces treatment efficacy, requires high doses, and often induces side effects. Nose-to-brain drug delivery bypasses the BBB, increasing drug concentration in the brain. The present review highlights the Mechanisms of Nasal Drug Delivery to the Brain, Advantages and disadvantages of Nasal Drug Delivery to the Brain, Nasal Drug Delivery Devices and recent studies on nose-to-brain drug delivery","PeriodicalId":23738,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences","volume":"1 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141795746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.30574/wjbphs.2024.19.1.0393
Yoan E. Rodriguez, Maham Shahid, Jean Ramos-Cardona, Ameer Hamza, Jessica El-Bahri
Acute cerebellar ataxia, characterized by incoordination of movement and gait instability, presents a complex diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Vitamin B12 deficiency is a well-established cause of neurological dysfunction, including ataxia. However, diagnosis can be complicated by the presence of normal serum vitamin B12 levels. This case report presents an unusual presentation of acute cerebellar ataxia in a young woman with normal vitamin B12 levels. The case highlights the importance of considering a broader diagnostic approach and the potential therapeutic benefit of vitamin B12 supplementation even in the absence of overt vitamin B12 deficiency.
{"title":"Resolution of acute cerebellar ataxia with vitamin B12 supplementation in a 19-year-old female with normal vitamin B12 levels","authors":"Yoan E. Rodriguez, Maham Shahid, Jean Ramos-Cardona, Ameer Hamza, Jessica El-Bahri","doi":"10.30574/wjbphs.2024.19.1.0393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.19.1.0393","url":null,"abstract":"Acute cerebellar ataxia, characterized by incoordination of movement and gait instability, presents a complex diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Vitamin B12 deficiency is a well-established cause of neurological dysfunction, including ataxia. However, diagnosis can be complicated by the presence of normal serum vitamin B12 levels. This case report presents an unusual presentation of acute cerebellar ataxia in a young woman with normal vitamin B12 levels. The case highlights the importance of considering a broader diagnostic approach and the potential therapeutic benefit of vitamin B12 supplementation even in the absence of overt vitamin B12 deficiency.","PeriodicalId":23738,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences","volume":"4 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141796065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.30574/wjbphs.2024.19.1.0406
Bhaskar Mahanayak
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the biotransformation reactions of xenobiotics, focusing on their mechanisms and implications for environmental and human health. Xenobiotics are foreign chemical substances introduced into the environment and living organisms through activities such as industrial processes, agricultural practices, and pharmaceutical usage. They include pharmaceuticals, pesticides, industrial chemicals, environmental pollutants, and food additives. Xenobiotics can have toxic effects on biological systems, including acute and chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, endocrine disruption, and immunotoxicity. Biotransformation reactions, primarily occurring in the liver, convert xenobiotics into more hydrophilic forms, facilitating their excretion from the body. These reactions are divided into two phases: Phase I and Phase II. Phase I reactions (non-synthetic) involve oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, primarily mediated by enzymes such as cytochrome P-450. Phase II reactions (synthetic) involve conjugation reactions, where metabolites of xenobiotics combine with endogenous polar or ionic moieties, making them more water-soluble. Key Phase II reactions include glucuronide formation, methylation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, amino acid conjugation, and glutathione conjugation. Understanding these biotransformation mechanisms is crucial for mitigating the toxic effects of xenobiotics. However, biotransformation can sometimes produce more toxic metabolites, posing significant risks to environmental and human health. Environmental implications include the persistence and bioaccumulation of xenobiotics, ecotoxicity, and the development of antibiotic resistance. Human health implications involve increased toxicity and carcinogenicity, adverse drug reactions due to drug interactions, and genetic variability affecting individual susceptibility to xenobiotic toxicity. To address these challenges, effective risk assessment and management strategies are essential. Environmental monitoring using advanced analytical techniques, regulatory frameworks such as REACH and TSCA, and bioremediation using engineered microbes are crucial for mitigating the impact of xenobiotics. This paper underscores the importance of understanding biotransformation reactions to develop strategies for reducing the harmful effects of xenobiotics and protecting public health and the environment.
{"title":"Biotransformation reactions of xenobiotics: Mechanisms and implications for environmental and human health","authors":"Bhaskar Mahanayak","doi":"10.30574/wjbphs.2024.19.1.0406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.19.1.0406","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the biotransformation reactions of xenobiotics, focusing on their mechanisms and implications for environmental and human health. Xenobiotics are foreign chemical substances introduced into the environment and living organisms through activities such as industrial processes, agricultural practices, and pharmaceutical usage. They include pharmaceuticals, pesticides, industrial chemicals, environmental pollutants, and food additives. Xenobiotics can have toxic effects on biological systems, including acute and chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, endocrine disruption, and immunotoxicity. Biotransformation reactions, primarily occurring in the liver, convert xenobiotics into more hydrophilic forms, facilitating their excretion from the body. These reactions are divided into two phases: Phase I and Phase II. Phase I reactions (non-synthetic) involve oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, primarily mediated by enzymes such as cytochrome P-450. Phase II reactions (synthetic) involve conjugation reactions, where metabolites of xenobiotics combine with endogenous polar or ionic moieties, making them more water-soluble. Key Phase II reactions include glucuronide formation, methylation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, amino acid conjugation, and glutathione conjugation. Understanding these biotransformation mechanisms is crucial for mitigating the toxic effects of xenobiotics. However, biotransformation can sometimes produce more toxic metabolites, posing significant risks to environmental and human health. Environmental implications include the persistence and bioaccumulation of xenobiotics, ecotoxicity, and the development of antibiotic resistance. Human health implications involve increased toxicity and carcinogenicity, adverse drug reactions due to drug interactions, and genetic variability affecting individual susceptibility to xenobiotic toxicity. To address these challenges, effective risk assessment and management strategies are essential. Environmental monitoring using advanced analytical techniques, regulatory frameworks such as REACH and TSCA, and bioremediation using engineered microbes are crucial for mitigating the impact of xenobiotics. This paper underscores the importance of understanding biotransformation reactions to develop strategies for reducing the harmful effects of xenobiotics and protecting public health and the environment.","PeriodicalId":23738,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141796135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study was focused on formulating and evaluating Ebastine containing Transferosomes formulation for in vitro studies. Transferosomes formulations were prepared by using cold method and were evaluated for in vitro characteristics, stability studies. Transferosomes formulation displayed highest entrapment efficiency with desired particle size. SEM analyses showed that Transferosomes formulation was spherical in shape. Transferosomes containing lipid higher percentage of drug release after 8 h as compared to other formulations. F-2 formulation was found to be stable at the end of the study on storage condition. The present study suggested that Transferosomes gel formulations provide sustained and prolonged delivery of drug with enhance bioavailability.
{"title":"Formulation and evaluation of Ebastine transferosomes","authors":"Guggila Niharika, Mekala Pallavi, Arumugam Yasodha","doi":"10.30574/wjbphs.2024.19.1.0446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.19.1.0446","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was focused on formulating and evaluating Ebastine containing Transferosomes formulation for in vitro studies. Transferosomes formulations were prepared by using cold method and were evaluated for in vitro characteristics, stability studies. Transferosomes formulation displayed highest entrapment efficiency with desired particle size. SEM analyses showed that Transferosomes formulation was spherical in shape. Transferosomes containing lipid higher percentage of drug release after 8 h as compared to other formulations. F-2 formulation was found to be stable at the end of the study on storage condition. The present study suggested that Transferosomes gel formulations provide sustained and prolonged delivery of drug with enhance bioavailability.","PeriodicalId":23738,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences","volume":"14 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141796691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-30DOI: 10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0120
Khaled Mohammad, Juma Husain, Bani Hani1, Bani Hani, Sinan Ibrahim Alghamaz, Madher Ali, Mohammad Doumi, Rami Mohamad Salem, Aldarawshe, Suhib Fayiz, Naim Dawaghreh, Ahmed Mahmoud Mohammed, Ali Alboun, Kholoud Muhsen Al Quraan
Background: Vitamin D is crucial for musculoskeletal health, promoting calcium absorption, osteoid tissue mineralization, and muscle function. Insufficient levels can lead to bone dystrophy, muscle weakness, and osteoporotic fractures. Aims: This research investigates the correlation between bone mineral density and osteoporotic fracture risk, including positive and negative influences, and aims to determine the optimal vitamin D level. Methods: This retrospective observational study examined 206 Jordanian rehabilitation and rheumatology clinic patients from September to November 2021. The participants were post-menopausal women and men over 60. The Age-adjusted Charlson Co-Morbidity Index and Functionality Grade system was used to assess participants' co-morbidity burden and functionality. DEXA scans assessed participants' proximal femoral hip and anteroposterior spine. Participants were divided into two Vit D groups: those below 30 ng/ml and those above 30. Results were compared using a Chi Square test. The study examined correlations, total variations, and Vit D prediction quality using logistic regression analyses. SPSS 23.0 was used for statistical analysis with a 5% significance level. Results: A binary logistic regression model was employed to simulate the correlation between the vitamin D levels of patients and their bone mineral density. The model indicated a 61.39% likelihood of having a fH_BMD (femoral head bone mineral density) equal to or greater than 0.755 g/cm2 when the vitamin D level is at its optimal value of 27.25 ng/ml. The model indicated a 27.25% likelihood of a fHOPF risk-free tool with a value of ≥3% when the optimal vitamin D level is 27.25 ng/ml. The model indicated a 17.74% likelihood of experiencing a significant osteoporotic fracture within the next 10 years. Conclusion: The findings of our study demonstrated a direct correlation between elevated levels of vitamin D and improved bone mineral quality indices that were examined. The serum 25-OH Cholecalciferol levels are more likely to have a beneficial effect on bone health status.
背景：维生素 D 对肌肉骨骼健康至关重要，可促进钙吸收、骨组织矿化和肌肉功能。维生素 D 含量不足会导致骨质疏松、肌肉无力和骨质疏松性骨折。目的：本研究调查了骨矿物质密度与骨质疏松性骨折风险之间的相关性，包括正面和负面影响，并旨在确定最佳维生素 D 水平。研究方法这项回顾性观察研究对 2021 年 9 月至 11 月期间的 206 名约旦康复和风湿病诊所患者进行了调查。参与者为绝经后女性和 60 岁以上男性。研究采用年龄调整后的夏尔森共病指数和功能分级系统来评估参与者的共病负担和功能。DEXA 扫描评估了参与者的股骨近端髋关节和前胸脊柱。参与者被分为两个维生素 D 组：低于 30 纳克/毫升和高于 30 纳克/毫升。研究结果通过 Chi Square 检验进行比较。研究采用逻辑回归分析法对相关性、总变化和 Vit D 预测质量进行了检验。统计分析采用 SPSS 23.0，显著性水平为 5%。结果采用二元逻辑回归模型模拟患者维生素 D 水平与其骨矿物质密度之间的相关性。模型显示，当维生素 D 水平达到 27.25 纳克/毫升的最佳值时，fH_BMD（股骨头骨矿密度）大于或等于 0.755 克/平方厘米的可能性为 61.39%。该模型显示，当维生素 D 的最佳水平为 27.25 纳克/毫升时，fHOPF 无风险工具值≥3% 的可能性为 27.25%。模型显示，在未来 10 年内发生重大骨质疏松性骨折的可能性为 17.74%。结论我们的研究结果表明，维生素 D 水平的升高与骨矿物质质量指标的改善直接相关。血清 25-OH 胆钙化醇水平更有可能对骨骼健康状况产生有益影响。
{"title":"Optimal dual calcium and cholecalciderol dosages for osteoporotic fracture risk patients","authors":"Khaled Mohammad, Juma Husain, Bani Hani1, Bani Hani, Sinan Ibrahim Alghamaz, Madher Ali, Mohammad Doumi, Rami Mohamad Salem, Aldarawshe, Suhib Fayiz, Naim Dawaghreh, Ahmed Mahmoud Mohammed, Ali Alboun, Kholoud Muhsen Al Quraan","doi":"10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0120","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vitamin D is crucial for musculoskeletal health, promoting calcium absorption, osteoid tissue mineralization, and muscle function. Insufficient levels can lead to bone dystrophy, muscle weakness, and osteoporotic fractures. Aims: This research investigates the correlation between bone mineral density and osteoporotic fracture risk, including positive and negative influences, and aims to determine the optimal vitamin D level. Methods: This retrospective observational study examined 206 Jordanian rehabilitation and rheumatology clinic patients from September to November 2021. The participants were post-menopausal women and men over 60. The Age-adjusted Charlson Co-Morbidity Index and Functionality Grade system was used to assess participants' co-morbidity burden and functionality. DEXA scans assessed participants' proximal femoral hip and anteroposterior spine. Participants were divided into two Vit D groups: those below 30 ng/ml and those above 30. Results were compared using a Chi Square test. The study examined correlations, total variations, and Vit D prediction quality using logistic regression analyses. SPSS 23.0 was used for statistical analysis with a 5% significance level. Results: A binary logistic regression model was employed to simulate the correlation between the vitamin D levels of patients and their bone mineral density. The model indicated a 61.39% likelihood of having a fH_BMD (femoral head bone mineral density) equal to or greater than 0.755 g/cm2 when the vitamin D level is at its optimal value of 27.25 ng/ml. The model indicated a 27.25% likelihood of a fHOPF risk-free tool with a value of ≥3% when the optimal vitamin D level is 27.25 ng/ml. The model indicated a 17.74% likelihood of experiencing a significant osteoporotic fracture within the next 10 years. Conclusion: The findings of our study demonstrated a direct correlation between elevated levels of vitamin D and improved bone mineral quality indices that were examined. The serum 25-OH Cholecalciferol levels are more likely to have a beneficial effect on bone health status.","PeriodicalId":23738,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140361766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-30DOI: 10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0133
Ehizogie Paul Adeghe, Chioma Anthonia Okolo, Olumuyiwa Tolulope Ojeyinka
The integration of big data analytics in healthcare has ushered in a transformative era, redefining the landscape of patient care and treatment strategies. This review examines the multifaceted implications of big data on patient outcomes and the individualization of medical interventions. Delving into the foundational elements of big data, we explore its evolution in the healthcare sector and highlight pivotal applications, such as predictive analytics, treatment personalization, and population health management. The paper underscores how big data-driven insights have revolutionized diagnosis and early detection, leading to more accurate and timely interventions. Treatment planning has witnessed a paradigm shift, with the tailoring of therapeutic approaches based on robust data analyses, fostering the realization of personalized medicine. Moreover, the role of big data in enhancing patient engagement and empowerment is explored, illuminating the potential for collaborative and informed decision-making. Despite these advancements, ethical considerations and challenges loom large. Privacy concerns, data security, and the ethical use of patient information demand meticulous attention to ensure the responsible application of big data in healthcare. The paper discusses the evolving regulatory frameworks and strategies to address these pressing issues. Looking ahead, the review outlines emerging trends and technologies poised to shape the future of big data in healthcare. It identifies research opportunities and encourages interdisciplinary collaborations to further propel innovation in this dynamic field. By addressing challenges and envisioning future possibilities, it seeks to contribute to the ongoing dialogue surrounding the responsible and impactful integration of big data in shaping the future of healthcare.
{"title":"The role of big data in healthcare: A review of implications for patient outcomes and treatment personalization","authors":"Ehizogie Paul Adeghe, Chioma Anthonia Okolo, Olumuyiwa Tolulope Ojeyinka","doi":"10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0133","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of big data analytics in healthcare has ushered in a transformative era, redefining the landscape of patient care and treatment strategies. This review examines the multifaceted implications of big data on patient outcomes and the individualization of medical interventions. Delving into the foundational elements of big data, we explore its evolution in the healthcare sector and highlight pivotal applications, such as predictive analytics, treatment personalization, and population health management. The paper underscores how big data-driven insights have revolutionized diagnosis and early detection, leading to more accurate and timely interventions. Treatment planning has witnessed a paradigm shift, with the tailoring of therapeutic approaches based on robust data analyses, fostering the realization of personalized medicine. Moreover, the role of big data in enhancing patient engagement and empowerment is explored, illuminating the potential for collaborative and informed decision-making. Despite these advancements, ethical considerations and challenges loom large. Privacy concerns, data security, and the ethical use of patient information demand meticulous attention to ensure the responsible application of big data in healthcare. The paper discusses the evolving regulatory frameworks and strategies to address these pressing issues. Looking ahead, the review outlines emerging trends and technologies poised to shape the future of big data in healthcare. It identifies research opportunities and encourages interdisciplinary collaborations to further propel innovation in this dynamic field. By addressing challenges and envisioning future possibilities, it seeks to contribute to the ongoing dialogue surrounding the responsible and impactful integration of big data in shaping the future of healthcare.","PeriodicalId":23738,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140362811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the world’s most prevalent metabolic disorders with a huge demand for both affordable and effective drugs. Apart from conventional drugs a large number of plant products and their secondary metabolites have been found to possess anti-diabetic properties; among these flavonoids have been reported by recent scientific studies to be one of the main functional compounds against T2DM. Hence our main area of interest was exploring the anti-diabetic potential of various flavonoids present in Annona species using multiple flavonoid docking. Flavonoids predominant in the plant were chosen as the ligands to be docked with the receptors (T2DM targets) that were identified to have major influence on the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The interactions between the flavonoids and the targets were studied using PyRx, a virtual screening software for computational drug discovery. The results were compared with that of a commonly used anti-diabetic drug- glibenclamide to prove that these flavonoids have better interactions with the targets and hence, more efficient than the conventional drug. This was achieved by analogizing the binding energies of the flavonoid dockings to that of the drug with the respective targets. The flavonoids chosen would produce minimal side effects to that of conventional drugs and can act as potential substitutes for T2DM treatment.
{"title":"Multiple flavonoid docking studies for checking the anti-diabetic activity of Annona species","authors":"Mathangi Ganapathy, Harine Alagar Sampath, Mohanapreeya Venkatraman, Pramodha Janakiraman","doi":"10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0111","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the world’s most prevalent metabolic disorders with a huge demand for both affordable and effective drugs. Apart from conventional drugs a large number of plant products and their secondary metabolites have been found to possess anti-diabetic properties; among these flavonoids have been reported by recent scientific studies to be one of the main functional compounds against T2DM. Hence our main area of interest was exploring the anti-diabetic potential of various flavonoids present in Annona species using multiple flavonoid docking. Flavonoids predominant in the plant were chosen as the ligands to be docked with the receptors (T2DM targets) that were identified to have major influence on the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The interactions between the flavonoids and the targets were studied using PyRx, a virtual screening software for computational drug discovery. The results were compared with that of a commonly used anti-diabetic drug- glibenclamide to prove that these flavonoids have better interactions with the targets and hence, more efficient than the conventional drug. This was achieved by analogizing the binding energies of the flavonoid dockings to that of the drug with the respective targets. The flavonoids chosen would produce minimal side effects to that of conventional drugs and can act as potential substitutes for T2DM treatment.","PeriodicalId":23738,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences","volume":"55 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140363197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-30DOI: 10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0116
Keerthana N, Koteeswaran K
Target identification is a critical step in biomedical research because it lays the groundwork for the development of new therapies and drugs. Genetic research, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), genomic sequencing, functional genomics, and data integration, is crucial for understanding disease genetics and potential treatment targets. Transcriptomics and proteomics give data on gene and protein expression, making it easier to identify targets in dysregulated diseases. Target identification is essential for drug discovery, precision medicine, lowering medication attrition, increasing therapeutic efficacy, and, eventually, transforming patient care and drug development. Target validation is a critical stage in drug development because it verifies that revealed molecular targets play a substantial role in disease progression and are therefore suitable for treatment. It employs a range of approaches, including genetic validation, pharmacological validation, and animal model validation. Target validation assures that discovered targets are physiologically relevant, druggable, and have a direct impact on disease processes, thereby reducing pharmaceutical attrition, promoting precision medicine, and hastening therapeutic development. Historically, target identification relied on limited knowledge, typically through candidate-based techniques based on assumptions or prior observations. Target validation experiments looked into how gene knockdown or RNA interference affected illness symptoms. Genomics, proteomics, and functional genomics have all made advances in recent years, as have high-throughput screening and data integration. CRISPR-based technologies and high-throughput sequencing have assisted in the validation of targets. Single-cell validation, machine learning and artificial intelligence, advanced in vitro models like organoids, and patient-derived models will all help to make future assessments of target relevance and treatment responses more precise and individualized. These developments have the potential to dramatically revolutionize research target identification and validation.
{"title":"Target identification and validation in research","authors":"Keerthana N, Koteeswaran K","doi":"10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0116","url":null,"abstract":"Target identification is a critical step in biomedical research because it lays the groundwork for the development of new therapies and drugs. Genetic research, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), genomic sequencing, functional genomics, and data integration, is crucial for understanding disease genetics and potential treatment targets. Transcriptomics and proteomics give data on gene and protein expression, making it easier to identify targets in dysregulated diseases. Target identification is essential for drug discovery, precision medicine, lowering medication attrition, increasing therapeutic efficacy, and, eventually, transforming patient care and drug development. Target validation is a critical stage in drug development because it verifies that revealed molecular targets play a substantial role in disease progression and are therefore suitable for treatment. It employs a range of approaches, including genetic validation, pharmacological validation, and animal model validation. Target validation assures that discovered targets are physiologically relevant, druggable, and have a direct impact on disease processes, thereby reducing pharmaceutical attrition, promoting precision medicine, and hastening therapeutic development. Historically, target identification relied on limited knowledge, typically through candidate-based techniques based on assumptions or prior observations. Target validation experiments looked into how gene knockdown or RNA interference affected illness symptoms. Genomics, proteomics, and functional genomics have all made advances in recent years, as have high-throughput screening and data integration. CRISPR-based technologies and high-throughput sequencing have assisted in the validation of targets. Single-cell validation, machine learning and artificial intelligence, advanced in vitro models like organoids, and patient-derived models will all help to make future assessments of target relevance and treatment responses more precise and individualized. These developments have the potential to dramatically revolutionize research target identification and validation.","PeriodicalId":23738,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences","volume":"41 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140364018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-30DOI: 10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0112
Shubha Srinivasareddy
A comprehensive review of past research and statistical data is necessary to understand the significant obstacles encountered by International Medical Graduates (IMGs) in the healthcare systems of the USA and UK. A careful review of the literature shows that financial, cultural, and linguistic barriers are worsened by the intricate USA licensing processes overseen by the ECFMG. The BMJ and the AAMC's research statistics demonstrate the prevalence of these difficulties and their impact on the career trajectories and well-being of IMGs. The study assesses the impact of professional networks, mentoring programs, and support systems in addressing challenges faced by IMGs in the healthcare sectors of the US and UK, emphasizing the significance of evidence-based interventions in developing inclusion and equality. International Medical Graduates (IMGs) play an important role in graduate medical education and broad medical settings, but their integration present challenges that need thoughtful evaluation of many concerns they face.
{"title":"Challenges for international medical graduates in the US and the UK graduate medical education and health care system environment: A comprehensive review","authors":"Shubha Srinivasareddy","doi":"10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0112","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive review of past research and statistical data is necessary to understand the significant obstacles encountered by International Medical Graduates (IMGs) in the healthcare systems of the USA and UK. A careful review of the literature shows that financial, cultural, and linguistic barriers are worsened by the intricate USA licensing processes overseen by the ECFMG. The BMJ and the AAMC's research statistics demonstrate the prevalence of these difficulties and their impact on the career trajectories and well-being of IMGs. The study assesses the impact of professional networks, mentoring programs, and support systems in addressing challenges faced by IMGs in the healthcare sectors of the US and UK, emphasizing the significance of evidence-based interventions in developing inclusion and equality. International Medical Graduates (IMGs) play an important role in graduate medical education and broad medical settings, but their integration present challenges that need thoughtful evaluation of many concerns they face.","PeriodicalId":23738,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences","volume":"41 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140364029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-30DOI: 10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0104
Rawlings Chid, Ikenna Akubue
Telemedicine has emerged as a promising tool in diabetic eye care, particularly for underserved populations facing barriers to accessing traditional healthcare services. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness of telemedicine interventions in managing diabetic eye conditions within underserved communities. Through a systematic review of existing literature, encompassing diverse telemedicine approaches such as remote screening, teleconsultation, and telemonitoring. These studies were conducted across various regions with underserved populations, including rural areas, low-income urban neighborhoods, and underserved ethnic groups. The meta-analysis revealed significant improvements in several key outcome measures. Firstly, telemedicine interventions led to increased rates of early detection of diabetic retinopathy and other diabetic eye complications, facilitating timely intervention and preventing progression to more severe stages of the disease. Secondly, telemedicine facilitated better access to specialist care, overcoming geographical barriers and reducing the burden of travel for patients. Thirdly, telemedicine interventions were associated with improved patient compliance with follow-up appointments and treatment regimens, leading to better long-term management of diabetic eye conditions. Moreover, subgroup analyses revealed that telemedicine was particularly effective in reaching vulnerable populations such as elderly individuals, those with limited mobility, and ethnic minorities, thereby addressing disparities in healthcare access. Telemedicine holds great promise as an effective tool for diabetic eye care in underserved populations, offering a scalable and cost-effective approach to improving access to timely screening, diagnosis, and management of diabetic eye conditions. Further research and implementation efforts are warranted to optimize telemedicine interventions and ensure equitable access to quality eye care for all.
{"title":"Telemedicine in diabetic eye care: A meta-analysis of its effectiveness in underserved populations","authors":"Rawlings Chid, Ikenna Akubue","doi":"10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0104","url":null,"abstract":"Telemedicine has emerged as a promising tool in diabetic eye care, particularly for underserved populations facing barriers to accessing traditional healthcare services. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness of telemedicine interventions in managing diabetic eye conditions within underserved communities. Through a systematic review of existing literature, encompassing diverse telemedicine approaches such as remote screening, teleconsultation, and telemonitoring. These studies were conducted across various regions with underserved populations, including rural areas, low-income urban neighborhoods, and underserved ethnic groups. The meta-analysis revealed significant improvements in several key outcome measures. Firstly, telemedicine interventions led to increased rates of early detection of diabetic retinopathy and other diabetic eye complications, facilitating timely intervention and preventing progression to more severe stages of the disease. Secondly, telemedicine facilitated better access to specialist care, overcoming geographical barriers and reducing the burden of travel for patients. Thirdly, telemedicine interventions were associated with improved patient compliance with follow-up appointments and treatment regimens, leading to better long-term management of diabetic eye conditions. Moreover, subgroup analyses revealed that telemedicine was particularly effective in reaching vulnerable populations such as elderly individuals, those with limited mobility, and ethnic minorities, thereby addressing disparities in healthcare access. Telemedicine holds great promise as an effective tool for diabetic eye care in underserved populations, offering a scalable and cost-effective approach to improving access to timely screening, diagnosis, and management of diabetic eye conditions. Further research and implementation efforts are warranted to optimize telemedicine interventions and ensure equitable access to quality eye care for all.","PeriodicalId":23738,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences","volume":"68 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140364929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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