Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.1163/18750796-20232879
K. Ringsborg Westphal, N. Vittrup Andersen, B. Uttrup Dideriksen, A. Filtenborg Gunggaard, M.A. Duus, T.E. Sondergaard
The secondary metabolite 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is produced by certain fungi. The metabolite is a potent toxin which inhibits the citric acid cycle. A medical case from 2021 described a 69-year-old Danish man who ingested 3-nitropropionic acid contaminated coconut water. The man died 26 hours after ingestion. Subsequent analysis identified Apiospora saccharicola as the fungi responsible for synthesising 3-NPA in the coconut. The metabolic pathway for 3-NPA is unknown but is thought to be activated by adverse growth conditions. This study aimed to confirm that Apiospora can produce 3-NPA within coconuts and develop a quick and easy method for detection of 3-NPA in coconut water using 1H NMR. This method can possibly aid in detection of 3-NPA in contaminated groceries, such as coconut water.
{"title":"Deadly nuts – detection of 3-nitropropionic acid in coconuts","authors":"K. Ringsborg Westphal, N. Vittrup Andersen, B. Uttrup Dideriksen, A. Filtenborg Gunggaard, M.A. Duus, T.E. Sondergaard","doi":"10.1163/18750796-20232879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-20232879","url":null,"abstract":"The secondary metabolite 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is produced by certain fungi. The metabolite is a potent toxin which inhibits the citric acid cycle. A medical case from 2021 described a 69-year-old Danish man who ingested 3-nitropropionic acid contaminated coconut water. The man died 26 hours after ingestion. Subsequent analysis identified Apiospora saccharicola as the fungi responsible for synthesising 3-NPA in the coconut. The metabolic pathway for 3-NPA is unknown but is thought to be activated by adverse growth conditions. This study aimed to confirm that Apiospora can produce 3-NPA within coconuts and develop a quick and easy method for detection of 3-NPA in coconut water using 1H NMR. This method can possibly aid in detection of 3-NPA in contaminated groceries, such as coconut water.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":"66 1-4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139206856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.1163/18750796-20232854
J. Alves Sarturi, C. Tonial Simões, C. Rosa da Silva, I. Fabris Laber, L.M. de Lima Schlösser, D.F. Sturza, C.A. Mallmann
This study aimed to develop an ex vivo model to evaluate the efficacy of antimycotoxin additives (AMAs) against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) using intestinal explants of growing pigs. Four assays of two treatments with 12 replicates each (24 jejunal explants used per assay) were performed using an Ussing Chamber (UC) system: two assays to evaluate two AMAs for AFB1 and two assays to evaluate two AMAs for FB1. The difference between the two assays for both AFB1 and FB1 was the composition of the additive used. The treatments for AFB1 assays were control [Buffer solution (BS) + 1 mg/l AFB1] and AMA (BS + 1 mg/l AFB1 + 0.5% AMA 1 or 2). The treatments for FB1 assays were control (BS + 50 mg/l FB1) and AMA (BS + 50 mg/l FB1 + 0.5% AMA 3 or 4). The efficacy of the four additives was also tested in vitro. The AFB1 concentrations in the explants from AMAs 1 and 2 were lower () than in the control. AMAs 1 and 2 reduced the jejunal absorption of AFB1 by 83.4 and 72.9%, respectively. Explants from AMAs 3 and 4 had lower FB1 () concentration when compared to the respective control treatment. AMAs 3 and 4 reduced the FB1 absorption by 31.9 and 17.6%, respectively. In the in vitro test, AMAs 1 and 2 provided 98.4 and 86.3% of AFB1 adsorption, respectively, while AMA 3 and 4 provided 91.2 and 80.5% FB1 adsorption, respectively. The ex vivo model can be a useful tool in evaluating the effectiveness of antimycotoxin additives for AFB1 and FB1 in swine. However, the low FB1 uptake in jejunal explants highlights the need for the development of additional information to improve the method.
{"title":"An investigation of different antimycotoxin additives in swine intestinal explants challenged with aflatoxin and fumonisin: ex vivo and in vitro models","authors":"J. Alves Sarturi, C. Tonial Simões, C. Rosa da Silva, I. Fabris Laber, L.M. de Lima Schlösser, D.F. Sturza, C.A. Mallmann","doi":"10.1163/18750796-20232854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-20232854","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to develop an ex vivo model to evaluate the efficacy of antimycotoxin additives (AMAs) against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) using intestinal explants of growing pigs. Four assays of two treatments with 12 replicates each (24 jejunal explants used per assay) were performed using an Ussing Chamber (UC) system: two assays to evaluate two AMAs for AFB1 and two assays to evaluate two AMAs for FB1. The difference between the two assays for both AFB1 and FB1 was the composition of the additive used. The treatments for AFB1 assays were control [Buffer solution (BS) + 1 mg/l AFB1] and AMA (BS + 1 mg/l AFB1 + 0.5% AMA 1 or 2). The treatments for FB1 assays were control (BS + 50 mg/l FB1) and AMA (BS + 50 mg/l FB1 + 0.5% AMA 3 or 4). The efficacy of the four additives was also tested in vitro. The AFB1 concentrations in the explants from AMAs 1 and 2 were lower () than in the control. AMAs 1 and 2 reduced the jejunal absorption of AFB1 by 83.4 and 72.9%, respectively. Explants from AMAs 3 and 4 had lower FB1 () concentration when compared to the respective control treatment. AMAs 3 and 4 reduced the FB1 absorption by 31.9 and 17.6%, respectively. In the in vitro test, AMAs 1 and 2 provided 98.4 and 86.3% of AFB1 adsorption, respectively, while AMA 3 and 4 provided 91.2 and 80.5% FB1 adsorption, respectively. The ex vivo model can be a useful tool in evaluating the effectiveness of antimycotoxin additives for AFB1 and FB1 in swine. However, the low FB1 uptake in jejunal explants highlights the need for the development of additional information to improve the method.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139232989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1163/18750796-20232833
J. Jelliffe, B. Bravo-Ureta, D. Jordan, A. Dankyi, W. Appaw, M. Mochiah
This study considers the association between agricultural extension, aflatoxin, and good management practices among smallholder groundnut farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. The first part examines extension and self-reported knowledge and perceptions of aflatoxin for three countries. This is done using pooled survey data (n = 1388) collected from 2014 to 2016, beginning with Uganda (n = 480) in 2014, Ghana (n = 537) in 2015, and Mozambique (n = 335) in 2016. Results from probit regressions suggest that aflatoxin knowledge and perceptions are related to village extension services, household head education, farm size, groundnut production area, and experience with aflatoxins. To build upon these findings, additional information on aflatoxin levels and good management practices for a sub-sample of the 2015 Ghana survey (n = 134) is analysed. Negative binomial regression estimates indicate significantly lower aflatoxin levels for households that (1) follow good management practices and (2) are in receipt of village extension services, with the lowest average aflatoxin level from the combination of (1) and (2). These findings underscore the role of extension in combating the incidence of aflatoxin in groundnut value chains. In this way, extension is associated with greater knowledge and perceptions, as well as lower levels of aflatoxin, that can be further reduced with good management practices.
{"title":"Exploring mitigating factors for aflatoxin awareness and incidence among smallholder groundnut farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"J. Jelliffe, B. Bravo-Ureta, D. Jordan, A. Dankyi, W. Appaw, M. Mochiah","doi":"10.1163/18750796-20232833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-20232833","url":null,"abstract":"This study considers the association between agricultural extension, aflatoxin, and good management practices among smallholder groundnut farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. The first part examines extension and self-reported knowledge and perceptions of aflatoxin for three countries. This is done using pooled survey data (n = 1388) collected from 2014 to 2016, beginning with Uganda (n = 480) in 2014, Ghana (n = 537) in 2015, and Mozambique (n = 335) in 2016. Results from probit regressions suggest that aflatoxin knowledge and perceptions are related to village extension services, household head education, farm size, groundnut production area, and experience with aflatoxins. To build upon these findings, additional information on aflatoxin levels and good management practices for a sub-sample of the 2015 Ghana survey (n = 134) is analysed. Negative binomial regression estimates indicate significantly lower aflatoxin levels for households that (1) follow good management practices and (2) are in receipt of village extension services, with the lowest average aflatoxin level from the combination of (1) and (2). These findings underscore the role of extension in combating the incidence of aflatoxin in groundnut value chains. In this way, extension is associated with greater knowledge and perceptions, as well as lower levels of aflatoxin, that can be further reduced with good management practices.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139259226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.1163/18750796-20222826
K. Niermans, E.F. Hoek-van den Hil, R. van Dam, H.J. van der Fels-Klerx, Joop J. A. Van Loon
Insects are receiving increasing attention as a possible ingredient for feed and/or food production. When used efficiently, insects can provide a sustainable and economically favourable contribution to global food security. Housefly larvae (HFL) can grow on a variety of organic side streams and upgrade them by partial conversion into high-quality protein. Organic side streams may be chemically contaminated by naturally occurring toxins, e.g. mycotoxins, therefore, effects on insect survival and biomass as well as other feed and/or food safety issues should be investigated. In this study, the HFL were exposed to a feed substrate spiked with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) or zearalenone (ZEN) at concentrations of either 1 or 10 times the maximum levels or guidance values set for feed materials by the European Commission. Mortality and biomass of HFL were recorded over five days of exposure. LC-MS/MS analysis was used to determine the concentration of the mycotoxins in the substrate offered, the larvae and the residual feed material. A molar mass balance was calculated to estimate how much of the spiked mycotoxins (and several metabolites), was recovered in the larval body and the residual material. Exposure to either of the three mycotoxins did not affect larval mortality and biomass, and accumulation in the larval body did not take place. Metabolism does seem to occur for AFB1 and ZEN as the molar mass balance revealed an unrecovered fraction of ca. 40-50%. Little DON metabolism occurred as most of the initially present DON was found back unchanged. The results of this study support the potential for safe use of HFL as food- and/or feed when reared on mycotoxin contaminated side-streams, as accumulation of the tested mycotoxins did not take place in HFL. Further research is needed to identify the fate of the unrecovered fractions of AFB1 and ZEN.
{"title":"Effects of the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on survival, biomass and toxin accumulation in Musca domestica larvae","authors":"K. Niermans, E.F. Hoek-van den Hil, R. van Dam, H.J. van der Fels-Klerx, Joop J. A. Van Loon","doi":"10.1163/18750796-20222826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-20222826","url":null,"abstract":"Insects are receiving increasing attention as a possible ingredient for feed and/or food production. When used efficiently, insects can provide a sustainable and economically favourable contribution to global food security. Housefly larvae (HFL) can grow on a variety of organic side streams and upgrade them by partial conversion into high-quality protein. Organic side streams may be chemically contaminated by naturally occurring toxins, e.g. mycotoxins, therefore, effects on insect survival and biomass as well as other feed and/or food safety issues should be investigated. In this study, the HFL were exposed to a feed substrate spiked with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) or zearalenone (ZEN) at concentrations of either 1 or 10 times the maximum levels or guidance values set for feed materials by the European Commission. Mortality and biomass of HFL were recorded over five days of exposure. LC-MS/MS analysis was used to determine the concentration of the mycotoxins in the substrate offered, the larvae and the residual feed material. A molar mass balance was calculated to estimate how much of the spiked mycotoxins (and several metabolites), was recovered in the larval body and the residual material. Exposure to either of the three mycotoxins did not affect larval mortality and biomass, and accumulation in the larval body did not take place. Metabolism does seem to occur for AFB1 and ZEN as the molar mass balance revealed an unrecovered fraction of ca. 40-50%. Little DON metabolism occurred as most of the initially present DON was found back unchanged. The results of this study support the potential for safe use of HFL as food- and/or feed when reared on mycotoxin contaminated side-streams, as accumulation of the tested mycotoxins did not take place in HFL. Further research is needed to identify the fate of the unrecovered fractions of AFB1 and ZEN.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139309545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1163/18750796-20222825
X.X. Chen, D.L. Wu, X.L. Wu, M. P. Mokoena, A.O. Olaniran, J.R. Shi, J.H. Xu, F. Dong
Fusarium mycotoxins were frequently present in freshly harvested rice samples caused by Fusarium head blight in China recently. Due to the importance of rice and the risks associated with mycotoxins, the fate of Fusarium mycotoxins in rice was evaluated by physical methods. In the present study, a total of 157 freshly harvested rice samples were collected from fields in Jiangsu Province. Mycotoxin analysis showed that only Fusarium mycotoxins were found in these samples, with deoxynivalenol (DON) being the major mycotoxin. Twenty-three freshly harvested rice samples containing concentrations of DON higher than 200 μg/kg were selected for cleaning and milling. Compared with air or gravity separation, the combined air and gravity separation was the most effective cleaning method to decrease the content of DON. After milling, brown and white rice intended for human consumption presented lower level of DON than freshly harvested rice, husks, and bran. Three types of brown and white rice with different contents of DON were chosen for cooking. Compared with other treatments, preboiled was the most effective method to reduce DON in both brown and white rice. The results of this study improve our understanding of the transfer ratios of DON and the development of effective control measures during the postharvest stage.
最近，在中国，由镰刀菌纹枯病引起的新收获稻米样品中经常出现镰刀菌霉菌毒素。鉴于水稻的重要性和霉菌毒素带来的风险，研究人员采用物理方法对水稻中镰刀霉菌毒素的去向进行了评估。本研究从江苏省的稻田中采集了 157 份新收割的水稻样本。霉菌毒素分析表明，这些样品中只发现了镰刀菌霉菌毒素，其中主要的霉菌毒素是脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）。研究人员选取了 23 个 DON 含量高于 200 μg/kg 的新收获大米样品进行清洗和碾磨。与空气分离或重力分离相比，空气和重力联合分离是降低 DON 含量最有效的清洗方法。碾米后，供人类食用的糙米和白米的 DON 含量低于新收获的大米、谷壳和谷糠。我们选择了三种 DON 含量不同的糙米和白米进行烹饪。与其他处理方法相比，预煮是降低糙米和白米中 DON 含量的最有效方法。这项研究的结果加深了我们对 DON 转移比率的了解，有助于在收获后阶段制定有效的控制措施。
{"title":"Effect of cleaning, milling, and cooking on the reduction of deoxynivalenol in freshly harvested rice","authors":"X.X. Chen, D.L. Wu, X.L. Wu, M. P. Mokoena, A.O. Olaniran, J.R. Shi, J.H. Xu, F. Dong","doi":"10.1163/18750796-20222825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-20222825","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium mycotoxins were frequently present in freshly harvested rice samples caused by Fusarium head blight in China recently. Due to the importance of rice and the risks associated with mycotoxins, the fate of Fusarium mycotoxins in rice was evaluated by physical methods. In the present study, a total of 157 freshly harvested rice samples were collected from fields in Jiangsu Province. Mycotoxin analysis showed that only Fusarium mycotoxins were found in these samples, with deoxynivalenol (DON) being the major mycotoxin. Twenty-three freshly harvested rice samples containing concentrations of DON higher than 200 μg/kg were selected for cleaning and milling. Compared with air or gravity separation, the combined air and gravity separation was the most effective cleaning method to decrease the content of DON. After milling, brown and white rice intended for human consumption presented lower level of DON than freshly harvested rice, husks, and bran. Three types of brown and white rice with different contents of DON were chosen for cooking. Compared with other treatments, preboiled was the most effective method to reduce DON in both brown and white rice. The results of this study improve our understanding of the transfer ratios of DON and the development of effective control measures during the postharvest stage.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139310647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.1163/18750796-20222806
T. Wu, M. Ning, S. Zhang, Y. Xie, Q. Li, S. Sun
The Aspergillus terreus strain HNGD-TM15 that was isolated from soil grown with rosemary was shown to efficiently degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Specifically, AFB1 was degraded by the strain’s fermentation broth at a maximum degradation rate of 98.3%. HPLC and LC-MS analyses detected a degradation product with an m/z ion value of 312.0636. Its molecular formula was C18H39NO3, which was tentatively identified as 2-amino-1, 3,4-octadecatriol. Based on LC-MS results and further analysis, it was revealed that a series of reactions, such as decomposition, reduction (lactone ring hydrogenation) and substitution (hydrolysis), occurred during the degradation of AFB1. Therefore, A. terreus HNGD-TM15 has a great potential for application in the detoxification of AFB1 contaminating food and feed products.
{"title":"Biodegradation of aflatoxin B1 by Aspergillus terreus HNGD-TM15 and its degradation mechanism","authors":"T. Wu, M. Ning, S. Zhang, Y. Xie, Q. Li, S. Sun","doi":"10.1163/18750796-20222806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-20222806","url":null,"abstract":"The Aspergillus terreus strain HNGD-TM15 that was isolated from soil grown with rosemary was shown to efficiently degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Specifically, AFB1 was degraded by the strain’s fermentation broth at a maximum degradation rate of 98.3%. HPLC and LC-MS analyses detected a degradation product with an m/z ion value of 312.0636. Its molecular formula was C18H39NO3, which was tentatively identified as 2-amino-1, 3,4-octadecatriol. Based on LC-MS results and further analysis, it was revealed that a series of reactions, such as decomposition, reduction (lactone ring hydrogenation) and substitution (hydrolysis), occurred during the degradation of AFB1. Therefore, A. terreus HNGD-TM15 has a great potential for application in the detoxification of AFB1 contaminating food and feed products.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139320167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.1163/18750796-20222830
J. P. Mshanga, E.E. Makule, F.M. Ngure
Aflatoxin contamination of staple foods remains a public health concern in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, groundnuts are a significant source of aflatoxin (AF) in vulnerable populations such as infants and young children. However, there are limited scalable and affordable technological interventions to reduce the risk of aflatoxin ingestion in low and middle-income contexts. This study compared the effectiveness of complementary sorting methods in reducing AF contamination, time taken, and percentage loss of groundnuts. The study also evaluated bulk density and kernel weight as proxies for AF. Groundnuts were sampled from 19 bags at a medium-scale enterprise in Tanzania (Halisi) that processes cereal-based blended flours for complementary feeding. The samples were subjected to six sorting methods: (1) size (S) sorting, which yielded large and small fractions (n = 38); (2) density (D) sorting, which yielded heavy and light fractions (n = 38), (3) visual (V) sorting, (4) the combination of size and visual (SV), (5) the combination of density and visual (DV), and (6) the combination of size, density, and visual (SDV) which yielded grades 1, 2, 3, and 4 (n = 76). Samples of unsorted groundnuts and grades from all six sorting regimes (n = 418) were analysed for total aflatoxin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level was used to compare AF reduction efficiency. Aflatoxin levels were reduced by 99% for the highest grade (G1) by the SDV sorting method. The SDV sorting method was the most effective in reducing AF contamination by removing 14% outsort (Grade 4) from 1 kg groundnut within 22 min. Bulk density and 100 kernels weight were inversely associated with AF, indicating their value as AF proxies. Scaling up such low-cost sorting methods can significantly reduce AF along the value chain and improve food safety.
{"title":"Effectiveness of complementary sorting methods in reducing aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts","authors":"J. P. Mshanga, E.E. Makule, F.M. Ngure","doi":"10.1163/18750796-20222830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-20222830","url":null,"abstract":"Aflatoxin contamination of staple foods remains a public health concern in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, groundnuts are a significant source of aflatoxin (AF) in vulnerable populations such as infants and young children. However, there are limited scalable and affordable technological interventions to reduce the risk of aflatoxin ingestion in low and middle-income contexts. This study compared the effectiveness of complementary sorting methods in reducing AF contamination, time taken, and percentage loss of groundnuts. The study also evaluated bulk density and kernel weight as proxies for AF. Groundnuts were sampled from 19 bags at a medium-scale enterprise in Tanzania (Halisi) that processes cereal-based blended flours for complementary feeding. The samples were subjected to six sorting methods: (1) size (S) sorting, which yielded large and small fractions (n = 38); (2) density (D) sorting, which yielded heavy and light fractions (n = 38), (3) visual (V) sorting, (4) the combination of size and visual (SV), (5) the combination of density and visual (DV), and (6) the combination of size, density, and visual (SDV) which yielded grades 1, 2, 3, and 4 (n = 76). Samples of unsorted groundnuts and grades from all six sorting regimes (n = 418) were analysed for total aflatoxin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level was used to compare AF reduction efficiency. Aflatoxin levels were reduced by 99% for the highest grade (G1) by the SDV sorting method. The SDV sorting method was the most effective in reducing AF contamination by removing 14% outsort (Grade 4) from 1 kg groundnut within 22 min. Bulk density and 100 kernels weight were inversely associated with AF, indicating their value as AF proxies. Scaling up such low-cost sorting methods can significantly reduce AF along the value chain and improve food safety.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139320042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.1163/18750796-20212761
L. Monjazeb Marvdashti, A. Emadi, M. Eslami, B. Yousefi, M. Arabameri, A. Abdolshahi, N. Shariatifar
Aflatoxins are naturally occurring toxic substances produced mainly by species of the genus Aspergillus that can contaminate almost all foodstuffs. Apart from the harmful effects they have on human and animal health, they can be secreted unchanged in animal milk and cause contamination of milk and its products. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major and most toxic type of aflatoxin after aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The use of probiotic strains to reduce the amount of aflatoxin in milk and by-products has been observed in many studies. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, articles in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and ISI Web of Science were searched to find eligible studies that reported reduction of AFM1 using probiotics in dairy products. The results were pooled using a random-effects model. In most studies, the efficiency of probiotics in milk has been tested by Lactobacillus strains. The results indicated that probiotic microorganisms could significantly reduce AFM1 by 55.76% (confidence interval (CI): 54.35%, 57.16%; I2 = 100%). Besides, the rank order of AFM1 reduction in dairy products based on probiotic strain subgroup was: Lactobacillus 51.99% (CI: 50.14%, 53.85%, I2 = 100%), Saccharomyces 67.36% (CI: 65.05%, 69.67%, I2 = 100%), Bifidobacterium 54.80% (CI: 54.18%, 55.43%, I2 = 99.9%), and 61.90% (CI: 53.80%, 70.00%, I2 = 100%) by a mix of strains. Considering the high binding potential of AFM1 to probiotic strains, these microorganisms can be recommended as a safe system to reduce AFM1 in dairy products.
{"title":"Biological reduction of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products using probiotic strains: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"L. Monjazeb Marvdashti, A. Emadi, M. Eslami, B. Yousefi, M. Arabameri, A. Abdolshahi, N. Shariatifar","doi":"10.1163/18750796-20212761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-20212761","url":null,"abstract":"Aflatoxins are naturally occurring toxic substances produced mainly by species of the genus Aspergillus that can contaminate almost all foodstuffs. Apart from the harmful effects they have on human and animal health, they can be secreted unchanged in animal milk and cause contamination of milk and its products. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major and most toxic type of aflatoxin after aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The use of probiotic strains to reduce the amount of aflatoxin in milk and by-products has been observed in many studies. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, articles in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and ISI Web of Science were searched to find eligible studies that reported reduction of AFM1 using probiotics in dairy products. The results were pooled using a random-effects model. In most studies, the efficiency of probiotics in milk has been tested by Lactobacillus strains. The results indicated that probiotic microorganisms could significantly reduce AFM1 by 55.76% (confidence interval (CI): 54.35%, 57.16%; I2 = 100%). Besides, the rank order of AFM1 reduction in dairy products based on probiotic strain subgroup was: Lactobacillus 51.99% (CI: 50.14%, 53.85%, I2 = 100%), Saccharomyces 67.36% (CI: 65.05%, 69.67%, I2 = 100%), Bifidobacterium 54.80% (CI: 54.18%, 55.43%, I2 = 99.9%), and 61.90% (CI: 53.80%, 70.00%, I2 = 100%) by a mix of strains. Considering the high binding potential of AFM1 to probiotic strains, these microorganisms can be recommended as a safe system to reduce AFM1 in dairy products.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139336153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.1163/18750796-20232876
R. Krska, C. Elliott
On-going research and interdisciplinary networking among scientists and stakeholders are still needed for the development of affordable and practical tools for farmers and food processors to efficiently manage the risk of mycotoxin contamination along food and feed chains. In order to facilitate appropriate actions, thematic interlaboratory projects have been initiated, professional networking-organisations have been founded, dedicated journals have been started and mycotoxin conferences have been organised. The World Mycotoxin Forum (WMF) has established itself as a leading international networking conference series on mycotoxins where food and feed industry representatives meet with representatives from government, food authorities, food and feed industry and with people from universities and other research institutions from around the world. The WMF has gradually moved from food and feed related technological topics to international and regulatory issues and to mitigation strategies based on fungal and plant genetics, big data based decision support tools and sustainable solutions in view of climate change. Over all these years, the conclusions made from each WMF have been summarised by the general conference chair(s) as the ‘top 5 lessons learned’ on the last day of each conference. 50 years after the first international conference on mycotoxins organised by IPUAC in 1972, this article has compiled all ‘top 5 lessons learned’ presented at the 16 editions of the WMF and joint WMF/IUPAC events organised between 2001 and 2022. Since the first international conference on mycotoxins, much progress has been made in the prevention, reduction and control of mycotoxins. However, continuous attention and further efforts are still needed in order to tackle the complex issues of mycotoxin contamination especially in view of climate change and other global challenges on the horizon.
{"title":"Lessons learned from 16 editions of the World Mycotoxin Forum 50 years after the first international conference on mycotoxins","authors":"R. Krska, C. Elliott","doi":"10.1163/18750796-20232876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-20232876","url":null,"abstract":"On-going research and interdisciplinary networking among scientists and stakeholders are still needed for the development of affordable and practical tools for farmers and food processors to efficiently manage the risk of mycotoxin contamination along food and feed chains. In order to facilitate appropriate actions, thematic interlaboratory projects have been initiated, professional networking-organisations have been founded, dedicated journals have been started and mycotoxin conferences have been organised. The World Mycotoxin Forum (WMF) has established itself as a leading international networking conference series on mycotoxins where food and feed industry representatives meet with representatives from government, food authorities, food and feed industry and with people from universities and other research institutions from around the world. The WMF has gradually moved from food and feed related technological topics to international and regulatory issues and to mitigation strategies based on fungal and plant genetics, big data based decision support tools and sustainable solutions in view of climate change. Over all these years, the conclusions made from each WMF have been summarised by the general conference chair(s) as the ‘top 5 lessons learned’ on the last day of each conference. 50 years after the first international conference on mycotoxins organised by IPUAC in 1972, this article has compiled all ‘top 5 lessons learned’ presented at the 16 editions of the WMF and joint WMF/IUPAC events organised between 2001 and 2022. Since the first international conference on mycotoxins, much progress has been made in the prevention, reduction and control of mycotoxins. However, continuous attention and further efforts are still needed in order to tackle the complex issues of mycotoxin contamination especially in view of climate change and other global challenges on the horizon.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139336276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.1163/18750796-20232839
J.A. Sadik, N. Fentahun, I.D. Brouwer, M. Tessema, H. van der Fels-Klerx
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that commonly contaminate food crops such as maize. Conducive climatic conditions together with improper crop value chain practices are favorable for mycotoxin contamination. Previous studies in Ethiopia have indicated that mycotoxin contamination in maize is prevalent. For the implementation of proper mycotoxin prevention and control strategies, identifying the current local value chain practices that are related to mycotoxin contamination is needed. This review investigates current preharvest and postharvest management practices of maize cultivation in Ethiopia in relation to mycotoxin contamination and identifies gaps in knowledge and priority areas for future research. Findings indicate that the majority of applied preharvest and postharvest practices of maize in Ethiopia seem to favor mycotoxin contamination. Recent developments in grain drying and storage technologies, which are also potential mycotoxin management strategies, are facing constraints for proper implementation in subsistence farmers’ level.
{"title":"Preharvest and postharvest management practices related to mycotoxin contamination in maize in Ethiopia – a review","authors":"J.A. Sadik, N. Fentahun, I.D. Brouwer, M. Tessema, H. van der Fels-Klerx","doi":"10.1163/18750796-20232839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750796-20232839","url":null,"abstract":"Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that commonly contaminate food crops such as maize. Conducive climatic conditions together with improper crop value chain practices are favorable for mycotoxin contamination. Previous studies in Ethiopia have indicated that mycotoxin contamination in maize is prevalent. For the implementation of proper mycotoxin prevention and control strategies, identifying the current local value chain practices that are related to mycotoxin contamination is needed. This review investigates current preharvest and postharvest management practices of maize cultivation in Ethiopia in relation to mycotoxin contamination and identifies gaps in knowledge and priority areas for future research. Findings indicate that the majority of applied preharvest and postharvest practices of maize in Ethiopia seem to favor mycotoxin contamination. Recent developments in grain drying and storage technologies, which are also potential mycotoxin management strategies, are facing constraints for proper implementation in subsistence farmers’ level.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139336219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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