Guoliang Ma, Yang Xiao, Jian Chu, Zhen-Yu Yin, Bo Zhou, Hanlong Liu
The microstructure of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) stabilized soils is typically used to explain the macro-scale properties of the soils. However, the microstructure is usually inferred from scanning electron microscopy results after breakage, as directly observing the processes inside the pores is challenging. Microfluidics technique provides the solution for visually observing the in situ precipitation process at pore scales. This work endeavors to visually observe and quantitatively analyze the pore scale precipitation process of MICP in characteristic pore structures with the help of the microfluidics technique. Pore structure is one of the most important factors affecting the flow field in pore networks, which might further affect the transport of reactive components and the distribution of precipitates in pores. Therefore, two groups of simplified pore networks were designed to investigate the influence of pore structure. The current work gives an implication of how pore structure and flow rate influence the MICP process and precipitation efficiency at the pore scale. The results also highlight the importance of the diffusion of reactants, and the dissolution and scouring of crystals on the distribution of precipitates at pore scale.
{"title":"Pore-Scale Investigation of MICP in Simplified Pore Structures Through Microfluidic Tests","authors":"Guoliang Ma, Yang Xiao, Jian Chu, Zhen-Yu Yin, Bo Zhou, Hanlong Liu","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037807","url":null,"abstract":"The microstructure of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) stabilized soils is typically used to explain the macro-scale properties of the soils. However, the microstructure is usually inferred from scanning electron microscopy results after breakage, as directly observing the processes inside the pores is challenging. Microfluidics technique provides the solution for visually observing the in situ precipitation process at pore scales. This work endeavors to visually observe and quantitatively analyze the pore scale precipitation process of MICP in characteristic pore structures with the help of the microfluidics technique. Pore structure is one of the most important factors affecting the flow field in pore networks, which might further affect the transport of reactive components and the distribution of precipitates in pores. Therefore, two groups of simplified pore networks were designed to investigate the influence of pore structure. The current work gives an implication of how pore structure and flow rate influence the MICP process and precipitation efficiency at the pore scale. The results also highlight the importance of the diffusion of reactants, and the dissolution and scouring of crystals on the distribution of precipitates at pore scale.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"24 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143477852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allison M. Herreid, Brent J. Dalzell, Kade Flynn, John Baker
Many agricultural landscapes have undergone significant modifications to drain farmland and improve crop productivity. Subsurface field drainage, ditching and channelization of streams limit opportunities for biogeochemical processing of carbon and nutrients within the channel network. In this study, we used spatially rich water quality data collected from two contrasting regions of an agricultural watershed in south-central Minnesota, USA to assess how watershed features, such as channelization, tile drainage, and presence of lakes or wetlands, influence biogeochemical processing of nitrate (NO3−) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In the channelized upstream region, land use is predominantly agricultural (>92%) with subsurface tile drainage commonly discharging directly to the stream channel. Further downstream, the channel is more natural with increasing lakes and wetlands, including riparian wetlands. We used the concept of reach leverage to interpret biogeochemical behavior (i.e., source vs. sink) in each region of the watershed. Results indicate variability in biogeochemical behavior between the distinct watershed regions, suggesting that channel characteristics and the presence of lentic waters play a role in regulating biogeochemical processing. The upstream, channelized region acts primarily as a conservative transporter or small source of both NO3− and DOC across sampling dates. In contrast, the lentic-influenced region exhibited shifts between source and sink behavior over time, especially for NO3−, influenced by factors such as hydrologic connectivity and discharge. These findings highlight the value of collecting spatially resolved data to enhance our understanding of biogeochemical processing which may be useful to inform effective management and conservation strategies.
{"title":"Using Spatially Rich Data Sets to Assess the Influence of Channel Characteristics on Biogeochemical Behavior in Agricultural Watersheds","authors":"Allison M. Herreid, Brent J. Dalzell, Kade Flynn, John Baker","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038265","url":null,"abstract":"Many agricultural landscapes have undergone significant modifications to drain farmland and improve crop productivity. Subsurface field drainage, ditching and channelization of streams limit opportunities for biogeochemical processing of carbon and nutrients within the channel network. In this study, we used spatially rich water quality data collected from two contrasting regions of an agricultural watershed in south-central Minnesota, USA to assess how watershed features, such as channelization, tile drainage, and presence of lakes or wetlands, influence biogeochemical processing of nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In the channelized upstream region, land use is predominantly agricultural (>92%) with subsurface tile drainage commonly discharging directly to the stream channel. Further downstream, the channel is more natural with increasing lakes and wetlands, including riparian wetlands. We used the concept of reach leverage to interpret biogeochemical behavior (i.e., source vs. sink) in each region of the watershed. Results indicate variability in biogeochemical behavior between the distinct watershed regions, suggesting that channel characteristics and the presence of lentic waters play a role in regulating biogeochemical processing. The upstream, channelized region acts primarily as a conservative transporter or small source of both NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and DOC across sampling dates. In contrast, the lentic-influenced region exhibited shifts between source and sink behavior over time, especially for NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, influenced by factors such as hydrologic connectivity and discharge. These findings highlight the value of collecting spatially resolved data to enhance our understanding of biogeochemical processing which may be useful to inform effective management and conservation strategies.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143486035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
River meanders are one of the most recurrent and varied patterns in fluvial systems. Multiple attempts have been made to detect and categorize patterns in meandering rivers to understand their shape and evolution. A novel data-driven approach was used to classify single-bend meanders. A data set containing approximately 10 million single-lobe meander bends was generated using the Kinoshita curve. A neural network autoencoder was trained over the curvature energy spectra of Kinoshita-generated meanders. Then, the trained network was tested on 7521 real meander bends extracted from satellite images, and the energy spectrum in the meander curvature was reconstructed accurately thanks to the autoencoder architecture. The meander spectrum reconstruction was clustered, and three main bend shapes were found associated with the meander data sets, namely symmetric, upstream-skewed, and downstream-skewed. The autoencoder-based classification framework allowed bend shape detection along rivers, finding the dominant pattern with implications on migration trends. The classification framework proposed in this study was used to analyze the morphological evolution of the Ucayali river over 32 years. The shift from prevalent downstream-skewed to prevalent upstream-skewed bends (or vice versa) after big cutoffs suggests a plausible transition from super-resonant dominated to sub-resonant dominated behavior (or the reverse). Overall, the method proposed opens the venue to data-driven classifications to understand and manage meandering rivers. Bend shape classification can thus inform restoration and flood control practices and contribute to predicting meander evolution from satellite images or sedimentary records.
{"title":"A Curvature-Based Framework for Automated Classification of Meander Bends","authors":"Sergio Lopez Dubon, Alessandro Sgarabotto, Stefano Lanzoni","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037583","url":null,"abstract":"River meanders are one of the most recurrent and varied patterns in fluvial systems. Multiple attempts have been made to detect and categorize patterns in meandering rivers to understand their shape and evolution. A novel data-driven approach was used to classify single-bend meanders. A data set containing approximately 10 million single-lobe meander bends was generated using the Kinoshita curve. A neural network autoencoder was trained over the curvature energy spectra of Kinoshita-generated meanders. Then, the trained network was tested on 7521 real meander bends extracted from satellite images, and the energy spectrum in the meander curvature was reconstructed accurately thanks to the autoencoder architecture. The meander spectrum reconstruction was clustered, and three main bend shapes were found associated with the meander data sets, namely symmetric, upstream-skewed, and downstream-skewed. The autoencoder-based classification framework allowed bend shape detection along rivers, finding the dominant pattern with implications on migration trends. The classification framework proposed in this study was used to analyze the morphological evolution of the Ucayali river over 32 years. The shift from prevalent downstream-skewed to prevalent upstream-skewed bends (or vice versa) after big cutoffs suggests a plausible transition from super-resonant dominated to sub-resonant dominated behavior (or the reverse). Overall, the method proposed opens the venue to data-driven classifications to understand and manage meandering rivers. Bend shape classification can thus inform restoration and flood control practices and contribute to predicting meander evolution from satellite images or sedimentary records.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143477838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irrigated agriculture depends on surface water and groundwater, but we do not have a clear picture of how much water is consumed from these sources by different crops across the US over time. Current estimates of crop water consumption are insufficient in providing the spatial granularity and temporal depth required for comprehensive long-term analysis. To fill this data gap, we utilized crop growth models to quantify the monthly crop water consumption - distinguishing between rainwater, surface water, and groundwater - of the 30 most widely irrigated crops in the US from 1981 to 2019 at 2.5 arc min. These 30 crops represent approximately 95% of US irrigated cropland. We found that the average annual total crop water consumption for these 30 irrigated crops in the US was 154.2 km3, 70% of which was from irrigation. Corn and alfalfa accounted for approximately 16.7 and 24.8 km3 of average annual blue crop water consumption, respectively, which is nearly two-fifths of the blue crop water consumed in the US. Surface water consumption decreased by 41.2%, while groundwater consumption increased by 6.8%, resulting in a 17.3% decline in blue water consumption between 1981 and 2019. We find good agreement between our results and existing modeled evapotranspiration (ET) products, remotely sensed ET estimates (OpenET), and water use data from the US Geological Survey and US Department of Agriculture. Our data set and model can help assess the impact of irrigation practices and water scarcity on crop production and sustainability.
{"title":"Monthly Crop Water Consumption of Irrigated Crops in the United States From 1981 to 2019","authors":"Gambhir Lamsal, Landon T. Marston","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038334","url":null,"abstract":"Irrigated agriculture depends on surface water and groundwater, but we do not have a clear picture of how much water is consumed from these sources by different crops across the US over time. Current estimates of crop water consumption are insufficient in providing the spatial granularity and temporal depth required for comprehensive long-term analysis. To fill this data gap, we utilized crop growth models to quantify the monthly crop water consumption - distinguishing between rainwater, surface water, and groundwater - of the 30 most widely irrigated crops in the US from 1981 to 2019 at 2.5 arc min. These 30 crops represent approximately 95% of US irrigated cropland. We found that the average annual total crop water consumption for these 30 irrigated crops in the US was 154.2 km<sup>3</sup>, 70% of which was from irrigation. Corn and alfalfa accounted for approximately 16.7 and 24.8 km<sup>3</sup> of average annual blue crop water consumption, respectively, which is nearly two-fifths of the blue crop water consumed in the US. Surface water consumption decreased by 41.2%, while groundwater consumption increased by 6.8%, resulting in a 17.3% decline in blue water consumption between 1981 and 2019. We find good agreement between our results and existing modeled evapotranspiration (ET) products, remotely sensed ET estimates (OpenET), and water use data from the US Geological Survey and US Department of Agriculture. Our data set and model can help assess the impact of irrigation practices and water scarcity on crop production and sustainability.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143470497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Timothy M. Lahmers, Sujay V. Kumar, Shahryar K. Ahmad, Thomas Holmes, Augusto Getirana, Elijah Orland, Kim Locke, Nishan Kumar Biswas, Wanshu Nie, Justin Pflug, Kristen Whitney, Martha Anderson, Yun Yang
In a warming climate, wildfires are becoming increasingly common, especially in semi-arid environments. Wildfires can disrupt forest ecosystems and induce changes to the land surface. Collectively, these impacts can alter the hydrologic response of a catchment following a fire, resulting in increased potential for surface runoff, reduced evapotranspiration, and, ultimately, a higher risk for flash flooding and mass wasting. The timescale of post-fire recovery of hydrological processes to return to pre-fire conditions is not well established due to the lack of ground measurements. Accurate characterization of the impacts of fire on hydrologic response is also challenging to simulate, given the complex interplay of various processes. Here, we present a generalized framework to quantify the impacts of wildfire on runoff generation. We consider the disturbances in the vegetation and soil as the two main factors contributing to post-fire floods. Using an ensemble modeling structure to account for parameter uncertainty, remotely sensed leaf area index (LAI) is assimilated into a land surface model (LSM) to simulate vegetation disturbance, and the maximum land surface saturation LSM parameter is decreased to parameterize the soil disturbance following observed fires. We consider the impacts of fire-induced changes to LAI and soil saturation on hydrologic states like runoff and evapotranspiration for two case studies. These case studies demonstrate the general applicability of hydrophobicity formulation to serve as a guideline for exploring the range of hydrologic responses post-fire.
{"title":"An Observation-Driven Framework for Modeling Post-Fire Hydrologic Response: Evaluation for Two Central California Case Studies","authors":"Timothy M. Lahmers, Sujay V. Kumar, Shahryar K. Ahmad, Thomas Holmes, Augusto Getirana, Elijah Orland, Kim Locke, Nishan Kumar Biswas, Wanshu Nie, Justin Pflug, Kristen Whitney, Martha Anderson, Yun Yang","doi":"10.1029/2023wr036582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr036582","url":null,"abstract":"In a warming climate, wildfires are becoming increasingly common, especially in semi-arid environments. Wildfires can disrupt forest ecosystems and induce changes to the land surface. Collectively, these impacts can alter the hydrologic response of a catchment following a fire, resulting in increased potential for surface runoff, reduced evapotranspiration, and, ultimately, a higher risk for flash flooding and mass wasting. The timescale of post-fire recovery of hydrological processes to return to pre-fire conditions is not well established due to the lack of ground measurements. Accurate characterization of the impacts of fire on hydrologic response is also challenging to simulate, given the complex interplay of various processes. Here, we present a generalized framework to quantify the impacts of wildfire on runoff generation. We consider the disturbances in the vegetation and soil as the two main factors contributing to post-fire floods. Using an ensemble modeling structure to account for parameter uncertainty, remotely sensed leaf area index (LAI) is assimilated into a land surface model (LSM) to simulate vegetation disturbance, and the maximum land surface saturation LSM parameter is decreased to parameterize the soil disturbance following observed fires. We consider the impacts of fire-induced changes to LAI and soil saturation on hydrologic states like runoff and evapotranspiration for two case studies. These case studies demonstrate the general applicability of hydrophobicity formulation to serve as a guideline for exploring the range of hydrologic responses post-fire.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143470496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a warmer climate enables an increase in atmospheric humidity, extreme precipitation events have become more frequent in the Northeastern United States. Understanding the impact of evolving precipitation patterns is critical to understanding water cycling in temperate forests and moisture coupling between the atmosphere and land surface. Although the role of soil moisture in evapotranspiration has been extensively studied, few have analyzed the role of soil texture in determining ecosystem-atmosphere feedbacks. In this study, we utilized long term data associated with ecosystem water fluxes to deduce the strength of land-atmosphere coupling at Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA, USA. We found a 1.5% increase in heavy precipitation contribution per decade where high-intensity events compose upwards of 42% of total yearly precipitation in 2023. Intensifying precipitation trends were found in conjunction with a long-term soil drying at the Harvard Forest despite no significant increase in evapotranspiration over 32 years. This suggests that soil water holding capacity is a key mediating variable controlling the supply of water to ecosystems and the atmosphere. We found that these land surface changes directly impacted the lifted condensation level (LCL) height over Harvard Forest which was found to be increasing at a rate of 6.62 m per year while atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) heights have fallen at a modest rate of 1.76 m per year. This has amplified dry feedbacks between the land surface and the atmosphere such that 80% of observed summers ending in a water deficit also had an anomalously low soil water content in the spring.
{"title":"Increasing Large Precipitation Events and Low Available Water Holding Capacity Create the Conditions for Dry Land-Atmosphere Feedbacks in the Northeastern United States","authors":"Samuel Jurado, Jackie Matthes","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038600","url":null,"abstract":"As a warmer climate enables an increase in atmospheric humidity, extreme precipitation events have become more frequent in the Northeastern United States. Understanding the impact of evolving precipitation patterns is critical to understanding water cycling in temperate forests and moisture coupling between the atmosphere and land surface. Although the role of soil moisture in evapotranspiration has been extensively studied, few have analyzed the role of soil texture in determining ecosystem-atmosphere feedbacks. In this study, we utilized long term data associated with ecosystem water fluxes to deduce the strength of land-atmosphere coupling at Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA, USA. We found a 1.5% increase in heavy precipitation contribution per decade where high-intensity events compose upwards of 42% of total yearly precipitation in 2023. Intensifying precipitation trends were found in conjunction with a long-term soil drying at the Harvard Forest despite no significant increase in evapotranspiration over 32 years. This suggests that soil water holding capacity is a key mediating variable controlling the supply of water to ecosystems and the atmosphere. We found that these land surface changes directly impacted the lifted condensation level (LCL) height over Harvard Forest which was found to be increasing at a rate of 6.62 m per year while atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) heights have fallen at a modest rate of 1.76 m per year. This has amplified dry feedbacks between the land surface and the atmosphere such that 80% of observed summers ending in a water deficit also had an anomalously low soil water content in the spring.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zixuan Qi, Yuchen Ye, Yanpeng Cai, Chaoxia Yuan, Yulei Xie, Guanhui Cheng, Pingping Zhang, Lian Sun, Hang Wan
Global climate change has altered the characteristics of conventional drought events, with an increasing number of Slow droughts (SD) rapidly transitioning into Flash droughts (FD). This study introduces a novel multi-temporal scale drought identification framework (MTSDIF) that classifies historical agricultural drought events into three types: SD, FD, and Slow-to-Flash Drought (SFD). Based on the MTSDIF, the GLDAS-Noah root zone soil moisture dataset was used to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics, evolution, and driving factors of multi-temporal scale droughts in China. Our study confirms the effectiveness of the proposed MTSDIF in classifying droughts with different onset speeds (SD, FD, and SFD). The results indicate that, from 1980 to 2020, the three types of drought events in China exhibited short-term, medium-term, and long-term periodic oscillations. Before 2000, SD events were the predominant type of agricultural drought in China, but post-2000, the areas affected by FD and SFD have been continuously expanding. Compared to SD, key meteorological elements influencing FD and SFD show anomalies exceeding 0.5 times the standard deviation. In the southeastern regions of China, areas with human-impacted soils, leached soils, and incept soils exhibit a higher response frequency to FD. Sea surface temperature indices, including the interannual El Niño-Southern Oscillation in the Pacific and interdecadal variations such as the +PDO and −AMO, significantly influence the occurrence of FD in the monsoon regions of China (p < 0.01). Together, the results highlight the necessity of understanding the disparities and consistencies in land-atmosphere-ocean mechanisms behind drought events with varying onset speeds.
{"title":"Investigating the Characteristics and Drivers of Slow Droughts and Flash Droughts: A Multi-Temporal Scale Drought Identification Framework","authors":"Zixuan Qi, Yuchen Ye, Yanpeng Cai, Chaoxia Yuan, Yulei Xie, Guanhui Cheng, Pingping Zhang, Lian Sun, Hang Wan","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037181","url":null,"abstract":"Global climate change has altered the characteristics of conventional drought events, with an increasing number of Slow droughts (SD) rapidly transitioning into Flash droughts (FD). This study introduces a novel multi-temporal scale drought identification framework (MTSDIF) that classifies historical agricultural drought events into three types: SD, FD, and Slow-to-Flash Drought (SFD). Based on the MTSDIF, the GLDAS-Noah root zone soil moisture dataset was used to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics, evolution, and driving factors of multi-temporal scale droughts in China. Our study confirms the effectiveness of the proposed MTSDIF in classifying droughts with different onset speeds (SD, FD, and SFD). The results indicate that, from 1980 to 2020, the three types of drought events in China exhibited short-term, medium-term, and long-term periodic oscillations. Before 2000, SD events were the predominant type of agricultural drought in China, but post-2000, the areas affected by FD and SFD have been continuously expanding. Compared to SD, key meteorological elements influencing FD and SFD show anomalies exceeding 0.5 times the standard deviation. In the southeastern regions of China, areas with human-impacted soils, leached soils, and incept soils exhibit a higher response frequency to FD. Sea surface temperature indices, including the interannual El Niño-Southern Oscillation in the Pacific and interdecadal variations such as the +PDO and −AMO, significantly influence the occurrence of FD in the monsoon regions of China (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Together, the results highlight the necessity of understanding the disparities and consistencies in land-atmosphere-ocean mechanisms behind drought events with varying onset speeds.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simon Seelig, Magdalena Seelig, Karl Krainer, Gerfried Winkler
Active rock glaciers represent permafrost-affected aquifers that store freshwater in alpine headwater catchments. Groundwater flow in these aquifers is altered by degrading permafrost and the development of preferential flow paths in the subsurface. Where these pathways connect to form channel networks, they significantly change solute and pollutant transport. This study analyzes the hydraulic properties of such channel networks at two active rock glaciers in the Austrian Alps through tracer tests and inverse transport modeling. At both rock glaciers, tracer clouds traveling down the channel network show fast advection and limited dispersion. Parts of the tracer are retarded in stagnant water zones along the flow paths, such as turbulent eddies and vortices, recirculation in cascades and pools, and dead-end passages between the blocks of the ice-debris mixture forming the frozen rock glacier cores. The patterns of water infiltration control the channel network structure: localized recharge strongly concentrates flow along a major channel, diffuse recharge results in a distributed network of smaller channels with diverging and converging flow paths. The hydraulic properties of these channel networks are crucial for assessing the vulnerability of permafrost-affected aquifers. They permit the rapid transfer and partial retardation of solutes, making them more susceptible to contamination—a growing concern as infrastructure development advances in high alpine environments.
{"title":"Mechanisms of Solute Transport in Ice-Supersaturated Debris: 2. Rock Glacier Hydrology in Alpine Glacial-Periglacial Systems","authors":"Simon Seelig, Magdalena Seelig, Karl Krainer, Gerfried Winkler","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037236","url":null,"abstract":"Active rock glaciers represent permafrost-affected aquifers that store freshwater in alpine headwater catchments. Groundwater flow in these aquifers is altered by degrading permafrost and the development of preferential flow paths in the subsurface. Where these pathways connect to form channel networks, they significantly change solute and pollutant transport. This study analyzes the hydraulic properties of such channel networks at two active rock glaciers in the Austrian Alps through tracer tests and inverse transport modeling. At both rock glaciers, tracer clouds traveling down the channel network show fast advection and limited dispersion. Parts of the tracer are retarded in stagnant water zones along the flow paths, such as turbulent eddies and vortices, recirculation in cascades and pools, and dead-end passages between the blocks of the ice-debris mixture forming the frozen rock glacier cores. The patterns of water infiltration control the channel network structure: localized recharge strongly concentrates flow along a major channel, diffuse recharge results in a distributed network of smaller channels with diverging and converging flow paths. The hydraulic properties of these channel networks are crucial for assessing the vulnerability of permafrost-affected aquifers. They permit the rapid transfer and partial retardation of solutes, making them more susceptible to contamination—a growing concern as infrastructure development advances in high alpine environments.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While most rivers and lakes follow predictable principles of hydrology and geology, a few seem to defy the rules. Some rivers diverge rather than converge; some rivers flow in two directions; some lakes have not one but two outlets; some watersheds have ambiguous boundaries. The scientific literature on these exceptions is sparse, scattered, and, in some cases, conflicting. We provide an authoritative review of nine unusual natural drainages in North and South America, including river bifurcations and bifurcation lakes: Casiquiare River, Arroyo Partido, Wayambo River, Atchafalaya River, North Two Ocean Creek, Divide Creek, Committee's Punch Bowl, Echimamish River, and Wollaston Lake. Most instances are found on flatlands and saddles. Some watershed boundaries are still unresolved or even dynamic, suggesting river formation in progress. We discuss the exploration, geophysical settings, morphology, hydrology, ecology, use, and management of these extraordinary drainages, along with implications for hydrologic modeling.
{"title":"Unusual Drainages of the Americas","authors":"Robert B. Sowby, Adam C. Siegel","doi":"10.1029/2024wr039824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr039824","url":null,"abstract":"While most rivers and lakes follow predictable principles of hydrology and geology, a few seem to defy the rules. Some rivers diverge rather than converge; some rivers flow in two directions; some lakes have not one but two outlets; some watersheds have ambiguous boundaries. The scientific literature on these exceptions is sparse, scattered, and, in some cases, conflicting. We provide an authoritative review of nine unusual natural drainages in North and South America, including river bifurcations and bifurcation lakes: Casiquiare River, Arroyo Partido, Wayambo River, Atchafalaya River, North Two Ocean Creek, Divide Creek, Committee's Punch Bowl, Echimamish River, and Wollaston Lake. Most instances are found on flatlands and saddles. Some watershed boundaries are still unresolved or even dynamic, suggesting river formation in progress. We discuss the exploration, geophysical settings, morphology, hydrology, ecology, use, and management of these extraordinary drainages, along with implications for hydrologic modeling.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143462533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Girard, L. Kergoat, H. Nikiema, M. Wubda, R. Yonaba, T. Fowé, A. Abdourhamane Touré, I. Mainassara, M. de Fleury, M. Grippa
In West Africa, lakes and reservoirs play a vital role as they are critical resources for drinking water, livestock, irrigation, and fisheries. Given the scarcity of in-situ data, satellite remote sensing is an important tool for monitoring lake volume changes in this region. Several methods have been developed to do this using water height-area-volume relationships, but few publications have compared their performances over small and medium-sized shallow lakes. In this work we compare four methods based on recent data from high-resolution optical imagery and radar and lidar altimetry over 16 lakes in the Central Sahel, with areas between 0.22 and 21 . All methods show consistent results and are generally in good agreement with in-situ data in terms of accuracy (Root Mean Squared Error below 0.42 m for heights and Normalized Root Mean Squared Error below 13% for volumes). The precision of the estimated water height is about 0.20 m for Pleiades Digital Surface Models (DSMs) and less than 0.13 m for the other methods. Inherent limitations such as DSM quality, temporal coverage of DSM and lidar data, and spatial coverage of radar altimetry data are identified. Overall, fine shape patterns are consistently observed over small height amplitudes, highlighting the ability to monitor shallow lakes with non-linear height-area relationship. Finally, we show that combining lidar and radar altimetry-based methods provides estimates of volume changes over the different water bodies of the study region accurate enough to monitor seasonal, interannual, and long-term variability.
{"title":"Comparison of Methods to Derive the Height-Area Relationship of Shallow Lakes in West Africa Using Remote Sensing","authors":"F. Girard, L. Kergoat, H. Nikiema, M. Wubda, R. Yonaba, T. Fowé, A. Abdourhamane Touré, I. Mainassara, M. de Fleury, M. Grippa","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037411","url":null,"abstract":"In West Africa, lakes and reservoirs play a vital role as they are critical resources for drinking water, livestock, irrigation, and fisheries. Given the scarcity of in-situ data, satellite remote sensing is an important tool for monitoring lake volume changes in this region. Several methods have been developed to do this using water height-area-volume relationships, but few publications have compared their performances over small and medium-sized shallow lakes. In this work we compare four methods based on recent data from high-resolution optical imagery and radar and lidar altimetry over 16 lakes in the Central Sahel, with areas between 0.22 <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/041143ac-27bf-407c-ba88-8e2c8cd764a8/wrcr70019-math-0001.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70019:wrcr70019-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70019-math-0001.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<msup>\u0000<mtext>km</mtext>\u0000<mn>2</mn>\u0000</msup>\u0000</mrow>\u0000${text{km}}^{2}$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math> and 21 <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/4b11b691-6c9b-453f-bf08-cadc0d87ce0a/wrcr70019-math-0002.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70019:wrcr70019-math-0002\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70019-math-0002.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<msup>\u0000<mtext>km</mtext>\u0000<mn>2</mn>\u0000</msup>\u0000</mrow>\u0000${text{km}}^{2}$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math>. All methods show consistent results and are generally in good agreement with in-situ data in terms of accuracy (Root Mean Squared Error below 0.42 m for heights and Normalized Root Mean Squared Error below 13% for volumes). The precision of the estimated water height is about 0.20 m for Pleiades Digital Surface Models (DSMs) and less than 0.13 m for the other methods. Inherent limitations such as DSM quality, temporal coverage of DSM and lidar data, and spatial coverage of radar altimetry data are identified. Overall, fine shape patterns are consistently observed over small height amplitudes, highlighting the ability to monitor shallow lakes with non-linear height-area relationship. Finally, we show that combining lidar and radar altimetry-based methods provides estimates of volume changes over the different water bodies of the study region accurate enough to monitor seasonal, interannual, and long-term variability.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143462504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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