Navid Ahmadi, Muhammad Muniruzzaman, Jacopo Cogorno, Massimo Rolle
The dissolution of sulfide minerals in subsurface porous media has important environmental implications. We investigate the oxidative dissolution of pyrite under evaporative conditions and advance a mechanistic understanding of the interactions between multiple physical processes and mineral/surface reactions. We performed a set of experiments in which initially water saturated and anoxic soil columns, containing a top layer of pyrite, are exposed to the atmosphere under no evaporation (single-phase) and natural evaporative (two-phase) conditions. The oxidative dissolution of pyrite was monitored by non-invasive high-resolution measurements of oxygen and pH. Additionally, we developed and applied a multiphase and multicomponent reactive transport model to quantitatively describe the experimental outcomes and elucidate the interplay between the physico-chemical mechanisms controlling the extent of pyrite dissolution. The results confirm that the extent of pyrite dissolution under single-phase conditions was constrained by the slow diffusive transport of oxygen in the liquid phase. In contrast, during evaporation, the evolution of fluid phases and interphase mass transfer processes imposed distinct physical constraints on the dynamics of pyrite oxidation. Initially, the invasion of the gaseous phase led to a fast delivery of high oxygen concentrations in the reactive zone and thus markedly increased pyrite oxidation and acidity/sulfate production. However, such enhanced release of reaction products was progressively limited over time as drying conditions prevailed in the reactive zone and inhibited pyrite oxidation. The transient phase displacement was also found to control the distribution of aqueous species and formation of secondary minerals by creating spatio-temporally variable redox conditions.
{"title":"Oxidative Dissolution of Sulfide Minerals in Porous Media Under Evaporative Conditions: Multiphase Experiments and Process-Based Modeling","authors":"Navid Ahmadi, Muhammad Muniruzzaman, Jacopo Cogorno, Massimo Rolle","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037317","url":null,"abstract":"The dissolution of sulfide minerals in subsurface porous media has important environmental implications. We investigate the oxidative dissolution of pyrite under evaporative conditions and advance a mechanistic understanding of the interactions between multiple physical processes and mineral/surface reactions. We performed a set of experiments in which initially water saturated and anoxic soil columns, containing a top layer of pyrite, are exposed to the atmosphere under no evaporation (single-phase) and natural evaporative (two-phase) conditions. The oxidative dissolution of pyrite was monitored by non-invasive high-resolution measurements of oxygen and pH. Additionally, we developed and applied a multiphase and multicomponent reactive transport model to quantitatively describe the experimental outcomes and elucidate the interplay between the physico-chemical mechanisms controlling the extent of pyrite dissolution. The results confirm that the extent of pyrite dissolution under single-phase conditions was constrained by the slow diffusive transport of oxygen in the liquid phase. In contrast, during evaporation, the evolution of fluid phases and interphase mass transfer processes imposed distinct physical constraints on the dynamics of pyrite oxidation. Initially, the invasion of the gaseous phase led to a fast delivery of high oxygen concentrations in the reactive zone and thus markedly increased pyrite oxidation and acidity/sulfate production. However, such enhanced release of reaction products was progressively limited over time as drying conditions prevailed in the reactive zone and inhibited pyrite oxidation. The transient phase displacement was also found to control the distribution of aqueous species and formation of secondary minerals by creating spatio-temporally variable redox conditions.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142888006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed Elkouk, Yadu Pokhrel, Ben Livneh, Elizabeth Payton, Lifeng Luo, Yifan Cheng, Katherine Dagon, Sean Swenson, Andrew W. Wood, David M. Lawrence, Wim Thiery
Crucial to the assessment of future water security is how the land model component of Earth System Models partition precipitation into evapotranspiration and runoff, and the sensitivity of this partitioning to climate. This sensitivity is not explicitly constrained in land models nor the model parameters important for this sensitivity identified. Here, we seek to understand parametric controls on runoff sensitivity to precipitation and temperature in a state-of-the-science land model, the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5). Process-parameter interactions underlying these two climate sensitivities are investigated using the sophisticated variance-based sensitivity analysis. This analysis focuses on three snow-dominated basins in the Colorado River headwaters region, a prominent exemplar where land models display a wide disparity in runoff sensitivities. Runoff sensitivities are dominated by indirect or interaction effects between a few parameters of subsurface, snow, and plant processes. A focus on only one kind of parameters would therefore limit the ability to constrain the others. Surface runoff exhibits strong sensitivity to parameters of snow and subsurface processes. Constraining snow simulations would require explicit representation of the spatial variability across large elevation gradients. Subsurface runoff and soil evaporation exhibit very similar sensitivities. Model calibration against the subsurface runoff flux would therefore constrain soil evaporation. The push toward a mechanistic treatment of processes in CLM5 have dampened the sensitivity of parameters compared to earlier model versions. A focus on the sensitive parameters and processes identified here can help characterize and reduce uncertainty in water resource sensitivity to climate change.
{"title":"Toward Understanding Parametric Controls on Runoff Sensitivity to Climate in the Community Land Model: A Case Study Over the Colorado River Headwaters","authors":"Ahmed Elkouk, Yadu Pokhrel, Ben Livneh, Elizabeth Payton, Lifeng Luo, Yifan Cheng, Katherine Dagon, Sean Swenson, Andrew W. Wood, David M. Lawrence, Wim Thiery","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037718","url":null,"abstract":"Crucial to the assessment of future water security is how the land model component of Earth System Models partition precipitation into evapotranspiration and runoff, and the sensitivity of this partitioning to climate. This sensitivity is not explicitly constrained in land models nor the model parameters important for this sensitivity identified. Here, we seek to understand parametric controls on runoff sensitivity to precipitation and temperature in a state-of-the-science land model, the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5). Process-parameter interactions underlying these two climate sensitivities are investigated using the sophisticated variance-based sensitivity analysis. This analysis focuses on three snow-dominated basins in the Colorado River headwaters region, a prominent exemplar where land models display a wide disparity in runoff sensitivities. Runoff sensitivities are dominated by indirect or interaction effects between a few parameters of subsurface, snow, and plant processes. A focus on only one kind of parameters would therefore limit the ability to constrain the others. Surface runoff exhibits strong sensitivity to parameters of snow and subsurface processes. Constraining snow simulations would require explicit representation of the spatial variability across large elevation gradients. Subsurface runoff and soil evaporation exhibit very similar sensitivities. Model calibration against the subsurface runoff flux would therefore constrain soil evaporation. The push toward a mechanistic treatment of processes in CLM5 have dampened the sensitivity of parameters compared to earlier model versions. A focus on the sensitive parameters and processes identified here can help characterize and reduce uncertainty in water resource sensitivity to climate change.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142874205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Abu Bakar Siddik, Arman Shehabi, Prakash Rao, Landon T. Marston
Electricity generation in the United States entails significant water usage and greenhouse gas emissions. However, accurately estimating these impacts is complex due to the intricate nature of the electric grid and the dynamic electricity mix. Existing methods to estimate the environmental consequences of electricity use often generalize across large regions, neglecting spatial and temporal variations in water usage and emissions. Consequently, electric grid dynamics, such as temporal fluctuations in renewable energy resources, are often overlooked in efforts to mitigate environmental impacts. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has initiated the development of resilient energyshed management systems, requiring detailed information on the local electricity mix and its environmental impacts. This study supports DOE's goal by incorporating geographic and temporal variations in the electricity mix of the local electric grid to better understand the environmental impacts of electricity end users. We offer hourly estimates of the U.S. electricity mix, detailing fuel types, water withdrawal intensity, and water consumption intensity for each grid balancing authority through our publicly accessible tool, the Water Integrated Mapping of Power and Carbon Tracker (Water IMPACT). While our primary focus is on evaluating water intensity factors, our dataset and programming scripts for historical and real-time analysis also include evaluations of carbon dioxide (equivalence) intensity within the same modeling framework. This integrated approach offers a comprehensive understanding of the environmental footprint associated with electricity generation and use, enabling informed decision-making to effectively reduce Scope 2 water usage and emissions.
{"title":"Spatially and Temporally Detailed Water and Carbon Footprints of U.S. Electricity Generation and Use","authors":"Md Abu Bakar Siddik, Arman Shehabi, Prakash Rao, Landon T. Marston","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038350","url":null,"abstract":"Electricity generation in the United States entails significant water usage and greenhouse gas emissions. However, accurately estimating these impacts is complex due to the intricate nature of the electric grid and the dynamic electricity mix. Existing methods to estimate the environmental consequences of electricity use often generalize across large regions, neglecting spatial and temporal variations in water usage and emissions. Consequently, electric grid dynamics, such as temporal fluctuations in renewable energy resources, are often overlooked in efforts to mitigate environmental impacts. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has initiated the development of resilient energyshed management systems, requiring detailed information on the local electricity mix and its environmental impacts. This study supports DOE's goal by incorporating geographic and temporal variations in the electricity mix of the local electric grid to better understand the environmental impacts of electricity end users. We offer hourly estimates of the U.S. electricity mix, detailing fuel types, water withdrawal intensity, and water consumption intensity for each grid balancing authority through our publicly accessible tool, the Water Integrated Mapping of Power and Carbon Tracker (Water IMPACT). While our primary focus is on evaluating water intensity factors, our dataset and programming scripts for historical and real-time analysis also include evaluations of carbon dioxide (equivalence) intensity within the same modeling framework. This integrated approach offers a comprehensive understanding of the environmental footprint associated with electricity generation and use, enabling informed decision-making to effectively reduce Scope 2 water usage and emissions.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"201 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142874207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Groundwater level variations represent signals of superimposed physical processes, with memory. Groundwater level records are used to understand how aquifer systems respond to natural and anthropogenic perturbations. Here we analyze groundwater levels across the South Coast of British Columbia (BC) in the Pacific Northwest with the objective of determining groundwater responses to atmospheric rivers (ARs) and drought. An AR catalog was derived and used to associate precipitation amounts to AR occurrence. Droughts were quantified using dry day metrics, in conjunction with the standardized precipitation index. Historically (1980–2023), from September to January, approximately 40% of total precipitation was contributed by ARs. From April to September, more than 50% of days received no precipitation, with typically 26 consecutive dry days. We used the autocorrelation structure of groundwater levels, commonly used to characterize aquifer memory, to identify two distinct clusters of observation well responses. Cluster 1 wells respond to recharge from local precipitation, primarily rainfall, and respond rapidly to both ARs during winter recharge and significant rainfall deficits during summer. Cluster 2 wells are driven by local precipitation but are influenced by the Fraser River's large summer freshet which briefly recharges the aquifers, thereby delaying drought propagation. The results suggest that groundwater memory encapsulates multiple hydrogeological factors, including boundary conditions, influencing the response outcome to extreme events.
{"title":"Groundwater Responses to Deluge and Drought in the Fraser Valley, Pacific Northwest","authors":"A. H. Nott, D. M. Allen, W. J. Hahm","doi":"10.1029/2023wr036769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr036769","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater level variations represent signals of superimposed physical processes, with memory. Groundwater level records are used to understand how aquifer systems respond to natural and anthropogenic perturbations. Here we analyze groundwater levels across the South Coast of British Columbia (BC) in the Pacific Northwest with the objective of determining groundwater responses to atmospheric rivers (ARs) and drought. An AR catalog was derived and used to associate precipitation amounts to AR occurrence. Droughts were quantified using dry day metrics, in conjunction with the standardized precipitation index. Historically (1980–2023), from September to January, approximately 40% of total precipitation was contributed by ARs. From April to September, more than 50% of days received no precipitation, with typically 26 consecutive dry days. We used the autocorrelation structure of groundwater levels, commonly used to characterize aquifer memory, to identify two distinct clusters of observation well responses. Cluster 1 wells respond to recharge from local precipitation, primarily rainfall, and respond rapidly to both ARs during winter recharge and significant rainfall deficits during summer. Cluster 2 wells are driven by local precipitation but are influenced by the Fraser River's large summer freshet which briefly recharges the aquifers, thereby delaying drought propagation. The results suggest that groundwater memory encapsulates multiple hydrogeological factors, including boundary conditions, influencing the response outcome to extreme events.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142832913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial intelligence (AI) methods have created insurmountable performance in prediction tasks for geoscientific problems yet are unable to derive process insights and answer specific scientific questions. The geoscience community faces a dilemma of reconciling process comprehension with high predictive accuracy. Here we introduce a deep process learning (DPL) approach empowering neural networks to deduce intrinsic processes from observable data, wherein the intuitive physics of geosystems is directly coupled within the deep learning (DL) architecture as structural prior. We aim to incorporate as raw common concepts as possible as macroscopic guidance: on the one hand, to reduce interference with DL's data adaptability. On the other hand, to allow the information flow of the model to converge along specific paths toward the target output, thus enabling the potential to gain process insights with limited supervision. Illustrating its application to precipitation-runoff modeling across the USA, DPL yields an ensemble median Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.758 and Kling-Gupta efficiency of 0.778 with robust transferability, compared to 0.762 and 0.751 for the state-of-the-art DL model. The good match between internal representations of DPL and independent data sets of snow water equivalent and evapotranspiration, along with its superior capability for catchment water budget closures, demonstrates proficient process mastery. The study also highlights beneficial synergies from large-scale data collaboration, promoting the organic unity of process understanding and predictive performance. This work shows a promising avenue for learning processes from big data and will benefit geoscientific domains that remain concerned with process clarity in the era of AI.
{"title":"Synergizing Intuitive Physics and Big Data in Deep Learning: Can We Obtain Process Insights While Maintaining State-Of-The-Art Hydrological Prediction Capability?","authors":"Leilei He, Liangsheng Shi, Wenxiang Song, Jiawen Shen, Lijun Wang, Xiaolong Hu, Yuanyuan Zha","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037582","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) methods have created insurmountable performance in prediction tasks for geoscientific problems yet are unable to derive process insights and answer specific scientific questions. The geoscience community faces a dilemma of reconciling process comprehension with high predictive accuracy. Here we introduce a deep process learning (DPL) approach empowering neural networks to deduce intrinsic processes from observable data, wherein the intuitive physics of geosystems is directly coupled within the deep learning (DL) architecture as structural prior. We aim to incorporate as raw common concepts as possible as macroscopic guidance: on the one hand, to reduce interference with DL's data adaptability. On the other hand, to allow the information flow of the model to converge along specific paths toward the target output, thus enabling the potential to gain process insights with limited supervision. Illustrating its application to precipitation-runoff modeling across the USA, DPL yields an ensemble median Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.758 and Kling-Gupta efficiency of 0.778 with robust transferability, compared to 0.762 and 0.751 for the state-of-the-art DL model. The good match between internal representations of DPL and independent data sets of snow water equivalent and evapotranspiration, along with its superior capability for catchment water budget closures, demonstrates proficient process mastery. The study also highlights beneficial synergies from large-scale data collaboration, promoting the organic unity of process understanding and predictive performance. This work shows a promising avenue for learning processes from big data and will benefit geoscientific domains that remain concerned with process clarity in the era of AI.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142821004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Turbulence and Bedload Transport in Submerged Vegetation Canopies","authors":"Tian Zhao, Heidi Nepf","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037694","url":null,"abstract":"Using a constant channel velocity, <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/70a4c7db-bd6a-48ef-a7e9-acfa323f7367/wrcr27612-math-0001.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27612:wrcr27612-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27612-math-0001.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mi>U</mi>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$U$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math>, flume experiments investigated how canopy density (<span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/f3ebe3ea-8869-45b7-9efd-f8a159023edf/wrcr27612-math-0002.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27612:wrcr27612-math-0002\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27612-math-0002.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mi>a</mi>\u0000<mi>h</mi>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$ah$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math>, with canopy frontal area per unit volume <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/669ce969-2e78-4ff1-b9be-868a9bbad7d5/wrcr27612-math-0003.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27612:wrcr27612-math-0003\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27612-math-0003.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mi>a</mi>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$a$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math>, and canopy height <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/f6b29139-6691-42eb-9207-55147e0e82f8/wrcr27612-math-0004.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27612:wrcr27612-math-0004\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27612-math-0004.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mi>h</mi>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$h$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math>) and submergence ratio (<span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/546d9e68-c1c3-4878-b498-253ec4794c8a/wrcr27612-math-0005.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27612:wrcr27612-math-0005\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27612-math-0005.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mi>H</mi>\u0000<mo>/</mo>\u0000<mi>h</mi>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$H/h$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math>, with <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/7ea0294b-799d-4e6d-82dc-bc8ff2b29a1b/wrcr27612-math-0006.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27612:wrcr27612-math-0006\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27612-math-0006.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mi>H</mi>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$H$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math> the flow depth) impacted near-bed velocity, turbulence, and bedload transport within a submerged canopy of rigid model vegetation. For <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/86607138-c301-4010-8ee7-235843782c82/wrcr27612-math-0007.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27612:wrcr27612-math-0007\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27612-math-0007.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mi>H</mi>\u0000<mo>/</mo>\u0000<mi>h</mi>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$H/h$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math> < 2, the near-bed turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) was predominantly stem-generated. As <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/629b357b-de3e-4942-a3a4-66ffc8f08c5d/wrcr27612-math-0008.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27612:wrcr27612-math-0008\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27612-math-0008.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mi>a</mi>\u0000<mi>h</mi>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$ah$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math> increased, both the near-bed TKE and bedload transport rate (<span dat","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142816281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fawaz Alzabari, Catherine A. M. E. Wilson, Pablo Ouro
Leaky barriers are in-stream natural flood management solutions designed for peak flow attenuation, whose effectiveness is dependent on their design. Flow around leaky barriers (LB) composed of three cylindrical logs were investigated using large-eddy simulation. The main LB configuration considered vertically aligned logs, with other layouts inclined at 15, 30, and 45 in the upstream and downstream directions. Results reveal that the frontal projected blockage area of the LB leads to an increase in the upstream flow depth, with momentum being redirected toward the bottom gap, creating a primary wall-jet, whose peak velocity and coherence varied depending on LB design, however, attained a similar decay downstream. The porous LBs allowed for distinct internal flow paths that generated secondary jets, either diverting momentum upwards or downwards depending on the direction of the barrier inclination, impacting main flow features and turbulent characteristics. Turbulent kinetic energy and vertical Reynolds shear stress decreased when the barrier was inclined downstream. In the upstream inclination cases, these showed no significant variation, with magnitudes similar to those in the vertical configuration. Bed shear stress decreased with increasing barrier angle, reducing the risk of local scour and sediment mobilization. The vertical LB achieves the maximum backwater rise at the expense of promoting larger sediment bed mobilization. Structural loads on the logs vary with LB inclination, with drag forces decreasing as barrier angles increase. Hydrodynamic findings, evaluated through five design criteria, show that upstream-inclined designs, particularly with large barrier angles, exhibit improved relative performance compared to other designs.
{"title":"Hydrodynamics of In-Stream Leaky Barriers for Natural Flood Management","authors":"Fawaz Alzabari, Catherine A. M. E. Wilson, Pablo Ouro","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038117","url":null,"abstract":"Leaky barriers are in-stream natural flood management solutions designed for peak flow attenuation, whose effectiveness is dependent on their design. Flow around leaky barriers (LB) composed of three cylindrical logs were investigated using large-eddy simulation. The main LB configuration considered vertically aligned logs, with other layouts inclined at 15<span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/9a6d17cf-81a3-4da0-ab97-23d565e42555/wrcr27598-math-0001.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27598:wrcr27598-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27598-math-0001.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mo>°</mo>\u0000</mrow>\u0000${}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math>, 30<span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/d30c7e41-b587-41e1-bbda-4fe333c6b60d/wrcr27598-math-0002.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27598:wrcr27598-math-0002\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27598-math-0002.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mo>°</mo>\u0000</mrow>\u0000${}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math>, and 45<span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/62c6519f-affe-42aa-ba62-c05a3080f553/wrcr27598-math-0003.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27598:wrcr27598-math-0003\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27598-math-0003.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mo>°</mo>\u0000</mrow>\u0000${}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math> in the upstream and downstream directions. Results reveal that the frontal projected blockage area of the LB leads to an increase in the upstream flow depth, with momentum being redirected toward the bottom gap, creating a primary wall-jet, whose peak velocity and coherence varied depending on LB design, however, attained a similar decay downstream. The porous LBs allowed for distinct internal flow paths that generated secondary jets, either diverting momentum upwards or downwards depending on the direction of the barrier inclination, impacting main flow features and turbulent characteristics. Turbulent kinetic energy and vertical Reynolds shear stress decreased when the barrier was inclined downstream. In the upstream inclination cases, these showed no significant variation, with magnitudes similar to those in the vertical configuration. Bed shear stress decreased with increasing barrier angle, reducing the risk of local scour and sediment mobilization. The vertical LB achieves the maximum backwater rise at the expense of promoting larger sediment bed mobilization. Structural loads on the logs vary with LB inclination, with drag forces decreasing as barrier angles increase. Hydrodynamic findings, evaluated through five design criteria, show that upstream-inclined designs, particularly with large barrier angles, exhibit improved relative performance compared to other designs.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaowei Zhao, Ying Yu, Jianmei Cheng, Kuiyuan Ding, Yiming Luo, Kun Zheng, Yang Xian, Yihang Lin
Properly understanding the evolution mechanisms of groundwater storage anomaly (GWSA) is the basis of making effective groundwater management strategies. However, current analysis methods cannot objectively capture the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of GWSA, which might lead to erroneous inferences of the evolution mechanisms. Here, we developed a new framework to address the challenge of spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the GWSA evolution analysis. It is achieved by integrating the Bayesian Estimator of Abrupt change, Seasonal change, and Trend (BEAST), the Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering using Hierarchies (BIRCH), and the Optimal Parameters-based Geographical Detector (OPGD). In the case study of the North China Plain (NCP), the GWSA time series is divided into four stages by three trend change points in BEAST. An increasing trend of GWSA is observed at Stage IV, and the third trend change point occurs before the third seasonal change point. This distinguishes the positive feedback of anthropogenic interventions and the effects of seasonal precipitations for the first time. Moreover, the spatial distribution of GWSA in the NCP is classified into two clusters by BIRCH in each stage. The differences in GWSA trends and responses to environmental changes between Cluster-1 and Cluster-2 are significant. Then the driving effects of 16 factors on the evolution of GWSA are identified using OPGD, in which the contributions of topographic and aquifer characteristics are highlighted by quantitative analysis. This framework provides a novel method for examining the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of GWSA, which can be extended to analyze spatiotemporal trends in GWSA at diverse scales.
{"title":"A Novel Framework for Heterogeneity Decomposition and Mechanism Inference in Spatiotemporal Evolution of Groundwater Storage: Case Study in the North China Plain","authors":"Xiaowei Zhao, Ying Yu, Jianmei Cheng, Kuiyuan Ding, Yiming Luo, Kun Zheng, Yang Xian, Yihang Lin","doi":"10.1029/2023wr036102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr036102","url":null,"abstract":"Properly understanding the evolution mechanisms of groundwater storage anomaly (GWSA) is the basis of making effective groundwater management strategies. However, current analysis methods cannot objectively capture the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of GWSA, which might lead to erroneous inferences of the evolution mechanisms. Here, we developed a new framework to address the challenge of spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the GWSA evolution analysis. It is achieved by integrating the Bayesian Estimator of Abrupt change, Seasonal change, and Trend (BEAST), the Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering using Hierarchies (BIRCH), and the Optimal Parameters-based Geographical Detector (OPGD). In the case study of the North China Plain (NCP), the GWSA time series is divided into four stages by three trend change points in BEAST. An increasing trend of GWSA is observed at Stage IV, and the third trend change point occurs before the third seasonal change point. This distinguishes the positive feedback of anthropogenic interventions and the effects of seasonal precipitations for the first time. Moreover, the spatial distribution of GWSA in the NCP is classified into two clusters by BIRCH in each stage. The differences in GWSA trends and responses to environmental changes between Cluster-1 and Cluster-2 are significant. Then the driving effects of 16 factors on the evolution of GWSA are identified using OPGD, in which the contributions of topographic and aquifer characteristics are highlighted by quantitative analysis. This framework provides a novel method for examining the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of GWSA, which can be extended to analyze spatiotemporal trends in GWSA at diverse scales.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142816382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. P. P. Marinelli, C. Mohan, T. Gleeson, F. Ludwig, I. E. M. de Graaf
Groundwater is a crucial resource to support surface water bodies via groundwater discharge. In this study, we applied two methods of estimating global environmentally critical groundwater discharge, defined as the flux of groundwater to streamflow necessary to maintain a healthy environment, from 1960 to 2010: the Presumptive Standard stipulates that a standard proportion of groundwater discharge should be maintained at all timesteps, while the Q* is a low-flow index that focuses on critical periods. We calculated these critical flow thresholds using simulated natural groundwater discharge, and estimated violations of the thresholds when human-impacted groundwater discharge dropped too low. Our global assessment of the frequency and severity of violations over all timesteps in our study period showed that the Presumptive Standard estimated more frequent and severe violations than the Q*, but that the spatial patterns were similar for both methods. During low-flow periods, when the relative importance of groundwater to support streamflow is greatest, both methods estimated similar magnitudes of violation frequency and severity. We further compared our results to a method of estimating environmentally critical streamflow, Variable Monthly Flow, which does not explicitly consider groundwater. From the differences in violation frequency between these groundwater-centric and surface water-centric methods, we evaluated the influence of including groundwater contributions to streamflow in environmental flow assessments. Our results show that including groundwater in such assessments is particularly important for regions with high groundwater demands in the drier climates of the world, while it is less important for regions with low groundwater demands and more humid climates.
{"title":"Comparing Global Violations of Environmentally Critical Groundwater Discharge Thresholds","authors":"B. P. P. Marinelli, C. Mohan, T. Gleeson, F. Ludwig, I. E. M. de Graaf","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037519","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater is a crucial resource to support surface water bodies via groundwater discharge. In this study, we applied two methods of estimating global environmentally critical groundwater discharge, defined as the flux of groundwater to streamflow necessary to maintain a healthy environment, from 1960 to 2010: the Presumptive Standard stipulates that a standard proportion of groundwater discharge should be maintained at all timesteps, while the <i>Q</i>* is a low-flow index that focuses on critical periods. We calculated these critical flow thresholds using simulated natural groundwater discharge, and estimated violations of the thresholds when human-impacted groundwater discharge dropped too low. Our global assessment of the frequency and severity of violations over all timesteps in our study period showed that the Presumptive Standard estimated more frequent and severe violations than the <i>Q</i>*, but that the spatial patterns were similar for both methods. During low-flow periods, when the relative importance of groundwater to support streamflow is greatest, both methods estimated similar magnitudes of violation frequency and severity. We further compared our results to a method of estimating environmentally critical streamflow, Variable Monthly Flow, which does not explicitly consider groundwater. From the differences in violation frequency between these groundwater-centric and surface water-centric methods, we evaluated the influence of including groundwater contributions to streamflow in environmental flow assessments. Our results show that including groundwater in such assessments is particularly important for regions with high groundwater demands in the drier climates of the world, while it is less important for regions with low groundwater demands and more humid climates.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142816280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) of northern Ontario, a globally significant carbon store, are characterized by expansive peatland complexes of patterned bogs and fens, which play a vital role in regional water regulation. These peatlands are threatened by disturbance from large-scale resource extraction and projected climate change, both of which have the potential to compromise their ecohydrological function. Field measurements and numerical modeling were used to investigate the hydrological responses of peatlands and downgradient streamflow as a consequence of disturbance from mining and shifts in climate, individually and in combination. Mine dewatering reduced groundwater storage by as much as 150 mm, equivalent to a water table lowering of 75 cm, thereby decreasing annual streamflow by 66% in impacted tributaries. Although the projected increases to precipitation and evapotranspiration due to climate change were approximately balanced, resulting in minor changes to storage, there were pronounced shifts in the temporal patterns of streamflow, with a diminished snowmelt and spring freshet occurring a month earlier. When considering the cumulative impacts of climate change coupled with mining, a potential shift in peatland ecohydrology toward new equilibria is plausible, implying altered water movement across the landscape and compromised ecosystem function. This study emphasizes the critical need for further monitoring and modeling efforts to characterize the thresholds and mechanisms driving these ecohydrological changes. This research will guide future investigations on the implications of disturbance on local and regional hydrologic connectivity and facilitate the protection of peatland ecosystems in the HBL and other northern peatland-dominated landscapes.
{"title":"Mining and Climate Change Alters Water Storage and Streamflow Dynamics of Northern Peatland-Dominated Catchments","authors":"O. F. Sutton, N. E. Balliston, J. S. Price","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037310","url":null,"abstract":"The Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) of northern Ontario, a globally significant carbon store, are characterized by expansive peatland complexes of patterned bogs and fens, which play a vital role in regional water regulation. These peatlands are threatened by disturbance from large-scale resource extraction and projected climate change, both of which have the potential to compromise their ecohydrological function. Field measurements and numerical modeling were used to investigate the hydrological responses of peatlands and downgradient streamflow as a consequence of disturbance from mining and shifts in climate, individually and in combination. Mine dewatering reduced groundwater storage by as much as 150 mm, equivalent to a water table lowering of 75 cm, thereby decreasing annual streamflow by 66% in impacted tributaries. Although the projected increases to precipitation and evapotranspiration due to climate change were approximately balanced, resulting in minor changes to storage, there were pronounced shifts in the temporal patterns of streamflow, with a diminished snowmelt and spring freshet occurring a month earlier. When considering the cumulative impacts of climate change coupled with mining, a potential shift in peatland ecohydrology toward new equilibria is plausible, implying altered water movement across the landscape and compromised ecosystem function. This study emphasizes the critical need for further monitoring and modeling efforts to characterize the thresholds and mechanisms driving these ecohydrological changes. This research will guide future investigations on the implications of disturbance on local and regional hydrologic connectivity and facilitate the protection of peatland ecosystems in the HBL and other northern peatland-dominated landscapes.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142797827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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