B. Murtaza, X. Li, L. Dong, M. Saleemi, M. Iqbal, S. Majeed, G. Li, B. Jin, L. Wang, B. Chen, A. Khatoon, A. Ali, Y. Xu
Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most damaging and well-known toxins present in foods and animal feeds throughout the world. Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from maize roots through soil samples were able to completely remove ZEN from LB medium after a 72-h fermentation through the enzymatic degradation and absorption of the toxin. The removing properties, including ZEN concentrations, incubation pH, incubation temperatures, bacterial concentrations, culture supernatant, and cell wall effect on degradation were evaluated. The K. pneumoniae strain culture supernatant has a strong ability to remove ZEN, and the degradation rate was more than 70%. The cell wall also has a certain ability to remove ZEN up to 18.51%, while the bacterial content has almost 5.61% ability to degrade ZEN. The removal rate and degradation metabolites alpha/beta-zearalenol, alpha/beta-zearalanol, zearalanone, and ZEN-sulphate were evaluated and confirmed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry analyses. The mechanism of ZEN and its derivatives degradation by this bacterial strain will be further studied so that novel degrading enzymes can be isolated which can be used as bio-detoxifier.
玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)是世界各地食品和动物饲料中存在的最具破坏性和众所周知的毒素之一。通过土壤样品从玉米根中分离的肺炎克雷伯菌菌株经过72小时的酶降解和毒素的吸收，能够从LB培养基中完全去除ZEN。对ZEN浓度、孵育pH、孵育温度、细菌浓度、培养上清液和细胞壁对降解的影响等去除性能进行了评价。肺炎克雷伯菌培养上清液对ZEN的去除能力强，降解率达70%以上。细胞壁对ZEN也有一定的去除能力，可达18.51%，而细菌含量对ZEN的降解能力约为5.61%。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和超高效液相色谱串联质谱(Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry)分析了玉米醛烯醇(α / β -玉米醛醇)、玉米醛烯醇(α / β -玉米醛醇)、玉米醛烯酮和zen -硫酸盐的去除率和降解产物。今后将进一步研究该菌株降解ZEN及其衍生物的机理，以分离出新的降解酶作为生物解毒剂。
{"title":"New trends for the efficient bio-degradation of food contaminant zearalenone using a plant rhizobacterial strain: an in-vitro study","authors":"B. Murtaza, X. Li, L. Dong, M. Saleemi, M. Iqbal, S. Majeed, G. Li, B. Jin, L. Wang, B. Chen, A. Khatoon, A. Ali, Y. Xu","doi":"10.3920/wmj2022.2798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2022.2798","url":null,"abstract":"Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most damaging and well-known toxins present in foods and animal feeds throughout the world. Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from maize roots through soil samples were able to completely remove ZEN from LB medium after a 72-h fermentation through the enzymatic degradation and absorption of the toxin. The removing properties, including ZEN concentrations, incubation pH, incubation temperatures, bacterial concentrations, culture supernatant, and cell wall effect on degradation were evaluated. The K. pneumoniae strain culture supernatant has a strong ability to remove ZEN, and the degradation rate was more than 70%. The cell wall also has a certain ability to remove ZEN up to 18.51%, while the bacterial content has almost 5.61% ability to degrade ZEN. The removal rate and degradation metabolites alpha/beta-zearalenol, alpha/beta-zearalanol, zearalanone, and ZEN-sulphate were evaluated and confirmed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry analyses. The mechanism of ZEN and its derivatives degradation by this bacterial strain will be further studied so that novel degrading enzymes can be isolated which can be used as bio-detoxifier.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47837296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. E. Hallsworth, A. Mswaka, Andrea Patriarca, C. Verheecke-vaessen, Angel Medina
{"title":"The life and works of Professor Naresh Magan","authors":"J. E. Hallsworth, A. Mswaka, Andrea Patriarca, C. Verheecke-vaessen, Angel Medina","doi":"10.3920/wmj2023.x002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2023.x002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49421101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mohammed, C. Seyoum, J. Yousuf, A. Mweetwa, J. Odera, D. Okello, Z. Bekeko, T. Tadessa, M. Sulyok
Mycotoxins are the most notorious compounds contaminating food crops in the production chains, in which cereals and nuts are primarily infected. The present study was aimed at determining multi-mycotoxins in maize grain samples collected at post-harvest stages across the main maize producing districts of Ethiopia. Then, 80 maize samples were collected from three districts (Bako, Ilu Gelan and Oda Bultum) and were analysed by LC-MS/MS. A total of 114 metabolites were with Penicillium and Aspergillus metabolites being positively identified in 26.3 and 18.4% of the samples, respectively. Among the mycotoxins addressed by regulatory limits, deoxynivalenol was detected in 85% of samples with the maximum level of 2,530 μg/kg, while zearalenone was detected in 81%, with levels as high as 3,750 μg/kg. A marked difference was observed across the study locations in the study areas, in which significant difference (P<0.005) of mycotoxin contamination recorded. For instances, of the total sample, contamination was detected on 78.1% in Oda Bultum followed by Ilu Gelan which was detected on 73.7% of the total samples with less proportion of contaminated from Bako district (68.4%). Different mycotoxins of regulated, binding or masked and emerging mycotoxin were also simultaneously detected in the samples. Intervention strategies which can reduce mycotoxin contamination along the maize value chains are required to combat the mycotoxin problems. Further, multi-season studies over multiple agro-ecologies are suggested for the county.
{"title":"Multi-mycotoxins analysis in post-harvest maize (Zea mays L.) grain from major producing areas of Ethiopia","authors":"A. Mohammed, C. Seyoum, J. Yousuf, A. Mweetwa, J. Odera, D. Okello, Z. Bekeko, T. Tadessa, M. Sulyok","doi":"10.3920/wmj2022.2829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2022.2829","url":null,"abstract":"Mycotoxins are the most notorious compounds contaminating food crops in the production chains, in which cereals and nuts are primarily infected. The present study was aimed at determining multi-mycotoxins in maize grain samples collected at post-harvest stages across the main maize producing districts of Ethiopia. Then, 80 maize samples were collected from three districts (Bako, Ilu Gelan and Oda Bultum) and were analysed by LC-MS/MS. A total of 114 metabolites were with Penicillium and Aspergillus metabolites being positively identified in 26.3 and 18.4% of the samples, respectively. Among the mycotoxins addressed by regulatory limits, deoxynivalenol was detected in 85% of samples with the maximum level of 2,530 μg/kg, while zearalenone was detected in 81%, with levels as high as 3,750 μg/kg. A marked difference was observed across the study locations in the study areas, in which significant difference (P<0.005) of mycotoxin contamination recorded. For instances, of the total sample, contamination was detected on 78.1% in Oda Bultum followed by Ilu Gelan which was detected on 73.7% of the total samples with less proportion of contaminated from Bako district (68.4%). Different mycotoxins of regulated, binding or masked and emerging mycotoxin were also simultaneously detected in the samples. Intervention strategies which can reduce mycotoxin contamination along the maize value chains are required to combat the mycotoxin problems. Further, multi-season studies over multiple agro-ecologies are suggested for the county.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48186275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With regards to the cheese industry, fungal growth is a widespread problem and usually producers make effort to avoid fungal development due to mycotoxin formation which adversely affects human health, reduces product quality, and causes economic losses. However, some fungal strains are also used as secondary cultures to obtain developed sensory properties in cheese as a result of the enzymatic activities of these strains. Non-commercial strains isolated from mould-ripened cheeses and/or autochthonous strains that spontaneously grown on cheese have much greater effect on the acquisition of appreciated sensory and textural characteristics in cheese. Autochthon strains particularly ensure a characteristic aroma of traditional cheeses that are not commercially produced and can be a potential adjunct providing not produce mycotoxins. In this study, 14 different Penicillium species previously isolated from traditional mould-ripened cheeses in cave were investigated for their mycotoxin production in both in vitro culture medium and in situ in cheese model. The results revealed that although individual strains produced various and higher amounts of mycotoxins in the culture medium, the number of produced mycotoxins and the obtained values were determined quite low in the cheese medium. The outcomes of this study highlight the mycotoxin production of strains depends on the composition and structure of the food matrix that they integrated and many different factors, such as presence of free fatty acids, antimicrobial and antifungal compounds of lactic acid bacteria, lack of carbohydrate sources, and sulfhydryl-containing compounds, such as cysteine and glutathione. Therefore, the method used in this study has a potential to be a new solution in the industry to produce mould-ripened cheeses under controlled conditions without any potential health risk.
{"title":"Multi-mycotoxin production of cheese-derived fungal strains in vitro and in cheese models","authors":"S. Ozturkoglu-Budak, H. C. Akal, H. Öztürk","doi":"10.3920/wmj2023.2831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2023.2831","url":null,"abstract":"With regards to the cheese industry, fungal growth is a widespread problem and usually producers make effort to avoid fungal development due to mycotoxin formation which adversely affects human health, reduces product quality, and causes economic losses. However, some fungal strains are also used as secondary cultures to obtain developed sensory properties in cheese as a result of the enzymatic activities of these strains. Non-commercial strains isolated from mould-ripened cheeses and/or autochthonous strains that spontaneously grown on cheese have much greater effect on the acquisition of appreciated sensory and textural characteristics in cheese. Autochthon strains particularly ensure a characteristic aroma of traditional cheeses that are not commercially produced and can be a potential adjunct providing not produce mycotoxins. In this study, 14 different Penicillium species previously isolated from traditional mould-ripened cheeses in cave were investigated for their mycotoxin production in both in vitro culture medium and in situ in cheese model. The results revealed that although individual strains produced various and higher amounts of mycotoxins in the culture medium, the number of produced mycotoxins and the obtained values were determined quite low in the cheese medium. The outcomes of this study highlight the mycotoxin production of strains depends on the composition and structure of the food matrix that they integrated and many different factors, such as presence of free fatty acids, antimicrobial and antifungal compounds of lactic acid bacteria, lack of carbohydrate sources, and sulfhydryl-containing compounds, such as cysteine and glutathione. Therefore, the method used in this study has a potential to be a new solution in the industry to produce mould-ripened cheeses under controlled conditions without any potential health risk.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46633447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Getahun, C. Fininsa, A. Mohammed, Z. Bekeko, M. Sulyok
Ethiopia is sub-Saharan Africa’s greatest wheat producer. However, its production, productivity and utilisations are constrained by fungal infections, which lead to yield losses and mycotoxin contaminations. The present study was aimed to determined fungal species and multi-mycotoxins in wheat grain samples (n=178) collected during the 2020 cropping season in Ethiopia. Different fungal genera of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Rhizopus species were isolated from the infected grain samples, of which Fusarium species were abundantly prevalent. Multi-mycotoxin analysis done using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS). Overall, 49 metabolites of different fungal species including masked, regulated and emerging mycotoxins were detected and categorised into eight groups. Among major mycotoxins and derivatives, deoxynivalenol was frequently detected in about 70.8% of samples with the maximum concertation 15,900 μg/kg, followed by its masked metabolites of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside detected in 64% of the samples with maximum level 2,120 μg/kg. Among Fusarium metabolites, 15-hydroxyculmorin was detected in 46.6% of wheat samples with maximum level of 4,290 μg/kg, while chrysogin, enniatin B and culmorin were detected in 58.4, 43.3 and 44.9%, of the wheat samples with maximum levels of 154, 325 and 2,860 μg/kg, respectively. Among Alternaria metabolites tenuazonic acid was most prevalent mycotoxin occurring in 79.2% of samples with maximum level (236 μg/kg). Furthermore, metabolites from other fungal genera were detected at different levels. The widespread presence and high amount of multi-mycotoxin in wheat samples indicated proportionately higher exposure levels, which could result in serious food safety and health consequences. Integrating several management strategies both before and after harvest may lower the risk of mycotoxin contamination in wheat, being used as diversified food products in the country.
{"title":"Fungal species and multi-mycotoxin in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Ethiopia","authors":"M. Getahun, C. Fininsa, A. Mohammed, Z. Bekeko, M. Sulyok","doi":"10.3920/wmj2022.2820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2022.2820","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopia is sub-Saharan Africa’s greatest wheat producer. However, its production, productivity and utilisations are constrained by fungal infections, which lead to yield losses and mycotoxin contaminations. The present study was aimed to determined fungal species and multi-mycotoxins in wheat grain samples (n=178) collected during the 2020 cropping season in Ethiopia. Different fungal genera of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Rhizopus species were isolated from the infected grain samples, of which Fusarium species were abundantly prevalent. Multi-mycotoxin analysis done using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS). Overall, 49 metabolites of different fungal species including masked, regulated and emerging mycotoxins were detected and categorised into eight groups. Among major mycotoxins and derivatives, deoxynivalenol was frequently detected in about 70.8% of samples with the maximum concertation 15,900 μg/kg, followed by its masked metabolites of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside detected in 64% of the samples with maximum level 2,120 μg/kg. Among Fusarium metabolites, 15-hydroxyculmorin was detected in 46.6% of wheat samples with maximum level of 4,290 μg/kg, while chrysogin, enniatin B and culmorin were detected in 58.4, 43.3 and 44.9%, of the wheat samples with maximum levels of 154, 325 and 2,860 μg/kg, respectively. Among Alternaria metabolites tenuazonic acid was most prevalent mycotoxin occurring in 79.2% of samples with maximum level (236 μg/kg). Furthermore, metabolites from other fungal genera were detected at different levels. The widespread presence and high amount of multi-mycotoxin in wheat samples indicated proportionately higher exposure levels, which could result in serious food safety and health consequences. Integrating several management strategies both before and after harvest may lower the risk of mycotoxin contamination in wheat, being used as diversified food products in the country.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49524116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The free-to-use online FAO Mycotoxin Sampling Tool ( http://tools.fstools.org/mycotoxins/ ) provides users an opportunity to easily estimate impacts of adjusting sampling plan parameters on the risk of misclassifying consignments relative to a defined maximum level, as well as the contributions from sampling, sample preparation, and analytical test stages to the total variance of mycotoxin sampling plan designs, without performing resource-intensive sampling and laboratory analyses. The Tool was used to assess variance in the analysis of aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A in maize, wheat, and powdered ginger for various sampling plans, including those specified in the Codex Alimentarius Commission General Standard on Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed. Results indicated that the current Codex sampling plans for maize and wheat could result in total measurement error equivalent or greater than 90% of the current and proposed maximum levels for ochratoxin A in wheat and aflatoxins in maize, respectively.
{"title":"Current sampling plans can introduce high variance in mycotoxin testing results as demonstrated by the online FAO Mycotoxin Sampling Tool","authors":"","doi":"10.3920/wmj2022.2804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2022.2804","url":null,"abstract":"The free-to-use online FAO Mycotoxin Sampling Tool ( http://tools.fstools.org/mycotoxins/ ) provides users an opportunity to easily estimate impacts of adjusting sampling plan parameters on the risk of misclassifying consignments relative to a defined maximum level, as well as the contributions from sampling, sample preparation, and analytical test stages to the total variance of mycotoxin sampling plan designs, without performing resource-intensive sampling and laboratory analyses. The Tool was used to assess variance in the analysis of aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A in maize, wheat, and powdered ginger for various sampling plans, including those specified in the Codex Alimentarius Commission General Standard on Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed. Results indicated that the current Codex sampling plans for maize and wheat could result in total measurement error equivalent or greater than 90% of the current and proposed maximum levels for ochratoxin A in wheat and aflatoxins in maize, respectively.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46392920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aflatoxins belong to a group of highly carcinogenic mycotoxins, produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in various agricultural food commodities. It is hard to eliminate them from food and feed due to their high stability. Aflatoxin contamination in food grains, particularly peanut and maize, continues to cause significant health concerns in the population of developing nations. They can be fatal to humans and animals. Several actions can be taken to protect both humans and animals by following all applicable laws and regulations controlling aflatoxins, preventing pre- and post-harvest contamination, reducing the synthesis of aflatoxins, decontamination, and detoxification. This review will focus on the occurrence of aflatoxins, factors affecting aflatoxin production, worldwide regulations of aflatoxins, adverse effects on health and economy, prevention, and control strategies for aflatoxins, specifically in peanuts and corn, to assure food safety and security. This review is intended to be educational not just for health-conscious consumers but also for authorities in the field to pave the path for future research to address the gaps in knowledge about mycotoxins and food safety.
{"title":"Aflatoxin in peanuts and maize: an overview on occurrence, regulations, prevention, and control methods","authors":"M. Ahmad, Z. Han, Q. Kong","doi":"10.3920/wmj2022.2786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2022.2786","url":null,"abstract":"Aflatoxins belong to a group of highly carcinogenic mycotoxins, produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in various agricultural food commodities. It is hard to eliminate them from food and feed due to their high stability. Aflatoxin contamination in food grains, particularly peanut and maize, continues to cause significant health concerns in the population of developing nations. They can be fatal to humans and animals. Several actions can be taken to protect both humans and animals by following all applicable laws and regulations controlling aflatoxins, preventing pre- and post-harvest contamination, reducing the synthesis of aflatoxins, decontamination, and detoxification. This review will focus on the occurrence of aflatoxins, factors affecting aflatoxin production, worldwide regulations of aflatoxins, adverse effects on health and economy, prevention, and control strategies for aflatoxins, specifically in peanuts and corn, to assure food safety and security. This review is intended to be educational not just for health-conscious consumers but also for authorities in the field to pave the path for future research to address the gaps in knowledge about mycotoxins and food safety.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42989069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Géry, B. Basset, N. Gounel, M. Gosselin, E. Richard, V. Séguin, J. Bonhomme, D. Garon
The Aspergilli of the series Versicolores include several airborne species to which we are exposed daily. Most of them synthesise sterigmatocystin, a mycotoxin precursor of aflatoxins recognised as potentially carcinogenic for humans (group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Our objective was to study the potential role of these moulds in the synthesis of extrolites of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. A total of 124 isolates belonging to the eight species of the series Versicolores collected in French bioaerosols were studied: Aspergillus amoenus (n=1), Aspergillus creber (n=45), Aspergillus fructus (n=2), Aspergillus jensenii (n=39), Aspergillus protuberus (n=6), Aspergillus puulaauensis (n=5), Aspergillus sydowii (n=14) and Aspergillus tabacinus (n=2). All these isolates and a reference strain of each species were extracted using ethyl acetate acidified with 1% (v/v) acetic acid. In each extract, we screened for the following extrolites of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway by UPLC-HRMS: norsolorinic acid, versicolorin A, 6-demethylsterigmatocystin, sterigmatocystin, 8-O-methylsterigmatocystin, 5-methoxysterigmatocystin and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. All extrolites, except aflatoxins, were found variably among species. Sterigmatocystin was found in extracts of all eight Versicolores species, including A. sydowii and A. tabacinus whose ability to synthesise sterigmatocystin was questioned or unknown, respectively.
曲霉菌系列包括我们每天接触的几种空气传播的曲霉菌。它们中的大多数都能合成sterigmatocystin，这是一种黄曲霉毒素的真菌毒素前体，被国际癌症研究机构认定为对人类有潜在致癌性(2B类)。我们的目的是研究这些霉菌在黄曲霉毒素生物合成途径的外源性物质合成中的潜在作用。对法国生物气雾剂中收集到的8种Versicolores菌株124株进行了研究:阿莫曲霉(n=1)、木曲霉(n=45)、果曲霉(n=2)、延sen曲霉(n=39)、凸曲霉(n=6)、普拉乌曲霉(n=5)、西多曲霉(n=14)和烟曲霉(n=2)。采用1% (v/v)醋酸酸化乙酸乙酯提取所有菌株和各菌种的参考菌株。在每个提取物中，我们通过UPLC-HRMS筛选了以下黄曲霉毒素生物合成途径的外物:去solorinic酸，versicolorin A, 6-去甲基sterigmatocystin, sterigmatocystin, 8- o -甲基sterigmatocystin, 5-甲氧基sterigmatocystin和黄曲霉毒素B1, B2, G1和G2。除了黄曲霉毒素外，所有的外向性在物种之间都是不同的。在8种花椒属植物的提取物中均发现了Sterigmatocystin，其中sydowii和tabacinus合成Sterigmatocystin的能力分别受到质疑和未知。
{"title":"Aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway extrolites in airborne Aspergilli series Versicolores","authors":"A. Géry, B. Basset, N. Gounel, M. Gosselin, E. Richard, V. Séguin, J. Bonhomme, D. Garon","doi":"10.3920/wmj2022.2809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2022.2809","url":null,"abstract":"The Aspergilli of the series Versicolores include several airborne species to which we are exposed daily. Most of them synthesise sterigmatocystin, a mycotoxin precursor of aflatoxins recognised as potentially carcinogenic for humans (group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Our objective was to study the potential role of these moulds in the synthesis of extrolites of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. A total of 124 isolates belonging to the eight species of the series Versicolores collected in French bioaerosols were studied: Aspergillus amoenus (n=1), Aspergillus creber (n=45), Aspergillus fructus (n=2), Aspergillus jensenii (n=39), Aspergillus protuberus (n=6), Aspergillus puulaauensis (n=5), Aspergillus sydowii (n=14) and Aspergillus tabacinus (n=2). All these isolates and a reference strain of each species were extracted using ethyl acetate acidified with 1% (v/v) acetic acid. In each extract, we screened for the following extrolites of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway by UPLC-HRMS: norsolorinic acid, versicolorin A, 6-demethylsterigmatocystin, sterigmatocystin, 8-O-methylsterigmatocystin, 5-methoxysterigmatocystin and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. All extrolites, except aflatoxins, were found variably among species. Sterigmatocystin was found in extracts of all eight Versicolores species, including A. sydowii and A. tabacinus whose ability to synthesise sterigmatocystin was questioned or unknown, respectively.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45583132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S.J. Kitigwa, E. Kimaro, Y. Nagagi, J. Kussaga, R. Suleiman, A. Matemu
Aflatoxins (AFs) are natural toxic compounds produced by a specific type of fungi, which subsequently contaminate foods and animal feeds, potentially carcinogenic to humans. This study assessed the AFs awareness, prevalence and associated risk factors through a survey of the smallholder dairy farmers (SDFs) and livestock feeds and raw cow milk samples from three agroecological zones in Tanzania. The aflatoxin awareness among SDFs (419) and agrovet dealers (26) was 23.2% and 50%, respectively. The prevalence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in livestock feeds from agrovet dealers, and SDFs was 88.5 and 86.2%, with a concentration ranging from a limit of detection (LOD) to 22.99 and 32.9 μg/kg, respectively. However, 15.38 and 22.5% of AFB1 detected samples from agrovet dealers and SDFs exceeded the European Union (EU) and Tanzanian Bureau of Standards (TBS) limits of 5 μg/kg for dairy cow feeds. The prevalence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw cow milk was 30.7%, of which 27.9% exceeded the EU and TBS limits of 0.05 μg/l for raw cow milk. The risk factors associated with AFB1 and AFM1 were cattle feeding systems: zero-grazing (odds ratio (OR) = 11.3 (1.5-22.9)) and mixed feeding (OR=16.0 (1.4-43.6)), use of concentrates feeds (OR=12.0 (0.6-55.6)), mixed feeding (OR=5.0 (0.5-11.1)); feed handling and storage practices: no moisture content measurement (OR=2.0 (0.3-15.0)) and storing feeds (OR=3.6 (1.7-8.5)); agroecological zones: central zone (OR=15.2 (5.4-50.6)) and northern zone (OR=2.1 (0.7-7.3)); aflatoxin (AF) awareness and level of education: primary (OR=16.0 (2.5-155.3)) and secondary education (OR=8.0 (2.14-43.9)) (P<0.05). This study revealed a high prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in animal feeds and raw cow milk, suggesting a potential health risk to consumers. Therefore, it is vital to increase awareness and knowledge on AFs, proper handling, storage and monitoring of feeds among the stakeholders in the dairy value chain.
{"title":"Occurrence and associated risk factors of aflatoxin contamination in animal feeds and raw milk from three agroecological zones of Tanzania","authors":"S.J. Kitigwa, E. Kimaro, Y. Nagagi, J. Kussaga, R. Suleiman, A. Matemu","doi":"10.3920/wmj2022.2801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2022.2801","url":null,"abstract":"Aflatoxins (AFs) are natural toxic compounds produced by a specific type of fungi, which subsequently contaminate foods and animal feeds, potentially carcinogenic to humans. This study assessed the AFs awareness, prevalence and associated risk factors through a survey of the smallholder dairy farmers (SDFs) and livestock feeds and raw cow milk samples from three agroecological zones in Tanzania. The aflatoxin awareness among SDFs (419) and agrovet dealers (26) was 23.2% and 50%, respectively. The prevalence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in livestock feeds from agrovet dealers, and SDFs was 88.5 and 86.2%, with a concentration ranging from a limit of detection (LOD) to 22.99 and 32.9 μg/kg, respectively. However, 15.38 and 22.5% of AFB1 detected samples from agrovet dealers and SDFs exceeded the European Union (EU) and Tanzanian Bureau of Standards (TBS) limits of 5 μg/kg for dairy cow feeds. The prevalence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw cow milk was 30.7%, of which 27.9% exceeded the EU and TBS limits of 0.05 μg/l for raw cow milk. The risk factors associated with AFB1 and AFM1 were cattle feeding systems: zero-grazing (odds ratio (OR) = 11.3 (1.5-22.9)) and mixed feeding (OR=16.0 (1.4-43.6)), use of concentrates feeds (OR=12.0 (0.6-55.6)), mixed feeding (OR=5.0 (0.5-11.1)); feed handling and storage practices: no moisture content measurement (OR=2.0 (0.3-15.0)) and storing feeds (OR=3.6 (1.7-8.5)); agroecological zones: central zone (OR=15.2 (5.4-50.6)) and northern zone (OR=2.1 (0.7-7.3)); aflatoxin (AF) awareness and level of education: primary (OR=16.0 (2.5-155.3)) and secondary education (OR=8.0 (2.14-43.9)) (P<0.05). This study revealed a high prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in animal feeds and raw cow milk, suggesting a potential health risk to consumers. Therefore, it is vital to increase awareness and knowledge on AFs, proper handling, storage and monitoring of feeds among the stakeholders in the dairy value chain.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48188000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S.A. Tittlemier, B. Cramer, M.C. DeRosa, V.M.T. Lattanzio, R. Malone, C. Maragos, M. Stranska, M.W. Sumarah
This review summarises developments published in the period from mid-2021 to mid-2022 on the analysis of a variety of matrices for mycotoxins. Important developments in all aspects of mycotoxin analysis, from sampling and quality assurance/quality control of analytical results, to the various detection and quantitation technologies ranging from single mycotoxin biosensors to comprehensive instrumental methods are presented and discussed. This non-exhaustive summary and associated discussion covers such technology as chromatography with targeted or non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry, detection other than mass spectrometry such as fluorescence or diode array detection, biosensors, as well as assays using alternatives to antibodies. This collaborative critical review intends to guide readers to relevant research by briefly presenting the most important developments in mycotoxin determination published in the past year. This review also relays limitations of the presented methodologies, in order to provide a fulsome assessment of the analytical developments.
{"title":"Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2021-22","authors":"S.A. Tittlemier, B. Cramer, M.C. DeRosa, V.M.T. Lattanzio, R. Malone, C. Maragos, M. Stranska, M.W. Sumarah","doi":"10.3920/wmj2022.2822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2022.2822","url":null,"abstract":"This review summarises developments published in the period from mid-2021 to mid-2022 on the analysis of a variety of matrices for mycotoxins. Important developments in all aspects of mycotoxin analysis, from sampling and quality assurance/quality control of analytical results, to the various detection and quantitation technologies ranging from single mycotoxin biosensors to comprehensive instrumental methods are presented and discussed. This non-exhaustive summary and associated discussion covers such technology as chromatography with targeted or non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry, detection other than mass spectrometry such as fluorescence or diode array detection, biosensors, as well as assays using alternatives to antibodies. This collaborative critical review intends to guide readers to relevant research by briefly presenting the most important developments in mycotoxin determination published in the past year. This review also relays limitations of the presented methodologies, in order to provide a fulsome assessment of the analytical developments.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136041904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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