Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a globally recognized healthcare problem. Β-lactam resistance în Gram negative bacteria, mediated through mecanisms like ESBLs (extended spectrum beta-lactamases), cephalosporinases and carbapenemases, is one of the most important. This study aims to identify the most important tests which can be applied in the laboratory in order to correctly identify Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas spp., Acidentobacter spp.) which are resistant to this class of antibiotics and their resistance mechanisms, apply them on the microorganisms isolated in a clinical hospital from Bucharest, Romania, describe and report the findings, followed by the proposal of measures that can reduce the burden of these bacteria and their resistance mechanisms. In order to support the national effort in the fight against the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon, a new phenotipic laboratory identification test is proposed, using resources available in Romania. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, β-lactamase, carbapenemase
{"title":"β-LACTAMASE PRODUCING GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA: MAIN ISSUES, DIAGNOSTIC METHODS AND MEANS OF REDUCING THEIR BURDEN IN ROMANIA","authors":"Edgar-Costin Chelaru, Mădălina-Maria Muntean, Andrei-Alexandru Muntean","doi":"10.54044/rami.2022.02.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54044/rami.2022.02.05","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a globally recognized healthcare problem. Β-lactam resistance în Gram negative bacteria, mediated through mecanisms like ESBLs (extended spectrum beta-lactamases), cephalosporinases and carbapenemases, is one of the most important. This study aims to identify the most important tests which can be applied in the laboratory in order to correctly identify Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas spp., Acidentobacter spp.) which are resistant to this class of antibiotics and their resistance mechanisms, apply them on the microorganisms isolated in a clinical hospital from Bucharest, Romania, describe and report the findings, followed by the proposal of measures that can reduce the burden of these bacteria and their resistance mechanisms. In order to support the national effort in the fight against the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon, a new phenotipic laboratory identification test is proposed, using resources available in Romania. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, β-lactamase, carbapenemase","PeriodicalId":237638,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123096924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.54044/rami.2022.02.07
Andreea Amuzescu, M. Tampa, D. Ionescu
We present the case of a 39-year old male patient with various comorbidities including spastic paraparesis due to peripartum hypoxia subsequent to a gemellary pregnancy, coexisting with seizures (under treatment with sodium valproate), intravenous drug abuse since childhood, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Numerous hospitalizations and continuously monitored combined antiretroviral therapy were required for HIV infection. His immunocompromised status led to an infection started in 2013 with multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, debuted in a lymph node and further extended to the lungs, brain and spleen, remitted after 2015. Since 2018, a different clinical entity appeared and the patient presented multiple condylomas in the genital and inguinal regions. The lesions progressed rapidly despite the self-administered treatment with 5mg/ml podophyllotoxinum cutaneous solution. During the most recent admissions the clinical picture consisted of extensive exophytic cauliflowerlike protrusions as well as plane brown-violaceous tumour masses located in the genital area, completely covering the inguinal folds, penian basis and scrotum bilaterally, without tendency to spontaneous remission. During hospitalization, multiple cryotherapy sessions combined with podophyllin cream 25% were performed. Due to a deficiency and asymmetry in walking, with the left lower limb more adducted than the right one, leading to relative closure of the right inguinal fold, lack of ventilation and a tendency to moisture formation and tissue maceration, the healing was slower on this side. The patient was discharged with an indication for home treatment with an ointment containing Camellia sinensis dry leaf extract, remaining under observation with monthly controls for some persisting lesions. Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Human papillomavirus (HPV), Perianal sexually transmitted diseases, Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN)
{"title":"EXTENSIVE CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA IN A HIV - POSITIVE PATIENT - CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW","authors":"Andreea Amuzescu, M. Tampa, D. Ionescu","doi":"10.54044/rami.2022.02.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54044/rami.2022.02.07","url":null,"abstract":"We present the case of a 39-year old male patient with various comorbidities including spastic paraparesis due to peripartum hypoxia subsequent to a gemellary pregnancy, coexisting with seizures (under treatment with sodium valproate), intravenous drug abuse since childhood, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Numerous hospitalizations and continuously monitored combined antiretroviral therapy were required for HIV infection. His immunocompromised status led to an infection started in 2013 with multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, debuted in a lymph node and further extended to the lungs, brain and spleen, remitted after 2015. Since 2018, a different clinical entity appeared and the patient presented multiple condylomas in the genital and inguinal regions. The lesions progressed rapidly despite the self-administered treatment with 5mg/ml podophyllotoxinum cutaneous solution. During the most recent admissions the clinical picture consisted of extensive exophytic cauliflowerlike protrusions as well as plane brown-violaceous tumour masses located in the genital area, completely covering the inguinal folds, penian basis and scrotum bilaterally, without tendency to spontaneous remission. During hospitalization, multiple cryotherapy sessions combined with podophyllin cream 25% were performed. Due to a deficiency and asymmetry in walking, with the left lower limb more adducted than the right one, leading to relative closure of the right inguinal fold, lack of ventilation and a tendency to moisture formation and tissue maceration, the healing was slower on this side. The patient was discharged with an indication for home treatment with an ointment containing Camellia sinensis dry leaf extract, remaining under observation with monthly controls for some persisting lesions. Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Human papillomavirus (HPV), Perianal sexually transmitted diseases, Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN)","PeriodicalId":237638,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125385396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.54044/rami.2022.02.03
Ovidiu Farc, F. Zaharie, Roman Țăulean
Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the tumors with a dominant inflammatory component. An impressive volume of research has focused on the potential diagnostic or therapeutic application of the molecules (cytokines, adhesion molecules, others) that alter their expression during inflammation in tumors. However, recently these molecules have been shown to establish complicated relations (cytokine networks) in tumor biology. The present study aims to characterize the cytokine network in colorectal cancer, to highlight the quantitative development of immune modules, the ways in which they are organized and to determine whether there is a superior level coordination in the immune response in colorectal cancer. Methods: The serum levels of nine interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, IL-17A, IL-22, IFN (interferon)-γ, IL-4 and IL-10) two cell adhesion molecules-ICAM-1 and P-sel (P-selectin)- and a matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP-7) were measured by ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in thirty-three CRC patients and thirty-five healthy controls. Cytokines were selected to represent the main immune networks in CRC. Data were processed in order to find molecules with correlated or group behavior. Results: Three groups or ensembles and a number of independent modules were determined by the present study. Conclusions: The study highlights a heterogenous immune response, with an overall reduced level, with both pro-and antitumoral elements, which tend to be organized into functional groups. This may serve as starting point for strategic approaches in therapy. Keywords: Colorectal, cancer, cytokine, adhesion, network
{"title":"TOWARDS A NETWORK APPROACH IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN COLORECTAL CANCER","authors":"Ovidiu Farc, F. Zaharie, Roman Țăulean","doi":"10.54044/rami.2022.02.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54044/rami.2022.02.03","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the tumors with a dominant inflammatory component. An impressive volume of research has focused on the potential diagnostic or therapeutic application of the molecules (cytokines, adhesion molecules, others) that alter their expression during inflammation in tumors. However, recently these molecules have been shown to establish complicated relations (cytokine networks) in tumor biology. The present study aims to characterize the cytokine network in colorectal cancer, to highlight the quantitative development of immune modules, the ways in which they are organized and to determine whether there is a superior level coordination in the immune response in colorectal cancer. Methods: The serum levels of nine interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, IL-17A, IL-22, IFN (interferon)-γ, IL-4 and IL-10) two cell adhesion molecules-ICAM-1 and P-sel (P-selectin)- and a matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP-7) were measured by ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in thirty-three CRC patients and thirty-five healthy controls. Cytokines were selected to represent the main immune networks in CRC. Data were processed in order to find molecules with correlated or group behavior. Results: Three groups or ensembles and a number of independent modules were determined by the present study. Conclusions: The study highlights a heterogenous immune response, with an overall reduced level, with both pro-and antitumoral elements, which tend to be organized into functional groups. This may serve as starting point for strategic approaches in therapy. Keywords: Colorectal, cancer, cytokine, adhesion, network","PeriodicalId":237638,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133516045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.54044/rami.2022.02.01
D. Cohen
The article “Shigellosis outbreaks-an update” by Gabriela Loredana Popa and Mircea Ioan Popa provides an overview of recent shigellosis outbreaks worldwide after scrutinizing ProMed communications of the last years [1]. A special review section is dedicated to Shigella spp. associated outbreaks in the European region. As background, the authors reiterate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease. The paper highlights the continuing burden of shigellosis worldwide including the rise of antibiotic-resistant Shigella isolates and the emerging epidemic transmission of multi-drug resistant Shigella spp. among MSM communities. The authors recommend that shigellosis should not be neglected in the global efforts to prevent and control infectious diseases of public health importance. The comments below reinforce the message of this review with additional evidence from recent studies on the importance of Shigella as the leading cause of moderate to severe diarrhea (MSD) and dysentery globally and on the urgent need for licensed vaccines to reduce the burden of shigellosis primarily in children under 5 years of age in lowand-middle-income-countries (LMICs).
Gabriela Loredana Popa和Mircea Ioan Popa撰写的文章“志贺氏菌病暴发——最新情况”在审查了过去几年的ProMed传播后，概述了最近世界范围内的志贺氏菌病暴发[1]。一个特别审查章节专门讨论欧洲区域与志贺氏菌相关的疫情。作为背景，作者重申了该病的临床和流行病学特征。该论文强调了志贺氏菌病在世界范围内的持续负担，包括耐抗生素志贺氏菌分离株的增加和多重耐药志贺氏菌在男男性接触者社区中的流行传播。这组作者建议，在全球预防和控制具有公共卫生重要性的传染病的努力中不应忽视志贺氏菌病。以下评论通过来自近期研究的更多证据加强了本综述的信息，这些研究表明志贺氏菌是全球中度至重度腹泻(MSD)和痢疾的主要原因，迫切需要获得许可的疫苗，以减轻志贺氏菌病的负担，主要是在中低收入国家(LMICs)的5岁以下儿童中。
{"title":"MORE ON THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF SHIGELLOSIS","authors":"D. Cohen","doi":"10.54044/rami.2022.02.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54044/rami.2022.02.01","url":null,"abstract":"The article “Shigellosis outbreaks-an update” by Gabriela Loredana Popa and Mircea Ioan Popa provides an overview of recent shigellosis outbreaks worldwide after scrutinizing ProMed communications of the last years [1]. A special review section is dedicated to Shigella spp. associated outbreaks in the European region. As background, the authors reiterate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease. The paper highlights the continuing burden of shigellosis worldwide including the rise of antibiotic-resistant Shigella isolates and the emerging epidemic transmission of multi-drug resistant Shigella spp. among MSM communities. The authors recommend that shigellosis should not be neglected in the global efforts to prevent and control infectious diseases of public health importance. The comments below reinforce the message of this review with additional evidence from recent studies on the importance of Shigella as the leading cause of moderate to severe diarrhea (MSD) and dysentery globally and on the urgent need for licensed vaccines to reduce the burden of shigellosis primarily in children under 5 years of age in lowand-middle-income-countries (LMICs).","PeriodicalId":237638,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123385751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.54044/rami.2022.02.09
Eugenia Madalina Argesanu
An interesting review on the history, particularities, and current state of the HIV infection in Romania was published in “Romanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology”. HIV was first identified worldwide in the early 1980s, in Romania at the same time as the rest of the globe. It is well-known that the infection was transmitted primarily through sexual contact and infected blood, as well as perinatally. Mardarescu et al. bring forward the unique challenges that the Romanian health system is currently facing: “HIV infection in Romania has some particularities, such as the high number of HIV-infected patients under treatment and the high percentage of longterm survivors”.
{"title":"UPDATE ON HIV INFECTIONS IN ROMANIA","authors":"Eugenia Madalina Argesanu","doi":"10.54044/rami.2022.02.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54044/rami.2022.02.09","url":null,"abstract":"An interesting review on the history, particularities, and current state of the HIV infection in Romania was published in “Romanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology”. HIV was first identified worldwide in the early 1980s, in Romania at the same time as the rest of the globe. It is well-known that the infection was transmitted primarily through sexual contact and infected blood, as well as perinatally. Mardarescu et al. bring forward the unique challenges that the Romanian health system is currently facing: “HIV infection in Romania has some particularities, such as the high number of HIV-infected patients under treatment and the high percentage of longterm survivors”.","PeriodicalId":237638,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132711899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.54044/rami.2022.02.10
C. Caracoti, Alexandru Cristian Vasile Bugarin
Leishmaniasis has the paradoxical reputation of being both an emerging and a neglected disease. If we look at the seriousness of some clinical forms, the lack of training in microscopic diagnosis, the lack of reagents for immunological tests and the precariousness of the therapeutic arsenal in many cases, as well as the morbidity and mortality figures, we can only try to better understand and offer solutions to improve the situation. In the current conditions of global warming, humanitarian crises that generate waves of refugees and the existence of latent outbreaks of canine leishmaniasis in a country where the sand fly lives undisturbed, I believe that this letter could increase the degree of concern about this disease. Leishmaniasis refers to a group of parasitic diseases transmitted by a kinetoplastid flagellate named Leishmania. More than 50 genera are recognized, but the taxonomic situation is subject to a series of controversies. Of the 20 most frequently encountered species over half are zoonotic. The protozoan causes three primary pathological forms: the two “Old World” diseases known as visceral leishmaniasis (black fever/kala azar) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (Aleppo button, Biskra button, Jericho button) as well as mucocutaneous leishmaniasis which is specific to the Americas (also called the “New World” diseases).
{"title":"LEISHMANIASIS IN ROMANIA - WORK HYPOTHESIS","authors":"C. Caracoti, Alexandru Cristian Vasile Bugarin","doi":"10.54044/rami.2022.02.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54044/rami.2022.02.10","url":null,"abstract":"Leishmaniasis has the paradoxical reputation of being both an emerging and a neglected disease. If we look at the seriousness of some clinical forms, the lack of training in microscopic diagnosis, the lack of reagents for immunological tests and the precariousness of the therapeutic arsenal in many cases, as well as the morbidity and mortality figures, we can only try to better understand and offer solutions to improve the situation. In the current conditions of global warming, humanitarian crises that generate waves of refugees and the existence of latent outbreaks of canine leishmaniasis in a country where the sand fly lives undisturbed, I believe that this letter could increase the degree of concern about this disease. Leishmaniasis refers to a group of parasitic diseases transmitted by a kinetoplastid flagellate named Leishmania. More than 50 genera are recognized, but the taxonomic situation is subject to a series of controversies. Of the 20 most frequently encountered species over half are zoonotic. The protozoan causes three primary pathological forms: the two “Old World” diseases known as visceral leishmaniasis (black fever/kala azar) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (Aleppo button, Biskra button, Jericho button) as well as mucocutaneous leishmaniasis which is specific to the Americas (also called the “New World” diseases).","PeriodicalId":237638,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133402066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Among Gram-positive bacteria, enterococci are considered the most frequent pathogens in the case of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children. It is known that enterococci have intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance is achieved by different mechanisms for: beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, glycopeptides and linezolid. Objectives: The purpose of this review is to demonstrate that Enterococcus spp. is a frequent cause of urinary infections in children and to analyze antibiotic resistance. Materials and methods: The research was conducted using specific keywords such as “antibiotic resistance”, “children”, “UTI”, “Enterococcus spp.”, and “biofilm”, in specialty books, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect and PubMed Central (PMC). Results: Antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus spp. is an issue in the choice of treatment for urinary tract infections. According to certain research, resistance to vancomycin has increased in some countries while decreasing in others. Another concerning problem is the observed gentamicin resistance, notably in Enterococcus faecium. Discussion: Virulence factors, particularly Esp, which is involved in biofilm formation, play a key role in the processes of antibiotic resistance development. The presence of vanA and vanB genes modifies the structure of the bacteria and leads to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Enterococcal resistance to vancomycin (VRE) represents a major public health problem and is the main mechanism that occurs in nosocomial infections. Conclusions: Enterococcus spp. is one of the most prevalent etiological agents in urinary pathology and a common source of nosocomial infections. Because of the presence of virulence factors and genes, these bacteria can easily acquire resistance to specific antibiotics. Keywords: antibiotic resistance, children, UTI, Enterococcus spp., biofilm
在革兰氏阳性细菌中，肠球菌被认为是儿童尿路感染(uti)病例中最常见的病原体。众所周知，肠球菌具有内在耐药性，获得性耐药是通过不同的机制实现的:β -内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、糖肽和利奈唑胺。目的:本综述的目的是证明肠球菌是儿童尿路感染的常见原因，并分析抗生素耐药性。材料与方法:研究使用专业图书、谷歌Scholar、PubMed、ScienceDirect和PubMed Central (PMC)中的“抗生素耐药性”、“儿童”、“UTI”、“Enterococcus spp”、“biofilm”等特定关键词进行。结果:肠球菌对抗生素的耐药性是泌尿道感染治疗选择中的一个问题。根据某些研究，对万古霉素的耐药性在一些国家有所增加，而在另一些国家有所下降。另一个值得关注的问题是观察到的庆大霉素耐药性，特别是在粪肠球菌中。讨论:毒力因子，特别是参与生物膜形成的Esp，在抗生素耐药性的发展过程中起着关键作用。vanA和vanB基因的存在改变了细菌的结构，导致抗生素耐药性的出现。肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药性是一个重大的公共卫生问题，也是院内感染发生的主要机制。结论:肠球菌是泌尿系统疾病中最常见的病原之一，也是医院感染的常见来源。由于毒力因子和基因的存在，这些细菌很容易获得对特定抗生素的耐药性。关键词:抗生素耐药性，儿童，尿路感染，肠球菌，生物膜
{"title":"DIAGNOSIS AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF ENTEROCOCCUS SPP. CAUSING URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN","authors":"Crina Dănăilă, Marius-Ciprian Ungureanu, Lavinia-Emilia Petcu","doi":"10.54044/rami.2022.02.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54044/rami.2022.02.06","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Among Gram-positive bacteria, enterococci are considered the most frequent pathogens in the case of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children. It is known that enterococci have intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance is achieved by different mechanisms for: beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, glycopeptides and linezolid. Objectives: The purpose of this review is to demonstrate that Enterococcus spp. is a frequent cause of urinary infections in children and to analyze antibiotic resistance. Materials and methods: The research was conducted using specific keywords such as “antibiotic resistance”, “children”, “UTI”, “Enterococcus spp.”, and “biofilm”, in specialty books, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect and PubMed Central (PMC). Results: Antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus spp. is an issue in the choice of treatment for urinary tract infections. According to certain research, resistance to vancomycin has increased in some countries while decreasing in others. Another concerning problem is the observed gentamicin resistance, notably in Enterococcus faecium. Discussion: Virulence factors, particularly Esp, which is involved in biofilm formation, play a key role in the processes of antibiotic resistance development. The presence of vanA and vanB genes modifies the structure of the bacteria and leads to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Enterococcal resistance to vancomycin (VRE) represents a major public health problem and is the main mechanism that occurs in nosocomial infections. Conclusions: Enterococcus spp. is one of the most prevalent etiological agents in urinary pathology and a common source of nosocomial infections. Because of the presence of virulence factors and genes, these bacteria can easily acquire resistance to specific antibiotics. Keywords: antibiotic resistance, children, UTI, Enterococcus spp., biofilm","PeriodicalId":237638,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126882480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.54044/rami.2022.02.11
D. Zaharia
Often, during consultations, elements pertaining to the patient’s history are omitted, leading to a diagnostic suspicion far from the truth and to unrequired medical investigations. Herein, we describe the case of a 36-year-old patient who presented himself for a post-COVID evaluation and a second medical opinion regarding the appearance of pulmonary micronodules during the control chest Computed Tomography (CT) scan. From the patient's history, we note that he had a SARS-CoV-2 infection in May 2021 and because he had persistent symptoms of retrosternal discomfort and the feeling of having a "knot in his throat", the patient presented himself for a consultation that recommended CT scan, performed in July 2021. In this CT examination (Fig. 1, A and D), several pulmonary micronodules of uncertain etiology were observed, but according to their appearance, they are most likely sequelae; no other pathological changes were observed. Routine blood tests were normal. The patient was advised to undergo a new CT scan after 6 months, in order to monitor the evolution of the nodules.
{"title":"PULMONARY MICRONODULES OF PROBABLE VARICELLA ETIOLOGY","authors":"D. Zaharia","doi":"10.54044/rami.2022.02.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54044/rami.2022.02.11","url":null,"abstract":"Often, during consultations, elements pertaining to the patient’s history are omitted, leading to a diagnostic suspicion far from the truth and to unrequired medical investigations. Herein, we describe the case of a 36-year-old patient who presented himself for a post-COVID evaluation and a second medical opinion regarding the appearance of pulmonary micronodules during the control chest Computed Tomography (CT) scan. From the patient's history, we note that he had a SARS-CoV-2 infection in May 2021 and because he had persistent symptoms of retrosternal discomfort and the feeling of having a \"knot in his throat\", the patient presented himself for a consultation that recommended CT scan, performed in July 2021. In this CT examination (Fig. 1, A and D), several pulmonary micronodules of uncertain etiology were observed, but according to their appearance, they are most likely sequelae; no other pathological changes were observed. Routine blood tests were normal. The patient was advised to undergo a new CT scan after 6 months, in order to monitor the evolution of the nodules.","PeriodicalId":237638,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"232 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123193702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.54044/rami.2022.02.04
Iulia-Magdalena Vasilescu, L. Dițu, C. Stancu
Introduction: Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is an anaerobic bacterial species commonly found in the human intestine. In some conditions, like gut dysbiosis, it can manifest its pathogenicity, causing a large spectrum of colitis. The prophylactic administration of probiotics or a combination of probiotics and prebiotic substances, called symbiotic products as an adjuvant for antibiotic treatment, has been tested to reduce the duration of clinical manifestations and to prevent relapses, but the results are not conclusive. Objectives: This study aims to evidence the in vitro effects of C. difficile growth under the influence of two candidate functional foods (traditional sour wheat bran beverage and pickle juice), which have both probiotic with prebiotic properties and of the breast milk, known for its prebiotic components. Methods: A number of three clinical strains of C. difficile isolated from patients with post-antibiotic C. difficile infections were used in order to investigate the effects of domestic origin product fractions and breast milk on the C. difficile strains growth. Results: We found a dose-dependent stimulatory effect of the traditional sour wheat bran beverage fractions, possibly due to the presence of some unknown growth factors. Unmodified pickle juice and the resulting supernatant also have dose-dependent inhibitory effects on C. difficile growth, while inactivated cell sediment had no noticeable effect. Conclusions: Further exploration is needed to be able to exploit the inhibitory effect of sour wheat bran beverage and pickle juice on C. difficile growth and to identify and isolate biological components from these functional foods. Keywords: functional food, Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection, gastrointestinal microbiota, probiotics, prebiotic
{"title":"IN VITRO EFFECTS OF HUMAN BREAST MILK AND TWO FUNCTIONAL FOODS CANDIDATES ON CLOSTRIDIOIDES (CLOSTRIDIUM) DIFFICILE GROWTH","authors":"Iulia-Magdalena Vasilescu, L. Dițu, C. Stancu","doi":"10.54044/rami.2022.02.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54044/rami.2022.02.04","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is an anaerobic bacterial species commonly found in the human intestine. In some conditions, like gut dysbiosis, it can manifest its pathogenicity, causing a large spectrum of colitis. The prophylactic administration of probiotics or a combination of probiotics and prebiotic substances, called symbiotic products as an adjuvant for antibiotic treatment, has been tested to reduce the duration of clinical manifestations and to prevent relapses, but the results are not conclusive. Objectives: This study aims to evidence the in vitro effects of C. difficile growth under the influence of two candidate functional foods (traditional sour wheat bran beverage and pickle juice), which have both probiotic with prebiotic properties and of the breast milk, known for its prebiotic components. Methods: A number of three clinical strains of C. difficile isolated from patients with post-antibiotic C. difficile infections were used in order to investigate the effects of domestic origin product fractions and breast milk on the C. difficile strains growth. Results: We found a dose-dependent stimulatory effect of the traditional sour wheat bran beverage fractions, possibly due to the presence of some unknown growth factors. Unmodified pickle juice and the resulting supernatant also have dose-dependent inhibitory effects on C. difficile growth, while inactivated cell sediment had no noticeable effect. Conclusions: Further exploration is needed to be able to exploit the inhibitory effect of sour wheat bran beverage and pickle juice on C. difficile growth and to identify and isolate biological components from these functional foods. Keywords: functional food, Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection, gastrointestinal microbiota, probiotics, prebiotic","PeriodicalId":237638,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122413727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.54044/rami.2022.02.02
Vlad Tofan, Ştefania-Maria Lascăr, I. Berindan‐Neagoe
Background: Manganese (Mn) impact on human health is often studied regarding its neurotoxicity, leading to a Parkinson-like pathology termed manganism. Since scientific reports indicate manganese neurotoxicity as potentially inflammation-driven, our study aims to investigate the influence of acute and chronic manganese (II) chloride (MnCl2) exposure on macrophages ability to react to an inflammatory stimulus. Methods: The experimental model consisted in in vitro treatment of RAW264.7 murine macrophage-like cells with MnCl2 for two different time intervals in an attempt to simulate acute intoxication and chronic intoxication. Non-cytotoxic MnCl2 concentration values were determined using MTT assay. Acute and chronic exposure to manganese was followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Relevant pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, mRNA transcripts and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation were measured. Results: LPS stimulation of cells treated with non-cytotoxic MnCl2 levels triggered enhanced TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor α) secretion in the investigated acute model, whereas in the chronic exposure model only an intermediate MnCl2 concentration (37.5 μM) caused a rise in cytokine secretion. Acute treatment induced a dosedependent upregulation of Tnfα and Nos2 (Nitric oxide synthase 2) gene transcription coupled with an increasing trend in nuclear distribution of p65 subunit of NF-κB complex. Chronic treatment induced a dose-dependent downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes alongside an increase in Ho1 (Heme oxygenase 1) transcription. Conclusions: Our results suggest that manganese (II) has the potential to modulate macrophage inflammatory response development. Acute exposure generally intensifies inflammatory processes, while chronic exposure induces an attenuation of these, possibly due to heme oxygenase-1 inhibition of NF-kB signaling. Keywords: Manganese, Inflammation, Lipopolysaccharide, Cytokines, Heme oxygenase 1
{"title":"MANGANESE (II) MODULATES MACROPHAGES IMMUNE RESPONSE TO LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE","authors":"Vlad Tofan, Ştefania-Maria Lascăr, I. Berindan‐Neagoe","doi":"10.54044/rami.2022.02.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54044/rami.2022.02.02","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Manganese (Mn) impact on human health is often studied regarding its neurotoxicity, leading to a Parkinson-like pathology termed manganism. Since scientific reports indicate manganese neurotoxicity as potentially inflammation-driven, our study aims to investigate the influence of acute and chronic manganese (II) chloride (MnCl2) exposure on macrophages ability to react to an inflammatory stimulus. Methods: The experimental model consisted in in vitro treatment of RAW264.7 murine macrophage-like cells with MnCl2 for two different time intervals in an attempt to simulate acute intoxication and chronic intoxication. Non-cytotoxic MnCl2 concentration values were determined using MTT assay. Acute and chronic exposure to manganese was followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Relevant pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, mRNA transcripts and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation were measured. Results: LPS stimulation of cells treated with non-cytotoxic MnCl2 levels triggered enhanced TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor α) secretion in the investigated acute model, whereas in the chronic exposure model only an intermediate MnCl2 concentration (37.5 μM) caused a rise in cytokine secretion. Acute treatment induced a dosedependent upregulation of Tnfα and Nos2 (Nitric oxide synthase 2) gene transcription coupled with an increasing trend in nuclear distribution of p65 subunit of NF-κB complex. Chronic treatment induced a dose-dependent downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes alongside an increase in Ho1 (Heme oxygenase 1) transcription. Conclusions: Our results suggest that manganese (II) has the potential to modulate macrophage inflammatory response development. Acute exposure generally intensifies inflammatory processes, while chronic exposure induces an attenuation of these, possibly due to heme oxygenase-1 inhibition of NF-kB signaling. Keywords: Manganese, Inflammation, Lipopolysaccharide, Cytokines, Heme oxygenase 1","PeriodicalId":237638,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132758610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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