Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.1163/18750796-bja10005
H. Kaur, P. Durst, P. Kaatz, M.P. Singh
Silage maize in Michigan and the Great Lakes region is exposed to in-field ear and stalk rot fungal infections by Fusarium spp. which may result in production of toxic secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. These toxins can cause severe health complications in livestock but might remain unidentified as most silage maize is fed on-farm and not sold in formal markets. This study was conducted to quantify the status of mycotoxins and the agronomic management practices impacting their concentration in silage maize across Michigan farms. Samples (n = 122) were collected from across the state for three years (2019-2021). Results show that 100% of the samples tested positive for deoxynivalenol (DON) at detectable levels. Other mycotoxins that occurred frequently were zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins, enniatins, and beauvericin (BEA). Mycotoxin concentration was found to vary across regions due to differences in weather parameters such as temperature and humidity, driven partly by the proximity of some regions to the Great Lakes. Mycotoxins were also found to co-occur, with an average of 13 mycotoxins in each sample. Strong correlations were observed between DON, ZEN, and BEA (r > 0.40). Crop rotation and planting date explained 91 and 68% variability in DON and fumonisin, respectively. Deoxynivalenol and fumonisin concentration was 20 and 67% higher in silage maize following a host crop of Fusarium spp. than a non-host crop. Planting silage maize between May 10 and May 30 increased the mycotoxin concentration by at least 50% than outside this window. However, tillage did not significantly impact mycotoxin occurrence and concentration. Overall, multiple mycotoxins were found in silage maize across the region and knowledge of their presence and contributing factors can help growers develop integrated management strategies to mitigate mycotoxin accumulation.
{"title":"Occurrence and associated agronomic factors of mycotoxin contamination in silage maize in the Great Lakes region of the United States","authors":"H. Kaur, P. Durst, P. Kaatz, M.P. Singh","doi":"10.1163/18750796-bja10005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-bja10005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Silage maize in Michigan and the Great Lakes region is exposed to in-field ear and stalk rot fungal infections by Fusarium spp. which may result in production of toxic secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. These toxins can cause severe health complications in livestock but might remain unidentified as most silage maize is fed on-farm and not sold in formal markets. This study was conducted to quantify the status of mycotoxins and the agronomic management practices impacting their concentration in silage maize across Michigan farms. Samples (n = 122) were collected from across the state for three years (2019-2021). Results show that 100% of the samples tested positive for deoxynivalenol (DON) at detectable levels. Other mycotoxins that occurred frequently were zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins, enniatins, and beauvericin (BEA). Mycotoxin concentration was found to vary across regions due to differences in weather parameters such as temperature and humidity, driven partly by the proximity of some regions to the Great Lakes. Mycotoxins were also found to co-occur, with an average of 13 mycotoxins in each sample. Strong correlations were observed between DON, ZEN, and BEA (r > 0.40). Crop rotation and planting date explained 91 and 68% variability in DON and fumonisin, respectively. Deoxynivalenol and fumonisin concentration was 20 and 67% higher in silage maize following a host crop of Fusarium spp. than a non-host crop. Planting silage maize between May 10 and May 30 increased the mycotoxin concentration by at least 50% than outside this window. However, tillage did not significantly impact mycotoxin occurrence and concentration. Overall, multiple mycotoxins were found in silage maize across the region and knowledge of their presence and contributing factors can help growers develop integrated management strategies to mitigate mycotoxin accumulation.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141347849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1163/18750796-bja10003
S.N. Chulze, M.S. Alaniz Zanon, M.H. Taniwaki, D. Tsitsigiannis, M. Olsen, A. Ortega Beltran, M. Herrera, E. Vargas, A. Logrieco, P. Battilani
The presence of Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxins (AFs) in nut chains are of great concern due to the toxic effects of AFs on human and animal health as well as the economic losses during commercialisation. Extreme events related to climate change like increased temperature, severe rainfalls and droughts are modulating factors of fungal growth and mycotoxin production. The Expert Working Group (EWG) on nuts that worked under the frame of the Horizon 2020 Mycokey Project prepared this review based on discussions about the situation of contamination with AFs in nuts and the available strategies to reduce the impact of these toxins in the nut chains. The EWG selected as examples peanuts, pistachios and Brazil nuts, and discussed in the review the importance of nut value chains in the production, commercialisation and regulations that establish maximum levels for AFs. Also data on the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) was considered and showed several notifications for mycotoxins, mainly AFs for nuts and nut products, such as pistachio nuts and dried mix nuts. Under a scenario of climate change, we elaborated strategies to prevent AFs contamination with emphasis on biocontrol and decision support systems. Also, the relevance of strategies to prevent and reduce both fungal infection and AFs accumulation in peanuts, Brazil nuts and pistachio are included as guidelines.
{"title":"Aflatoxins in the nut chains: strategies to reduce their impact on consumer’s health and economic losses","authors":"S.N. Chulze, M.S. Alaniz Zanon, M.H. Taniwaki, D. Tsitsigiannis, M. Olsen, A. Ortega Beltran, M. Herrera, E. Vargas, A. Logrieco, P. Battilani","doi":"10.1163/18750796-bja10003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-bja10003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The presence of Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxins (AFs) in nut chains are of great concern due to the toxic effects of AFs on human and animal health as well as the economic losses during commercialisation. Extreme events related to climate change like increased temperature, severe rainfalls and droughts are modulating factors of fungal growth and mycotoxin production. The Expert Working Group (EWG) on nuts that worked under the frame of the Horizon 2020 Mycokey Project prepared this review based on discussions about the situation of contamination with AFs in nuts and the available strategies to reduce the impact of these toxins in the nut chains. The EWG selected as examples peanuts, pistachios and Brazil nuts, and discussed in the review the importance of nut value chains in the production, commercialisation and regulations that establish maximum levels for AFs. Also data on the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) was considered and showed several notifications for mycotoxins, mainly AFs for nuts and nut products, such as pistachio nuts and dried mix nuts. Under a scenario of climate change, we elaborated strategies to prevent AFs contamination with emphasis on biocontrol and decision support systems. Also, the relevance of strategies to prevent and reduce both fungal infection and AFs accumulation in peanuts, Brazil nuts and pistachio are included as guidelines.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140253836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-22DOI: 10.1163/18750796-bja10002
S. Tittlemier, B. Cramer, M.C. DeRosa, Z. Dzuman, R. Malone, C. Maragos, M. Suman, M. Sumarah
This review summarises developments published in the period from mid-2022 to mid-2023 on the analysis of a variety of matrices for mycotoxins. Important developments in all aspects of mycotoxin determination, from sampling and quality assurance/quality control of analytical results, to the various detection and quantitation technologies ranging from single mycotoxin biosensors to comprehensive instrumental methods are presented and discussed. This non-exhaustive summary and associated discussion covers such technology as chromatography with targeted or non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry, detection other than mass spectrometry such as fluorescence or diode array detection, biosensors, as well as assays using alternatives to antibodies. This collaborative critical review intends to guide readers to relevant research by briefly presenting the most important developments in mycotoxin determination published in the past year. This review also relays limitations of the presented methodologies, in order to provide a thorough assessment of the analytical developments.
{"title":"Developments in analytical techniques for mycotoxin determination: an update for 2022-23","authors":"S. Tittlemier, B. Cramer, M.C. DeRosa, Z. Dzuman, R. Malone, C. Maragos, M. Suman, M. Sumarah","doi":"10.1163/18750796-bja10002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-bja10002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This review summarises developments published in the period from mid-2022 to mid-2023 on the analysis of a variety of matrices for mycotoxins. Important developments in all aspects of mycotoxin determination, from sampling and quality assurance/quality control of analytical results, to the various detection and quantitation technologies ranging from single mycotoxin biosensors to comprehensive instrumental methods are presented and discussed. This non-exhaustive summary and associated discussion covers such technology as chromatography with targeted or non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry, detection other than mass spectrometry such as fluorescence or diode array detection, biosensors, as well as assays using alternatives to antibodies. This collaborative critical review intends to guide readers to relevant research by briefly presenting the most important developments in mycotoxin determination published in the past year. This review also relays limitations of the presented methodologies, in order to provide a thorough assessment of the analytical developments.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140439562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1163/18750796-bja10001
M. E. Kimario, A.P. Moshi, H.P. Ndossi, J.B. Kussaga
Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites, produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which contaminate stored grains including maize, groundnuts and sunflower seeds and cause negative health effects to both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to determine the level of aflatoxins contamination of household stored grains (maize, groundnuts and sunflower seeds) in Dodoma, Tanzania. Immuno-affinity high performance liquid chromatography with post column derivatization was used to analyse AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and total aflatoxins in 45 samples. Out of 45 samples, 38% were contaminated with aflatoxins; the highest mean levels of total aflatoxins were observed in groundnuts (269 μg/kg) followed by maize (74.9 μg/kg) and lastly sunflower (0.2 μg/kg). About 27% of maize and 67% of groundnut samples had higher levels of AFB1 and total aflatoxins beyond the East African Community limits of 5 and 10 μg/kg, respectively. The mean moisture contents were 9.6% for maize, 4.1% for groundnuts and 5.7% for sunflower seeds. These moisture levels were far below the recommended safe storage moisture levels of 13.5% for maize, 8% for groundnuts and 10% for sunflower seeds. Such moisture levels would not allow mould growth and subsequent aflatoxins contamination. It suggests that contamination could have occurred in the field or during the drying stages before reaching the observed moisture levels. Therefore, there is a need to conduct further study to assess aflatoxin contamination in the field, during drying operations and storage to identify the critical stage for intervention. Moreover, farmers should be trained on best management and handling practices to prevent contamination.
{"title":"Aflatoxin contamination of household stored grains for smallholder farmers in Dodoma, Tanzania","authors":"M. E. Kimario, A.P. Moshi, H.P. Ndossi, J.B. Kussaga","doi":"10.1163/18750796-bja10001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-bja10001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites, produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which contaminate stored grains including maize, groundnuts and sunflower seeds and cause negative health effects to both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to determine the level of aflatoxins contamination of household stored grains (maize, groundnuts and sunflower seeds) in Dodoma, Tanzania. Immuno-affinity high performance liquid chromatography with post column derivatization was used to analyse AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and total aflatoxins in 45 samples. Out of 45 samples, 38% were contaminated with aflatoxins; the highest mean levels of total aflatoxins were observed in groundnuts (269 μg/kg) followed by maize (74.9 μg/kg) and lastly sunflower (0.2 μg/kg). About 27% of maize and 67% of groundnut samples had higher levels of AFB1 and total aflatoxins beyond the East African Community limits of 5 and 10 μg/kg, respectively. The mean moisture contents were 9.6% for maize, 4.1% for groundnuts and 5.7% for sunflower seeds. These moisture levels were far below the recommended safe storage moisture levels of 13.5% for maize, 8% for groundnuts and 10% for sunflower seeds. Such moisture levels would not allow mould growth and subsequent aflatoxins contamination. It suggests that contamination could have occurred in the field or during the drying stages before reaching the observed moisture levels. Therefore, there is a need to conduct further study to assess aflatoxin contamination in the field, during drying operations and storage to identify the critical stage for intervention. Moreover, farmers should be trained on best management and handling practices to prevent contamination.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139819052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1163/18750796-bja10001
M. E. Kimario, A.P. Moshi, H.P. Ndossi, J.B. Kussaga
Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites, produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which contaminate stored grains including maize, groundnuts and sunflower seeds and cause negative health effects to both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to determine the level of aflatoxins contamination of household stored grains (maize, groundnuts and sunflower seeds) in Dodoma, Tanzania. Immuno-affinity high performance liquid chromatography with post column derivatization was used to analyse AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and total aflatoxins in 45 samples. Out of 45 samples, 38% were contaminated with aflatoxins; the highest mean levels of total aflatoxins were observed in groundnuts (269 μg/kg) followed by maize (74.9 μg/kg) and lastly sunflower (0.2 μg/kg). About 27% of maize and 67% of groundnut samples had higher levels of AFB1 and total aflatoxins beyond the East African Community limits of 5 and 10 μg/kg, respectively. The mean moisture contents were 9.6% for maize, 4.1% for groundnuts and 5.7% for sunflower seeds. These moisture levels were far below the recommended safe storage moisture levels of 13.5% for maize, 8% for groundnuts and 10% for sunflower seeds. Such moisture levels would not allow mould growth and subsequent aflatoxins contamination. It suggests that contamination could have occurred in the field or during the drying stages before reaching the observed moisture levels. Therefore, there is a need to conduct further study to assess aflatoxin contamination in the field, during drying operations and storage to identify the critical stage for intervention. Moreover, farmers should be trained on best management and handling practices to prevent contamination.
{"title":"Aflatoxin contamination of household stored grains for smallholder farmers in Dodoma, Tanzania","authors":"M. E. Kimario, A.P. Moshi, H.P. Ndossi, J.B. Kussaga","doi":"10.1163/18750796-bja10001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-bja10001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites, produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which contaminate stored grains including maize, groundnuts and sunflower seeds and cause negative health effects to both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to determine the level of aflatoxins contamination of household stored grains (maize, groundnuts and sunflower seeds) in Dodoma, Tanzania. Immuno-affinity high performance liquid chromatography with post column derivatization was used to analyse AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and total aflatoxins in 45 samples. Out of 45 samples, 38% were contaminated with aflatoxins; the highest mean levels of total aflatoxins were observed in groundnuts (269 μg/kg) followed by maize (74.9 μg/kg) and lastly sunflower (0.2 μg/kg). About 27% of maize and 67% of groundnut samples had higher levels of AFB1 and total aflatoxins beyond the East African Community limits of 5 and 10 μg/kg, respectively. The mean moisture contents were 9.6% for maize, 4.1% for groundnuts and 5.7% for sunflower seeds. These moisture levels were far below the recommended safe storage moisture levels of 13.5% for maize, 8% for groundnuts and 10% for sunflower seeds. Such moisture levels would not allow mould growth and subsequent aflatoxins contamination. It suggests that contamination could have occurred in the field or during the drying stages before reaching the observed moisture levels. Therefore, there is a need to conduct further study to assess aflatoxin contamination in the field, during drying operations and storage to identify the critical stage for intervention. Moreover, farmers should be trained on best management and handling practices to prevent contamination.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139878677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-16DOI: 10.1163/18750796-20232848
E. Oyesigye, J.B. Nkurunungi, W. Mlahagwa, A. Raymond, G. Mahuku, A. Medina
The study aimed to evaluate food handling practices and assess the maize-bean supply chain in selected boarding schools of western Uganda. Additionally, it sought to determine the extent of aflatoxin exposure in the maize-bean meal consumed by students within the age range of 5 to 24. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts of Bushenyi and Sheema to gather 95 samples (31 beans, 32 maize flour, and 32 cooked maize flour-posho). In addition, 262 individual interviews were conducted. The findings revealed that only 9.38% of the schools store food as per World Health Organisation standards. The majority of schools (57.9%) purchase maize flour and beans from any stockist with no contractual obligations (random supplier), and all the 32 schools base on visual parameters, especially white colour, and smell to rule out aflatoxin contamination. Maize flour stored on the ground registered significantly (P = 0.0018) higher levels (54.3 ± 10.1 μg/kg) of total aflatoxins than that stored on a raised platform (14.7 ± 2.6 μg/kg). Likewise, the supplier significantly influenced total aflatoxins levels (P = 0.0064), with higher levels (44.6 ± 8.0 μg/kg) detected in maize flour supplied by a random supplier than a pre-qualified one (14.7 ± 2.6 μg/kg). Given the low levels (1.3 to 2.8 μg/kg), which are far less than the Maximum Tolerated Limit (MTL) of 10 μg/kg, aflatoxins do not pose a significant problem in beans. Aflatoxins exposure in younger children (5-12 years) was higher (61.5 ng/kg bw/day) than in older ones (13-24 years; 41.5 ng/kg bw/day). Similarly, the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma was greater in younger children (1.84 cases per 100,000 people) compared to older ones (1.24 cases per 100,000 people). The findings underscore an urgent need to formulate guidelines for procurement, storage, and food handling in schools, alongside intensifying inspection programmes for food handling. Additionally, there is need to expand the research scope by incorporating a greater number of schools from varied geographical areas within Uganda, while rigorously monitoring the entirety of the food supply chain.
{"title":"Maize meal (posho) served at selected boarding schools in western Uganda is highly contaminated with aflatoxins","authors":"E. Oyesigye, J.B. Nkurunungi, W. Mlahagwa, A. Raymond, G. Mahuku, A. Medina","doi":"10.1163/18750796-20232848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-20232848","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The study aimed to evaluate food handling practices and assess the maize-bean supply chain in selected boarding schools of western Uganda. Additionally, it sought to determine the extent of aflatoxin exposure in the maize-bean meal consumed by students within the age range of 5 to 24. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts of Bushenyi and Sheema to gather 95 samples (31 beans, 32 maize flour, and 32 cooked maize flour-posho). In addition, 262 individual interviews were conducted. The findings revealed that only 9.38% of the schools store food as per World Health Organisation standards. The majority of schools (57.9%) purchase maize flour and beans from any stockist with no contractual obligations (random supplier), and all the 32 schools base on visual parameters, especially white colour, and smell to rule out aflatoxin contamination. Maize flour stored on the ground registered significantly (P = 0.0018) higher levels (54.3 ± 10.1 μg/kg) of total aflatoxins than that stored on a raised platform (14.7 ± 2.6 μg/kg). Likewise, the supplier significantly influenced total aflatoxins levels (P = 0.0064), with higher levels (44.6 ± 8.0 μg/kg) detected in maize flour supplied by a random supplier than a pre-qualified one (14.7 ± 2.6 μg/kg). Given the low levels (1.3 to 2.8 μg/kg), which are far less than the Maximum Tolerated Limit (MTL) of 10 μg/kg, aflatoxins do not pose a significant problem in beans. Aflatoxins exposure in younger children (5-12 years) was higher (61.5 ng/kg bw/day) than in older ones (13-24 years; 41.5 ng/kg bw/day). Similarly, the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma was greater in younger children (1.84 cases per 100,000 people) compared to older ones (1.24 cases per 100,000 people). The findings underscore an urgent need to formulate guidelines for procurement, storage, and food handling in schools, alongside intensifying inspection programmes for food handling. Additionally, there is need to expand the research scope by incorporating a greater number of schools from varied geographical areas within Uganda, while rigorously monitoring the entirety of the food supply chain.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139619156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.1163/18750796-20232834
S. Poapolathep, N. Klangkaew, N. Phaochoosak, W. Jawjaroensri, A. Sroynum, D. Saipinta, W. Suriyasathaporn, M. Giorgi, Z. Zhang, J. Fink-Gremmels, A. Poapolathep
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a major metabolite of aflatoxin B1 occurring in many feed materials commonly used in the ration of dairy cows. The level of contamination of feed materials is currently increasing in many parts of the world due to climate change. These changes emphasise the necessity to monitor AFM1 levels in milk and dairy products as a precautionary measure to protect consumer health risk. In the current study, the AFM1 levels were measured in raw, pasteurised, and ultra-high temperature processed (UHT) milk commercially available in Thailand. In total, 900 milk samples were analysed, making this investigation one of Thailand’s first large-scale monitoring of milk contamination. Over a period of three consecutive years (2019 to 2021), each year 100 individual samples of either AFM1, pasteurised and UHT milk were collected, extracted using an immunoaffinity column for AFM1 and then quantified by a validated liquid chromatography analysis with fluorescence detection. The measured AFM1levels ranged between 65-1,810 ng/l, 12-87 ng/l, and 7-38 ng/l in the raw, pasteurised, and UHT milk, respectively, in 2019. In 2020, the corresponding AFM1 concentration range was 58-1,232 ng/l, 15-65 ng/l, and 7-29 ng/l and 52-1,432 ng/l, 20-59 ng/l, and 7-33 ng/l in 2021, respectively. According to international guidance documents, a direct comparison and formal risk analysis revealed that the measured AFM1 levels of the processed milk samples showed good compliance with the US regulatory limits and the Codex Alimentarius Commission recommendations. However, the latter applies particularly to milk and dairy products intended for the consumption of infants and young children, considering their relatively high consumption of milk and dairy products and the specific sensitivity of infants and toddlers under the age of 6 years to mutagenic and genotoxic contaminants in foods.
{"title":"Occurrence and potential health risk of aflatoxin M1 in raw, pasteurised, and UHT milk in Thailand","authors":"S. Poapolathep, N. Klangkaew, N. Phaochoosak, W. Jawjaroensri, A. Sroynum, D. Saipinta, W. Suriyasathaporn, M. Giorgi, Z. Zhang, J. Fink-Gremmels, A. Poapolathep","doi":"10.1163/18750796-20232834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-20232834","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a major metabolite of aflatoxin B1 occurring in many feed materials commonly used in the ration of dairy cows. The level of contamination of feed materials is currently increasing in many parts of the world due to climate change. These changes emphasise the necessity to monitor AFM1 levels in milk and dairy products as a precautionary measure to protect consumer health risk. In the current study, the AFM1 levels were measured in raw, pasteurised, and ultra-high temperature processed (UHT) milk commercially available in Thailand. In total, 900 milk samples were analysed, making this investigation one of Thailand’s first large-scale monitoring of milk contamination. Over a period of three consecutive years (2019 to 2021), each year 100 individual samples of either AFM1, pasteurised and UHT milk were collected, extracted using an immunoaffinity column for AFM1 and then quantified by a validated liquid chromatography analysis with fluorescence detection. The measured AFM1levels ranged between 65-1,810 ng/l, 12-87 ng/l, and 7-38 ng/l in the raw, pasteurised, and UHT milk, respectively, in 2019. In 2020, the corresponding AFM1 concentration range was 58-1,232 ng/l, 15-65 ng/l, and 7-29 ng/l and 52-1,432 ng/l, 20-59 ng/l, and 7-33 ng/l in 2021, respectively. According to international guidance documents, a direct comparison and formal risk analysis revealed that the measured AFM1 levels of the processed milk samples showed good compliance with the US regulatory limits and the Codex Alimentarius Commission recommendations. However, the latter applies particularly to milk and dairy products intended for the consumption of infants and young children, considering their relatively high consumption of milk and dairy products and the specific sensitivity of infants and toddlers under the age of 6 years to mutagenic and genotoxic contaminants in foods.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140510412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.1163/18750796-20232879
K. Ringsborg Westphal, N. Vittrup Andersen, B. Uttrup Dideriksen, A. Filtenborg Gunggaard, M.A. Duus, T.E. Sondergaard
The secondary metabolite 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is produced by certain fungi. The metabolite is a potent toxin which inhibits the citric acid cycle. A medical case from 2021 described a 69-year-old Danish man who ingested 3-nitropropionic acid contaminated coconut water. The man died 26 hours after ingestion. Subsequent analysis identified Apiospora saccharicola as the fungi responsible for synthesising 3-NPA in the coconut. The metabolic pathway for 3-NPA is unknown but is thought to be activated by adverse growth conditions. This study aimed to confirm that Apiospora can produce 3-NPA within coconuts and develop a quick and easy method for detection of 3-NPA in coconut water using 1H NMR. This method can possibly aid in detection of 3-NPA in contaminated groceries, such as coconut water.
{"title":"Deadly nuts – detection of 3-nitropropionic acid in coconuts","authors":"K. Ringsborg Westphal, N. Vittrup Andersen, B. Uttrup Dideriksen, A. Filtenborg Gunggaard, M.A. Duus, T.E. Sondergaard","doi":"10.1163/18750796-20232879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-20232879","url":null,"abstract":"The secondary metabolite 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is produced by certain fungi. The metabolite is a potent toxin which inhibits the citric acid cycle. A medical case from 2021 described a 69-year-old Danish man who ingested 3-nitropropionic acid contaminated coconut water. The man died 26 hours after ingestion. Subsequent analysis identified Apiospora saccharicola as the fungi responsible for synthesising 3-NPA in the coconut. The metabolic pathway for 3-NPA is unknown but is thought to be activated by adverse growth conditions. This study aimed to confirm that Apiospora can produce 3-NPA within coconuts and develop a quick and easy method for detection of 3-NPA in coconut water using 1H NMR. This method can possibly aid in detection of 3-NPA in contaminated groceries, such as coconut water.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139206856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.1163/18750796-20232854
J. Alves Sarturi, C. Tonial Simões, C. Rosa da Silva, I. Fabris Laber, L.M. de Lima Schlösser, D.F. Sturza, C.A. Mallmann
This study aimed to develop an ex vivo model to evaluate the efficacy of antimycotoxin additives (AMAs) against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) using intestinal explants of growing pigs. Four assays of two treatments with 12 replicates each (24 jejunal explants used per assay) were performed using an Ussing Chamber (UC) system: two assays to evaluate two AMAs for AFB1 and two assays to evaluate two AMAs for FB1. The difference between the two assays for both AFB1 and FB1 was the composition of the additive used. The treatments for AFB1 assays were control [Buffer solution (BS) + 1 mg/l AFB1] and AMA (BS + 1 mg/l AFB1 + 0.5% AMA 1 or 2). The treatments for FB1 assays were control (BS + 50 mg/l FB1) and AMA (BS + 50 mg/l FB1 + 0.5% AMA 3 or 4). The efficacy of the four additives was also tested in vitro. The AFB1 concentrations in the explants from AMAs 1 and 2 were lower () than in the control. AMAs 1 and 2 reduced the jejunal absorption of AFB1 by 83.4 and 72.9%, respectively. Explants from AMAs 3 and 4 had lower FB1 () concentration when compared to the respective control treatment. AMAs 3 and 4 reduced the FB1 absorption by 31.9 and 17.6%, respectively. In the in vitro test, AMAs 1 and 2 provided 98.4 and 86.3% of AFB1 adsorption, respectively, while AMA 3 and 4 provided 91.2 and 80.5% FB1 adsorption, respectively. The ex vivo model can be a useful tool in evaluating the effectiveness of antimycotoxin additives for AFB1 and FB1 in swine. However, the low FB1 uptake in jejunal explants highlights the need for the development of additional information to improve the method.
{"title":"An investigation of different antimycotoxin additives in swine intestinal explants challenged with aflatoxin and fumonisin: ex vivo and in vitro models","authors":"J. Alves Sarturi, C. Tonial Simões, C. Rosa da Silva, I. Fabris Laber, L.M. de Lima Schlösser, D.F. Sturza, C.A. Mallmann","doi":"10.1163/18750796-20232854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-20232854","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to develop an ex vivo model to evaluate the efficacy of antimycotoxin additives (AMAs) against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) using intestinal explants of growing pigs. Four assays of two treatments with 12 replicates each (24 jejunal explants used per assay) were performed using an Ussing Chamber (UC) system: two assays to evaluate two AMAs for AFB1 and two assays to evaluate two AMAs for FB1. The difference between the two assays for both AFB1 and FB1 was the composition of the additive used. The treatments for AFB1 assays were control [Buffer solution (BS) + 1 mg/l AFB1] and AMA (BS + 1 mg/l AFB1 + 0.5% AMA 1 or 2). The treatments for FB1 assays were control (BS + 50 mg/l FB1) and AMA (BS + 50 mg/l FB1 + 0.5% AMA 3 or 4). The efficacy of the four additives was also tested in vitro. The AFB1 concentrations in the explants from AMAs 1 and 2 were lower () than in the control. AMAs 1 and 2 reduced the jejunal absorption of AFB1 by 83.4 and 72.9%, respectively. Explants from AMAs 3 and 4 had lower FB1 () concentration when compared to the respective control treatment. AMAs 3 and 4 reduced the FB1 absorption by 31.9 and 17.6%, respectively. In the in vitro test, AMAs 1 and 2 provided 98.4 and 86.3% of AFB1 adsorption, respectively, while AMA 3 and 4 provided 91.2 and 80.5% FB1 adsorption, respectively. The ex vivo model can be a useful tool in evaluating the effectiveness of antimycotoxin additives for AFB1 and FB1 in swine. However, the low FB1 uptake in jejunal explants highlights the need for the development of additional information to improve the method.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139232989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1163/18750796-20232833
J. Jelliffe, B. Bravo-Ureta, D. Jordan, A. Dankyi, W. Appaw, M. Mochiah
This study considers the association between agricultural extension, aflatoxin, and good management practices among smallholder groundnut farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. The first part examines extension and self-reported knowledge and perceptions of aflatoxin for three countries. This is done using pooled survey data (n = 1388) collected from 2014 to 2016, beginning with Uganda (n = 480) in 2014, Ghana (n = 537) in 2015, and Mozambique (n = 335) in 2016. Results from probit regressions suggest that aflatoxin knowledge and perceptions are related to village extension services, household head education, farm size, groundnut production area, and experience with aflatoxins. To build upon these findings, additional information on aflatoxin levels and good management practices for a sub-sample of the 2015 Ghana survey (n = 134) is analysed. Negative binomial regression estimates indicate significantly lower aflatoxin levels for households that (1) follow good management practices and (2) are in receipt of village extension services, with the lowest average aflatoxin level from the combination of (1) and (2). These findings underscore the role of extension in combating the incidence of aflatoxin in groundnut value chains. In this way, extension is associated with greater knowledge and perceptions, as well as lower levels of aflatoxin, that can be further reduced with good management practices.
{"title":"Exploring mitigating factors for aflatoxin awareness and incidence among smallholder groundnut farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"J. Jelliffe, B. Bravo-Ureta, D. Jordan, A. Dankyi, W. Appaw, M. Mochiah","doi":"10.1163/18750796-20232833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-20232833","url":null,"abstract":"This study considers the association between agricultural extension, aflatoxin, and good management practices among smallholder groundnut farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. The first part examines extension and self-reported knowledge and perceptions of aflatoxin for three countries. This is done using pooled survey data (n = 1388) collected from 2014 to 2016, beginning with Uganda (n = 480) in 2014, Ghana (n = 537) in 2015, and Mozambique (n = 335) in 2016. Results from probit regressions suggest that aflatoxin knowledge and perceptions are related to village extension services, household head education, farm size, groundnut production area, and experience with aflatoxins. To build upon these findings, additional information on aflatoxin levels and good management practices for a sub-sample of the 2015 Ghana survey (n = 134) is analysed. Negative binomial regression estimates indicate significantly lower aflatoxin levels for households that (1) follow good management practices and (2) are in receipt of village extension services, with the lowest average aflatoxin level from the combination of (1) and (2). These findings underscore the role of extension in combating the incidence of aflatoxin in groundnut value chains. In this way, extension is associated with greater knowledge and perceptions, as well as lower levels of aflatoxin, that can be further reduced with good management practices.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139259226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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