Bingxu Quan, Yuanhui Tang, Tingting Li, Huifang Yu, Tingting Cui, Chunhui Zhang, Lei Zhang, Peidong Su, Rui Zhang
This review examines the technological bottlenecks, potential solutions, and future development directions in the treatment and resource utilization of semi-coking wastewater (SCOW) in China. By comprehensively investigating the semi-coking industry and analyzing wastewater treatment research hotspots and existing projects, this study systematically explores the current status and challenges of each treatment unit, emphasizing the necessity for innovative wastewater treatment technologies that offer high efficiency, engineering feasibility, environmental friendliness, and effective resource recovery. This review highlights prospects and recommendations, including the development of novel extractants for phenol and ammonia recovery, a deeper understanding of biological enhancement mechanisms, exogenous bio-enhancement materials, and the creation of cost-effective advanced oxidation process (AOP)-based combined processes. Additionally, it underscores the potential for repurposing SCOW as a valuable resource through appropriate treatment, whether recycling for production or other applications.
{"title":"Technological Advancements and Prospects for Near-Zero-Discharge Treatment of Semi-Coking Wastewater","authors":"Bingxu Quan, Yuanhui Tang, Tingting Li, Huifang Yu, Tingting Cui, Chunhui Zhang, Lei Zhang, Peidong Su, Rui Zhang","doi":"10.3390/w16182614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182614","url":null,"abstract":"This review examines the technological bottlenecks, potential solutions, and future development directions in the treatment and resource utilization of semi-coking wastewater (SCOW) in China. By comprehensively investigating the semi-coking industry and analyzing wastewater treatment research hotspots and existing projects, this study systematically explores the current status and challenges of each treatment unit, emphasizing the necessity for innovative wastewater treatment technologies that offer high efficiency, engineering feasibility, environmental friendliness, and effective resource recovery. This review highlights prospects and recommendations, including the development of novel extractants for phenol and ammonia recovery, a deeper understanding of biological enhancement mechanisms, exogenous bio-enhancement materials, and the creation of cost-effective advanced oxidation process (AOP)-based combined processes. Additionally, it underscores the potential for repurposing SCOW as a valuable resource through appropriate treatment, whether recycling for production or other applications.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Onofri, Domitilla Pulcini, Arianna Martini, Marco Martinoli, Riccardo Napolitano, Nicolò Tonachella, Fabrizio Capoccioni
Sturgeon farming poses an interesting decision: give priority to highly prized caviar or meat. Indeed, sturgeons are mainly reared in aquaculture to produce caviar. However, the economic profitability of a sturgeon farm also depends on the existence of a meat market. Meat is still an important product for sturgeon farmers once the stock of caviar-producing females has been established. This paper takes a case study approach and analyses how an Italian producer addresses the trade-off, adopting a methodology that measures the value of the economic productivity of production inputs, e.g., the measure of the profitability of the inputs, and compares them with the costs of the inputs and the prices of the outputs. This analysis is the first attempt, to our knowledge, to adopt an economic analysis to address this choice problem, based on a very representative case study. This helps monitor whether the farm’s production choices are economically efficient and effective and whether and how those can be improved. The results show that the farm maximizes profit but does not reach its optimal production level. This implies that both (1) producing more output and (2) a further switch to caviar production for less meat are economically efficient production strategies.
{"title":"Economic Analysis of Sturgeon Farming and Caviar Production: A Case Study of an Italian Fish Farm","authors":"Laura Onofri, Domitilla Pulcini, Arianna Martini, Marco Martinoli, Riccardo Napolitano, Nicolò Tonachella, Fabrizio Capoccioni","doi":"10.3390/w16182618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182618","url":null,"abstract":"Sturgeon farming poses an interesting decision: give priority to highly prized caviar or meat. Indeed, sturgeons are mainly reared in aquaculture to produce caviar. However, the economic profitability of a sturgeon farm also depends on the existence of a meat market. Meat is still an important product for sturgeon farmers once the stock of caviar-producing females has been established. This paper takes a case study approach and analyses how an Italian producer addresses the trade-off, adopting a methodology that measures the value of the economic productivity of production inputs, e.g., the measure of the profitability of the inputs, and compares them with the costs of the inputs and the prices of the outputs. This analysis is the first attempt, to our knowledge, to adopt an economic analysis to address this choice problem, based on a very representative case study. This helps monitor whether the farm’s production choices are economically efficient and effective and whether and how those can be improved. The results show that the farm maximizes profit but does not reach its optimal production level. This implies that both (1) producing more output and (2) a further switch to caviar production for less meat are economically efficient production strategies.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"201 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Mississippi Delta region has worse population health outcomes, including higher overall cardiovascular and infant mortality rates. Water quality has yet to be considered as a factor in these health disparities. The objective of this paper is to determine overall differences in basic water quality indicators, electrolytes of cardiovascular importance, trace elements, heavy metals, and radioactive ions of groundwater in delta and non-delta counties in states along the Mississippi River. Data were sourced from the major-ions dataset of the U.S. Geological Survey. We used the Wilcoxon rank sum test to determine the difference in water quality parameters. Overall, delta counties had lower total dissolved solids (TDS) (47 and 384 mg/L, p-value < 0.001), calcium (7 and 58 mg/L; p-value < 0.001), magnesium (2 and 22 mg/L; p-value < 0.001), and potassium (1.57 and 1.80 mg/L; p-value < 0.001) and higher sodium (38 mg/L and 22 mg/L; p-value < 0.001) compared to non-delta counties. Overall, there were no statistical differences in trace elements, heavy metals, and radioactive ions across delta versus non-delta counties. These results underscore the need for further epidemiological studies to understand if worse health outcomes in delta counties could be partially explained by these parameters.
{"title":"Drinking Water Quality in Delta and Non-Delta Counties along the Mississippi River","authors":"Emily V. Pickering, Chunrong Jia, Abu Mohd Naser","doi":"10.3390/w16182622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182622","url":null,"abstract":"The Mississippi Delta region has worse population health outcomes, including higher overall cardiovascular and infant mortality rates. Water quality has yet to be considered as a factor in these health disparities. The objective of this paper is to determine overall differences in basic water quality indicators, electrolytes of cardiovascular importance, trace elements, heavy metals, and radioactive ions of groundwater in delta and non-delta counties in states along the Mississippi River. Data were sourced from the major-ions dataset of the U.S. Geological Survey. We used the Wilcoxon rank sum test to determine the difference in water quality parameters. Overall, delta counties had lower total dissolved solids (TDS) (47 and 384 mg/L, p-value < 0.001), calcium (7 and 58 mg/L; p-value < 0.001), magnesium (2 and 22 mg/L; p-value < 0.001), and potassium (1.57 and 1.80 mg/L; p-value < 0.001) and higher sodium (38 mg/L and 22 mg/L; p-value < 0.001) compared to non-delta counties. Overall, there were no statistical differences in trace elements, heavy metals, and radioactive ions across delta versus non-delta counties. These results underscore the need for further epidemiological studies to understand if worse health outcomes in delta counties could be partially explained by these parameters.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khalid B. Almheiri, Rabee Rustum, Grant Wright, Adebayo J. Adeloye
In the arid Arabian Peninsula, particularly within the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the perception of rainfall has shifted from a natural blessing to a significant challenge for infrastructure and community resilience. The unprecedented storm on 17 April 2024, exposed critical vulnerabilities in the UAE’s urban infrastructure and flood management practices, revealing substantial gaps in handling accumulated precipitation. This study addresses the necessity of updating the Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) curves for the Sharjah Emirate by utilizing recent precipitation data from 2021 to April 2024, alongside previously published 2020 data. By recalibrating the IDF curves based on data from three meteorological stations, this study reveals a substantial increase in rainfall intensities across all durations and return periods. Rainfall intensities increased by an average of 36.76% in Sharjah, 26.52% in Al Dhaid, and 17.55% in Mleiha. These increases indicate a trend towards more severe and frequent rainfall events, emphasizing the urgent need to revise hydrological models and infrastructure designs to enhance flood resilience. This study contributes valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and disaster management authorities in the UAE and similar regions worldwide.
{"title":"The Necessity of Updating IDF Curves for the Sharjah Emirate, UAE: A Comparative Analysis of 2020 IDF Values in Light of Recent Urban Flooding (April 2024)","authors":"Khalid B. Almheiri, Rabee Rustum, Grant Wright, Adebayo J. Adeloye","doi":"10.3390/w16182621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182621","url":null,"abstract":"In the arid Arabian Peninsula, particularly within the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the perception of rainfall has shifted from a natural blessing to a significant challenge for infrastructure and community resilience. The unprecedented storm on 17 April 2024, exposed critical vulnerabilities in the UAE’s urban infrastructure and flood management practices, revealing substantial gaps in handling accumulated precipitation. This study addresses the necessity of updating the Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) curves for the Sharjah Emirate by utilizing recent precipitation data from 2021 to April 2024, alongside previously published 2020 data. By recalibrating the IDF curves based on data from three meteorological stations, this study reveals a substantial increase in rainfall intensities across all durations and return periods. Rainfall intensities increased by an average of 36.76% in Sharjah, 26.52% in Al Dhaid, and 17.55% in Mleiha. These increases indicate a trend towards more severe and frequent rainfall events, emphasizing the urgent need to revise hydrological models and infrastructure designs to enhance flood resilience. This study contributes valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and disaster management authorities in the UAE and similar regions worldwide.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Xiao Bei mainstream, located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, plays a vital role in regulating the quality of river water. Our study leveraged 73 years of hydrological data (1951–2023) to investigate long-term runoff trends and seasonal variations in the Xiao Bei mainstream and its two key tributaries, the Wei and Fen Rivers. The results indicated a significant decline in runoff over time, with notable interannual fluctuations and an uneven distribution of runoff within the year. The Wei and Fen Rivers contributed 19.75% and 3.59% of the total runoff to the mainstream, respectively. Field monitoring was conducted at 11 locations along the investigated reach of Xiao Bei, assessing eight water quality parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total phosphorus (TP), permanganate index (CODMn), and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)). Our long-term results showed that the water quality of the Xiao Bei mainstream during the monitoring period was generally classified as Class III. Water quality parameters at the confluence points of the Wei and Fen Rivers with the Yellow River were higher compared with the mainstream. After these tributaries merged into the mainstream, local sections show increased concentrations, with the water quality parameters exhibiting spatial fluctuations. Considering the mass flux process of transmission of the quantity and quality of water, the annual NH3-N inputs from the Fen and Wei Rivers to the Yellow River accounted for 11.5% and 67.1%, respectively, and TP inputs accounted for 6.8% and 66.18%. These findings underscore the critical pollutant load from tributaries, highlighting the urgent need for effective pollution management strategies targeting these tributaries to improve the overall water quality of the Yellow River. This study sheds light on the spatiotemporal changes in runoff, water quality, and pollutant flux in the Xiao Bei mainstream and its tributaries, providing valuable insights to enhance the protection and management of the Yellow River’s water environment.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Changes in the Quantity and Quality of Water in the Xiao Bei Mainstream of the Yellow River and Characteristics of Pollutant Fluxes","authors":"Zhenzhen Yu, Xiaojuan Sun, Li Yan, Yong Li, Huijiao Jin, Shengde Yu","doi":"10.3390/w16182616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182616","url":null,"abstract":"The Xiao Bei mainstream, located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, plays a vital role in regulating the quality of river water. Our study leveraged 73 years of hydrological data (1951–2023) to investigate long-term runoff trends and seasonal variations in the Xiao Bei mainstream and its two key tributaries, the Wei and Fen Rivers. The results indicated a significant decline in runoff over time, with notable interannual fluctuations and an uneven distribution of runoff within the year. The Wei and Fen Rivers contributed 19.75% and 3.59% of the total runoff to the mainstream, respectively. Field monitoring was conducted at 11 locations along the investigated reach of Xiao Bei, assessing eight water quality parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total phosphorus (TP), permanganate index (CODMn), and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)). Our long-term results showed that the water quality of the Xiao Bei mainstream during the monitoring period was generally classified as Class III. Water quality parameters at the confluence points of the Wei and Fen Rivers with the Yellow River were higher compared with the mainstream. After these tributaries merged into the mainstream, local sections show increased concentrations, with the water quality parameters exhibiting spatial fluctuations. Considering the mass flux process of transmission of the quantity and quality of water, the annual NH3-N inputs from the Fen and Wei Rivers to the Yellow River accounted for 11.5% and 67.1%, respectively, and TP inputs accounted for 6.8% and 66.18%. These findings underscore the critical pollutant load from tributaries, highlighting the urgent need for effective pollution management strategies targeting these tributaries to improve the overall water quality of the Yellow River. This study sheds light on the spatiotemporal changes in runoff, water quality, and pollutant flux in the Xiao Bei mainstream and its tributaries, providing valuable insights to enhance the protection and management of the Yellow River’s water environment.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emanuele Ingrassia, Carmelo Nasello, Giuseppe Ciraolo
Coastal lagoons are important wetland sites for migratory species and the local flora and fauna population. The Stagnone Lagoon is a coastal lagoon located on the west edge of Sicily between the towns of Marsala and Trapani. The area is characterized by salt-harvesting plants and several archaeological sites and is affected by microtidal excursion. Two mouths allow exchange with the open sea: one smaller and shallower in the north and one larger and deeper in the south. This study aims to understand the lagoon’s hydrodynamics, in terms of circulation and involved forces. The circulation process appears to be dominated mainly by tide excursions and wind forces. Wind velocity, water levels, and water velocity were recorded during different field campaigns in order to obtain a benchmark value. The hydrodynamic circulation has been studied with a 2DH (two-dimensional in the horizontal plane) unstructured mesh model, calibrated with data collected during the 2006 field campaign and validated with the data of the 2007 campaign. Rapid changes in averaged velocity have been found both in Vx and Vy components, showing the strong dependence on seiches. This study tries to identify the main factor that domains the evolution of the water circulation. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to estimate the correct energy transfer between the forcing factors and dissipating ones. A Gauckler–Strickler roughness coefficient between 20 and 25 m1/3/s is found to be the most representative in the lagoon. To enhance the knowledge of this peculiar lagoon, the MIKE 21 model has been used, reproducing all the external factors involved in the circulation process. Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (NSE) values up to 0.92 and 0.79 are reached with a Gauckler–Strickler coefficient equal to 20 m1/3/s related to water depth and the Vy velocity component. The Vx velocity component NSE has never been satisfying, showing the limits of the 2D approach in reproducing the currents induced by local morphological peculiarities. Comparing the NSE value of water depth, there is a loss of up to 70% in model predictivity capability between the southern and the northern lagoon areas. This study aims to support the local decision-makers to improve the management of the lagoon itself.
{"title":"Hydrodynamic Modelling in a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon—The Case of the Stagnone Lagoon, Marsala","authors":"Emanuele Ingrassia, Carmelo Nasello, Giuseppe Ciraolo","doi":"10.3390/w16182602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182602","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal lagoons are important wetland sites for migratory species and the local flora and fauna population. The Stagnone Lagoon is a coastal lagoon located on the west edge of Sicily between the towns of Marsala and Trapani. The area is characterized by salt-harvesting plants and several archaeological sites and is affected by microtidal excursion. Two mouths allow exchange with the open sea: one smaller and shallower in the north and one larger and deeper in the south. This study aims to understand the lagoon’s hydrodynamics, in terms of circulation and involved forces. The circulation process appears to be dominated mainly by tide excursions and wind forces. Wind velocity, water levels, and water velocity were recorded during different field campaigns in order to obtain a benchmark value. The hydrodynamic circulation has been studied with a 2DH (two-dimensional in the horizontal plane) unstructured mesh model, calibrated with data collected during the 2006 field campaign and validated with the data of the 2007 campaign. Rapid changes in averaged velocity have been found both in Vx and Vy components, showing the strong dependence on seiches. This study tries to identify the main factor that domains the evolution of the water circulation. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to estimate the correct energy transfer between the forcing factors and dissipating ones. A Gauckler–Strickler roughness coefficient between 20 and 25 m1/3/s is found to be the most representative in the lagoon. To enhance the knowledge of this peculiar lagoon, the MIKE 21 model has been used, reproducing all the external factors involved in the circulation process. Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (NSE) values up to 0.92 and 0.79 are reached with a Gauckler–Strickler coefficient equal to 20 m1/3/s related to water depth and the Vy velocity component. The Vx velocity component NSE has never been satisfying, showing the limits of the 2D approach in reproducing the currents induced by local morphological peculiarities. Comparing the NSE value of water depth, there is a loss of up to 70% in model predictivity capability between the southern and the northern lagoon areas. This study aims to support the local decision-makers to improve the management of the lagoon itself.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feicui Wang, Fu Wang, Ke Zhu, Peng Yang, Tiejun Wang, Yunzhuang Hu, Lijuan Ye
Coastal wetland ecosystems are critical due to their diverse ecological and economic benefits, yet they have been significantly affected by human activities over the past century. Understanding the spatiotemporal changes and underlying factors influencing these ecosystems is crucial for developing effective ecological protection and restoration strategies. This study examines the Tianjin–Hebei coastal wetlands using topographic maps from the 1940s and Landsat satellite imagery from 1975, 2000, and 2020, supplemented by historical literature and field surveys. The aim is to analyze the distribution and classification of coastal wetlands across various temporal intervals. The findings indicate an expansion of the Tianjin–Hebei coastal wetlands from 7301.34 km2 in the 1940s to 8041.73 km2 in 2020. However, natural wetlands have declined by approximately 44.36 km2/year, while constructed wetlands have increased by around 53.61 km2/year. The wetlands have also become increasingly fragmented, with higher numbers of patches and densities. The analysis of driving factors points to human activities—such as urban construction, cultivated land reclamation, sea aquaculture, and land reclamation—as the primary contributors to these changes. Furthermore, the study addresses the ecological and environmental issues stemming from wetland changes and proposes strategies for wetland conservation. This research aims to enhance the understanding among researchers and policymakers of the dynamics and drivers of coastal wetland changes, as well as the major challenges in their protection, and to serve as a foundation for developing evidence-based conservation and restoration strategies.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Drivers of Coastal Wetlands in Tianjin–Hebei over the Past 80 Years","authors":"Feicui Wang, Fu Wang, Ke Zhu, Peng Yang, Tiejun Wang, Yunzhuang Hu, Lijuan Ye","doi":"10.3390/w16182612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182612","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal wetland ecosystems are critical due to their diverse ecological and economic benefits, yet they have been significantly affected by human activities over the past century. Understanding the spatiotemporal changes and underlying factors influencing these ecosystems is crucial for developing effective ecological protection and restoration strategies. This study examines the Tianjin–Hebei coastal wetlands using topographic maps from the 1940s and Landsat satellite imagery from 1975, 2000, and 2020, supplemented by historical literature and field surveys. The aim is to analyze the distribution and classification of coastal wetlands across various temporal intervals. The findings indicate an expansion of the Tianjin–Hebei coastal wetlands from 7301.34 km2 in the 1940s to 8041.73 km2 in 2020. However, natural wetlands have declined by approximately 44.36 km2/year, while constructed wetlands have increased by around 53.61 km2/year. The wetlands have also become increasingly fragmented, with higher numbers of patches and densities. The analysis of driving factors points to human activities—such as urban construction, cultivated land reclamation, sea aquaculture, and land reclamation—as the primary contributors to these changes. Furthermore, the study addresses the ecological and environmental issues stemming from wetland changes and proposes strategies for wetland conservation. This research aims to enhance the understanding among researchers and policymakers of the dynamics and drivers of coastal wetland changes, as well as the major challenges in their protection, and to serve as a foundation for developing evidence-based conservation and restoration strategies.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiuzhu Sha, Jianfang Ding, Ronghao Chu, Xinxin Ma, Xingyu Li, Yao Xiao, Bo Cheng, Fan Zhang, Can Song, Shanhai Wang
Water vapor transport is an important foundation and prerequisite for the occurrence of rainstorms. Consequently, the understanding of water vapor transport as well as the sources of water vapor during rainstorm processes should be considered as essential to study the formation mechanism of rainstorms. In this study, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model is adopted for backward tracking of water vapor transport trajectories and sources during the “7·20” extraordinary heavy rain process in Zhengzhou City of China that occurred on 20 July 2021. On this basis, the trajectory clustering method is applied to quantitatively analyze the contributions of water vapor sources, aiming to provide a basis for exploring the maintenance mechanism of this extreme rainstorm event. The spatio-temporal characteristics of this rainstorm event show that there are 4 consecutive days with the precipitation reaching or exceeding the rainstorm level across the whole Zhengzhou City, with the daily rainfall amounts at eight national meteorological stations all breaking their respective historical extreme values. The regional-averaged rainfall amount in Zhengzhou City is 527.4 mm, while the maximum accumulated rainfall amount reaches 985.2 mm at Xinmi station and the maximum hourly rainfall amount at Zhengzhou national meteorological station reaches 201.9 mm h−1. The water vapor sources for this rainfall process, ranked in descending order of contribution, are the Western Pacific, inland areas of Northwest China and South China, and South China Sea. The water vapor at lower levels is mainly transported from the Western Pacific and the South China Sea, while those from the inland areas of Northwest China and South China provide a supply of water vapor at upper levels to a certain extent. The water vapor at 950 hPa is mainly sourced from the Western Pacific and South China Sea, accounting for 56% and 44%, respectively. The water vapor at 850 hPa mainly derives from the Western Pacific and the inland areas of South China, contributing 58% and 34% of the total, respectively. The water vapor at 700 hPa mainly comes from the inland areas of Northwest China and South China Sea. Specifically, the water vapor from inland Northwest China contributes 44% of the total, acting as the primary source. The water vapor at 500 hPa is mainly transported from the inland areas of South China and Northwest China, with that from the inland South China (56%) being more prominent. The water vapor at all levels is mainly transported to the rainstorm region through the eastern and southern regions of China from the source areas. Additionally, there are some differences in the water vapor trajectories at a 6 h interval.
{"title":"Characteristics of Water Vapor Transport during the “7·20” Extraordinary Heavy Rain Process in Zhengzhou City Simulated by the HYSPLIT Model","authors":"Xiuzhu Sha, Jianfang Ding, Ronghao Chu, Xinxin Ma, Xingyu Li, Yao Xiao, Bo Cheng, Fan Zhang, Can Song, Shanhai Wang","doi":"10.3390/w16182607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182607","url":null,"abstract":"Water vapor transport is an important foundation and prerequisite for the occurrence of rainstorms. Consequently, the understanding of water vapor transport as well as the sources of water vapor during rainstorm processes should be considered as essential to study the formation mechanism of rainstorms. In this study, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model is adopted for backward tracking of water vapor transport trajectories and sources during the “7·20” extraordinary heavy rain process in Zhengzhou City of China that occurred on 20 July 2021. On this basis, the trajectory clustering method is applied to quantitatively analyze the contributions of water vapor sources, aiming to provide a basis for exploring the maintenance mechanism of this extreme rainstorm event. The spatio-temporal characteristics of this rainstorm event show that there are 4 consecutive days with the precipitation reaching or exceeding the rainstorm level across the whole Zhengzhou City, with the daily rainfall amounts at eight national meteorological stations all breaking their respective historical extreme values. The regional-averaged rainfall amount in Zhengzhou City is 527.4 mm, while the maximum accumulated rainfall amount reaches 985.2 mm at Xinmi station and the maximum hourly rainfall amount at Zhengzhou national meteorological station reaches 201.9 mm h−1. The water vapor sources for this rainfall process, ranked in descending order of contribution, are the Western Pacific, inland areas of Northwest China and South China, and South China Sea. The water vapor at lower levels is mainly transported from the Western Pacific and the South China Sea, while those from the inland areas of Northwest China and South China provide a supply of water vapor at upper levels to a certain extent. The water vapor at 950 hPa is mainly sourced from the Western Pacific and South China Sea, accounting for 56% and 44%, respectively. The water vapor at 850 hPa mainly derives from the Western Pacific and the inland areas of South China, contributing 58% and 34% of the total, respectively. The water vapor at 700 hPa mainly comes from the inland areas of Northwest China and South China Sea. Specifically, the water vapor from inland Northwest China contributes 44% of the total, acting as the primary source. The water vapor at 500 hPa is mainly transported from the inland areas of South China and Northwest China, with that from the inland South China (56%) being more prominent. The water vapor at all levels is mainly transported to the rainstorm region through the eastern and southern regions of China from the source areas. Additionally, there are some differences in the water vapor trajectories at a 6 h interval.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is critical to understanding the water cycle in watersheds and promoting the sustainable utilization of water resources. Although there are various ET products in the Yellow River Basin, various ET products have many uncertainties due to input data, parameterization schemes, and scale conversion, resulting in significant uncertainties in regional ET data products. To reduce the uncertainty of a single product and obtain more accurate ET data, more accurate ET data can be obtained by fusing different ET data. Addressing this challenge, by calculating the uncertainty of three ET data products, namely global land surface satellite (GLASS) ET, Penman–Monteith–Leuning (PML)-V2 ET, and reliability-affordable averaging (REA) ET, the weight of each product is obtained to drive the Bayesian three-cornered Hat (BTCH) algorithm to obtain higher quality fused ET data, which are then validated at the site and basin scales, and the accuracy has significantly improved compared to a single input product. On a daily scale, the fused data’s root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.78 mm/day and 1.14 mm/day. The mean absolute error (MAE) is 0.53 mm/day and 0.84 mm/day, respectively, which has a lower RMSE and MAE than the model input data; the correlation coefficients (R) are 0.9 and 0.83, respectively. At the basin scale, the RMSE and MAE of the annual average ET of the fused data are 11.77 mm/year and 14.95 mm/year, respectively, and the correlation coefficient is 0.84. The results show that the BTCH ET fusion data are better than single-input product data. An analysis of the fused ET data on a spatiotemporal scale shows that from 2001 to 2017, the ET increased in 85.64% of the area of the Yellow River Basin. Fluctuations in ET were greater in the middle reaches of the Yellow River than in the upstream and downstream regions. The BTCH algorithm has indispensable reference value for regional ET estimation research, and the ET data after BTCH algorithm fusion have higher data quality than the original input data. The fused ET data can inform the development of management strategies for water resources in the YRB and provide a deeper understanding of the regional water supply and demand balance mechanism.
准确估算蒸散量（ET）对于了解流域水循环和促进水资源的可持续利用至关重要。虽然黄河流域有多种蒸散发产品，但由于输入数据、参数化方案、尺度转换等原因，各种蒸散发产品都存在很多不确定性，导致区域蒸散发数据产品存在很大的不确定性。为了减少单一产品的不确定性，获得更准确的蒸散发数据，可以通过融合不同的蒸散发数据来获得更准确的蒸散发数据。针对这一难题，通过计算全球陆表卫星（GLASS）ET、Penman-Monteith-Leuning（PML）-V2 ET 和可靠性-可负担性平均（REA）ET 三种 ET 数据产品的不确定性，得到每种产品的权重，从而驱动贝叶斯三角帽（BTCH）算法，得到更高质量的融合 ET 数据，然后在站点和流域尺度上进行验证，与单一输入产品相比，精度有了显著提高。在日尺度上，融合数据的均方根误差（RMSE）分别为 0.78 毫米/天和 1.14 毫米/天。平均绝对误差（MAE）分别为 0.53 毫米/天和 0.84 毫米/天，RMSE 和 MAE 均低于模式输入数据；相关系数（R）分别为 0.9 和 0.83。在流域尺度上，融合数据的年平均蒸散发均方根误差和均方根误差分别为 11.77 毫米/年和 14.95 毫米/年，相关系数为 0.84。结果表明，BTCH ET 融合数据优于单一输入产品数据。对融合后的蒸散发数据进行时空尺度分析表明，2001-2017 年，黄河流域 85.64%的区域蒸散发增加。黄河中游地区的蒸散发波动大于上下游地区。BTCH算法对区域蒸散发估算研究具有不可或缺的参考价值，BTCH算法融合后的蒸散发数据比原始输入数据具有更高的数据质量。融合后的蒸散发数据可为制定长江流域水资源管理策略提供依据，并加深对区域水资源供需平衡机制的理解。
{"title":"Enhancing Evapotranspiration Estimations through Multi-Source Product Fusion in the Yellow River Basin, China","authors":"Runke Wang, Xiaoni You, Yaya Shi, Chengyong Wu","doi":"10.3390/w16182603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182603","url":null,"abstract":"An accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is critical to understanding the water cycle in watersheds and promoting the sustainable utilization of water resources. Although there are various ET products in the Yellow River Basin, various ET products have many uncertainties due to input data, parameterization schemes, and scale conversion, resulting in significant uncertainties in regional ET data products. To reduce the uncertainty of a single product and obtain more accurate ET data, more accurate ET data can be obtained by fusing different ET data. Addressing this challenge, by calculating the uncertainty of three ET data products, namely global land surface satellite (GLASS) ET, Penman–Monteith–Leuning (PML)-V2 ET, and reliability-affordable averaging (REA) ET, the weight of each product is obtained to drive the Bayesian three-cornered Hat (BTCH) algorithm to obtain higher quality fused ET data, which are then validated at the site and basin scales, and the accuracy has significantly improved compared to a single input product. On a daily scale, the fused data’s root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.78 mm/day and 1.14 mm/day. The mean absolute error (MAE) is 0.53 mm/day and 0.84 mm/day, respectively, which has a lower RMSE and MAE than the model input data; the correlation coefficients (R) are 0.9 and 0.83, respectively. At the basin scale, the RMSE and MAE of the annual average ET of the fused data are 11.77 mm/year and 14.95 mm/year, respectively, and the correlation coefficient is 0.84. The results show that the BTCH ET fusion data are better than single-input product data. An analysis of the fused ET data on a spatiotemporal scale shows that from 2001 to 2017, the ET increased in 85.64% of the area of the Yellow River Basin. Fluctuations in ET were greater in the middle reaches of the Yellow River than in the upstream and downstream regions. The BTCH algorithm has indispensable reference value for regional ET estimation research, and the ET data after BTCH algorithm fusion have higher data quality than the original input data. The fused ET data can inform the development of management strategies for water resources in the YRB and provide a deeper understanding of the regional water supply and demand balance mechanism.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hui Xiao, Tong Ke, Liming Chen, Dehu Li, Wanru Yang, Xin Qian, Long Chen, Ligang Deng, Huiming Li
In this study, the chemical fractions (CFs) of trace metal (TMs) and multiple magnetic parameters were analysed in the sedimentary column from the centre of Lake Taihu. The sedimentary column, measuring 53 cm in length, was dated using 210Pb and 137Cs to be 124 years old. Surface layers of the column were found to contain significantly higher concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Sb, Ti, and Zn than the middle and bottom layers. The sedimentary core contained a substantial amount of ferrimagnetic minerals. Most of the TMs were present in the residual state, except for Mn and Pb. The chemical fractions of Cd exhibited the most significant variation with depth. The pollution load index (PLI) indicated moderate TMs pollution levels in the region, whereas the risk assessment code (RAC) classified Mn as being heavily polluted. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and XGBoost (1.7.7.1) machine learning models were used to simulate the RAC and total concentration of TMs, using physical and chemical indicators and magnetic parameters of the sediments as input variables. The MLR model outperformed RF, SVM, and XGBoost in simulating the CFs and total concentrations of most TMs in the sedimentary column, with R2 up to 0.668 and 0.87. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method reveals that χarm/χ is the dominant factor influencing the RAC of As in the XGBoost models. For the RAC of Co and Cu in RF models, C% and N% exhibit greater contributions.
{"title":"Chemical Fractions and Magnetic Simulation Based on Machine Learning for Trace Metals in a Sedimentary Column of Lake Taihu","authors":"Hui Xiao, Tong Ke, Liming Chen, Dehu Li, Wanru Yang, Xin Qian, Long Chen, Ligang Deng, Huiming Li","doi":"10.3390/w16182604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182604","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the chemical fractions (CFs) of trace metal (TMs) and multiple magnetic parameters were analysed in the sedimentary column from the centre of Lake Taihu. The sedimentary column, measuring 53 cm in length, was dated using 210Pb and 137Cs to be 124 years old. Surface layers of the column were found to contain significantly higher concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Sb, Ti, and Zn than the middle and bottom layers. The sedimentary core contained a substantial amount of ferrimagnetic minerals. Most of the TMs were present in the residual state, except for Mn and Pb. The chemical fractions of Cd exhibited the most significant variation with depth. The pollution load index (PLI) indicated moderate TMs pollution levels in the region, whereas the risk assessment code (RAC) classified Mn as being heavily polluted. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and XGBoost (1.7.7.1) machine learning models were used to simulate the RAC and total concentration of TMs, using physical and chemical indicators and magnetic parameters of the sediments as input variables. The MLR model outperformed RF, SVM, and XGBoost in simulating the CFs and total concentrations of most TMs in the sedimentary column, with R2 up to 0.668 and 0.87. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method reveals that χarm/χ is the dominant factor influencing the RAC of As in the XGBoost models. For the RAC of Co and Cu in RF models, C% and N% exhibit greater contributions.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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