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Aflatoxin contamination in maize: occurrence and health implications in Latin America 拉丁美洲玉米中黄曲霉毒素污染的发生及其对健康的影响
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-29 DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2666
N. Ponce‐García, N. Palacios-Rojas, S. Serna-Saldívar, S. García‐Lara
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, mycotoxicoses constitute the second most pressing food safety problem worldwide, with most cases occurring in developing countries. Maize (Zea mays L.), the main staple for many Latin Americans, is one of the best suitable substrates for mycotoxigenic Aspergillus fungi. Aflatoxins (AFs) produced primarily by Aspergillus flavus, are of significant concern, especially in developing countries. While AFs production occurs mainly in warmer, tropical, and subtropical environments, recent evidence suggests that global climate change favours their presence in regions with little or no awareness of this issue. AFs interfere with metabolic processes, causing cancer and other health disorders resulting in health hazards and even death. The setting of national acceptable regulatory levels of AFs is necessary for Latin American countries. Unfortunately, no estimates of the economic impact of AFs in this region are currently available nor the cost of regulatory programs designed to reduce health risks to animals and humans. This review explores relevant data about incidence of AFs in maize produced in the region and the adverse effects of the consumption of contaminated foods and the associated health consequences for Latin American consumers. Regulations aimed to mitigate AFs exposure to consumers are also reviewed and identified gaps for researchers and actors of the maize value chain are also proposed.
根据联合国粮农组织(United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation)的数据,真菌中毒是全球第二大紧迫的食品安全问题,大多数病例发生在发展中国家。玉米(Zea mays L.)是许多拉丁美洲人的主食,是产霉毒素曲霉真菌最适合的底物之一。黄曲霉毒素(AFs)主要由黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)产生,尤其在发展中国家引起严重关注。虽然AFs的生产主要发生在温暖的热带和亚热带环境中,但最近的证据表明,全球气候变化有利于它们在很少或没有意识到这一问题的地区存在。AFs干扰代谢过程,导致癌症和其他健康失调,导致健康危害甚至死亡。拉丁美洲国家有必要制定国家可接受的AFs管理水平。不幸的是,目前没有关于非洲猪瘟对该地区经济影响的估计,也没有旨在减少动物和人类健康风险的监管计划的成本。本综述探讨了有关该区域生产的玉米中AFs发病率的相关数据,以及食用受污染食品的不利影响和对拉丁美洲消费者的相关健康后果。还审查了旨在减轻消费者对AFs风险的法规,并为研究人员和玉米价值链参与者提出了空白建议。
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引用次数: 3
Effects of dietary aflatoxin on biochemical parameters and histopathology of liver in Matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) and Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fish 饲料中添加黄曲霉毒素对Matrinxã (Brycon cephalus)和Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)鱼肝脏生化指标和组织病理学的影响
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-29 DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2662
E. C. Michelin, C. M. Bedoya-Serna, L. C. S. Carrion, N. Levy-Pereira, F. S. Cury, D. Passarelli, C. G. Lima, G. Yasui, R. Sousa, A. M. Fernandes
The objective of this study was to evaluate biochemical parameters and histopathology of liver in Matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) and Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fish chronically exposed to dietary aflatoxins. Fish feed was artificially contaminated with aflatoxins and the treatments were: Control – feed without toxin; Treatment A – feed + 10 μg aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)/kg; Treatment B – feed + 20 μg AFB1/kg; and Treatment C – feed + 50 μg AFB1/kg. Matrinxã and Pacu juvenile fish were placed in tanks for 180 days. Five experimental units per treatment were monthly sampled and submitted to blood collection and removal of hepatic tissue. Thus, twenty blood and liver samples for each species were collected monthly, adding up to 240 samples analysed. To verify biochemical changes, analyses included total proteins, albumin, globulins, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The hepatic tissue was examined microscopically and the slides presenting histopathological changes were photo-documented. There was effect of treatment (P<0.05) for AST and ALP in Matrinxã, while no effect (P>0.05) was observed in Pacu. A reduction (P<0.05) in AST and ALP values during the time of exposure was observed in all treatments for both species. Fatty degeneration and liver damage were observed for both species in treatments exposed to aflatoxins. Fatty degeneration in Pacu was noticed after 30 days of exposure, while in Matrinxã it was observed after 60 days. Disorganisation of the hepatocyte cord arrangement was also observed in those treatments exposed to aflatoxin, following 90 days of exposure in Matrinxã, and after 60 days in Pacu. Therefore, aflatoxins have little influence on biochemical parameters in the species evaluated. However, exposure to aflatoxins caused liver changes, such as cell death, fatty and hydropic degeneration, thus it could be concluded that both species are susceptible to the toxic effects of long-term exposure to dietary AFB1.
本研究的目的是评估长期暴露于黄曲霉毒素的Matrinxã (Brycon cephalus)和Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)鱼肝脏的生化参数和组织病理学。人工添加黄曲霉毒素污染鱼饲料,处理方法为:无毒素对照饲料;处理A -饲料+ 10 μg黄曲霉毒素B1 (AFB1)/kg;处理B -饲料+ 20 μg AFB1/kg;处理C -饲料+ 50 μg AFB1/kg。Matrinxã和Pacu幼鱼在水箱中放置180天。每个疗程每月采样5个实验单位,并提交血液采集和肝组织切除。因此,每个月为每个物种收集20份血液和肝脏样本,总共分析240份样本。为了验证生化变化,分析包括总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)。对肝组织进行了显微镜检查,并对显示组织病理变化的载玻片进行了照片记录。两组治疗效果比较(P0.05)。两种植物的AST和ALP值在暴露时间内均降低(P<0.05)。在暴露于黄曲霉毒素的处理中,观察到两种物种的脂肪变性和肝损伤。Pacu在暴露30天后出现脂肪变性,Matrinxã在暴露60天后出现脂肪变性。在Matrinxã暴露90天后和Pacu暴露60天后,暴露于黄曲霉毒素的治疗组也观察到肝细胞脐带排列的紊乱。因此,黄曲霉毒素对被测物种的生化参数影响不大。然而,暴露于黄曲霉毒素会引起肝脏变化,如细胞死亡、脂肪变性和水变性,因此可以得出结论,这两个物种都容易受到长期暴露于膳食AFB1的毒性作用。
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引用次数: 1
Aflatoxin B1 contamination of feedstuff on a dairy farm in Northern Peru and aflatoxin M1 concentrations in raw milk 秘鲁北部一奶牛场饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1污染和生奶中黄曲霉素M1浓度
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-29 DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2672
I. Salazar, I. López, P. Glorio‐Paulet, C. Gómez
Research regarding aflatoxin contamination levels in Peru is limited, although aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) require surveillance because of their toxicity. European regulations state that the harmonised maximum level (ML) is 5 μg/kg for AFB1 in feedstuffs and 0.05 μg/kg for AFM1 in milk. Our study aimed to determine the annual variation levels of AFB1 in ingredients used in feedstuffs for dairy cows and those of AFM1 in milk at a typical intensive dairy farm in Northern Peru. For 1 year, milk (n=529) and feedstuff samples (n=235) were collected and aflatoxin levels were determined using a lateral flow immunoassay. We found that 16% of milk samples had AFM1 contamination above the ML. AFM1 level was significantly higher (P<0.05) in December (end of spring) than that in all other months. Throughout the year, the most used feedstuffs were maize, soybean meal and whole soybean. Among the maize samples (n=77), 2.59% had an AFB1 level above the ML, whereas 45% had an AFB1 level below the ML. On the other hand, neither the soybean meal (n=69) nor whole soybean samples (n=64) had an AFB1 level above the ML, 46.4 and 20%, respectively. In 50% (n=10) of cottonseed meal samples, AFB1 level was above the ML; in 20% of wheat middling samples, it was above the ML. Cottonseed and wheat middling samples were used for 2 and 5 months, respectively. AFB1 level in feedstuff showed a significant difference in December (P<0.05) compared with other months, specifically for maize and soybean meal. As the AFM1 level in milk results from AFB1 contaminated feedstuff, our results emphasise the need to implement specific quality measures to reduce contamination.
尽管黄曲霉毒素M1 (AFM1)和黄曲霉毒素B1 (AFB1)因其毒性需要监测,但秘鲁关于黄曲霉毒素污染水平的研究有限。欧洲法规规定,饲料中AFB1的协调最高水平(ML)为5 μg/kg,牛奶中AFM1的协调最高水平(ML)为0.05 μg/kg。我们的研究旨在确定在秘鲁北部一个典型的集约化奶牛场用于奶牛饲料的成分中AFB1的年变化水平和牛奶中AFM1的年变化水平。在1年的时间里,收集了529份牛奶和235份饲料样品,采用侧流免疫分析法测定黄曲霉毒素水平。我们发现16%的牛奶样品AFM1浓度高于ML,其中12月(春末)AFM1浓度显著高于其他月份(P<0.05)。全年使用最多的饲料是玉米、豆粕和全大豆。玉米样品(n=77)中,2.59%的样品AFB1水平高于ML, 45%的样品AFB1水平低于ML,而豆粕样品(n=69)和全大豆样品(n=64)的AFB1水平均未高于ML,分别为46.4%和20%。50% (n=10)棉籽粕样品AFB1水平高于ML;20%的麦粒样品高于ML。棉籽和麦粒样品分别使用2个月和5个月。饲料中AFB1水平在12月份与其他月份差异显著(P<0.05),以玉米和豆粕为显著。由于牛奶中的AFM1水平来自AFB1污染的饲料,我们的研究结果强调需要实施具体的质量措施来减少污染。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and cheese produced in Mexico: a review 墨西哥产牛奶和奶酪中黄曲霉毒素M1污染分析综述
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-29 DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2668
C. Jiménez-Pérez, S. Alatorre-Santamaría, S. Tello-Solís, L. Gómez‐Ruiz, G. Rodríguez-Serrano, M. García‐Garibay, A. Cruz-Guerrero
Due to the carcinogenic character of aflatoxins when present in foods, these compounds are considered a risk to human health. This systematic review aimed at compiling the available research data on detection and quantification of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and common types of cheese produced in Mexico in the past two decades. A limited number of studies were found that matched the purpose of our review. Only ten research works focused on the evaluation of AFM1 content in milk while three studies analysed the occurrence of this mycotoxin in oaxaca and panela cheeses. HPLC-FD and ELISA were the methods of choice utilised to detect AFM1. Concentrations higher than 0.5 μg AFM1/kg, a maximum limit set in current food regulation in Mexico, were found in major dairy brands consumed in Mexico. Analysis of raw milk produced during the rainy season in the states of Jalisco (2007) and Chiapas (2013) showed mycotoxin levels within the regulation limits while milk samples obtained during the dry season in the Mexico City and the State of Mexico (2008) exceeded that threshold. For cheeses, 33% of the artisanal produced oaxaca type samples from Veracruz (2016) and 55% of those acquired in Mexico City (2019) were found above the limit set for milk. In contrast, the panela cheese samples obtained in Baja California and Guanajuato (2009) complied with the AFM1 regulation. Additionally, the presence of AFB1 and its hydroxylated metabolites other than AFM1 were determined in the major milk brands at concentrations that could be of high risk for human health. Similar results were reported for both artisan and industrially produced oaxaca cheese. Finally, mycotoxins enter human food chain through animals fed with contaminated fodder. Our systematic review demonstrated the urgent need to amend the existing food regulation in Mexico to include mycotoxins as potent contaminants in cheese.
由于黄曲霉毒素在食物中存在的致癌特性,这些化合物被认为对人类健康有风险。本系统综述旨在汇编过去二十年来墨西哥生产的牛奶和常见奶酪中黄曲霉毒素M1 (AFM1)检测和定量的现有研究数据。有限数量的研究被发现符合我们综述的目的。只有10项研究集中在牛奶中AFM1含量的评估上,而3项研究分析了瓦哈卡和帕内拉奶酪中这种霉菌毒素的发生。选择HPLC-FD和ELISA检测AFM1。在墨西哥消费的主要乳制品品牌中,发现浓度高于0.5 μg AFM1/kg,这是墨西哥现行食品法规规定的最高限量。对哈利斯科州(2007年)和恰帕斯州(2013年)雨季生产的原料奶的分析显示,霉菌毒素水平在规定范围内,而墨西哥城和墨西哥州(2008年)旱季获得的牛奶样本则超过了这一阈值。对于奶酪,来自韦拉克鲁斯州(2016年)手工生产的瓦哈卡类型样品中有33%和墨西哥城(2019年)获得的样品中有55%被发现超过了牛奶的限量。相比之下,在下加利福尼亚州和瓜纳华托州(2009年)获得的panela奶酪样品符合AFM1法规。此外,在主要牛奶品牌中发现了AFB1及其羟基化代谢物,其浓度可能对人类健康构成高风险。据报道,手工制作和工业生产的瓦哈卡奶酪也有类似的结果。最后,真菌毒素通过喂食受污染饲料的动物进入人类食物链。我们的系统综述表明,迫切需要修改墨西哥现有的食品法规,将真菌毒素作为奶酪中的强效污染物。
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引用次数: 1
Biomonitoring aflatoxin B1 exposure of residents from the Amazon region: a pilot study 亚马逊地区居民黄曲霉毒素B1暴露的生物监测:一项试点研究
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-22 DOI: 10.3920/WMJ2020.2627
K. Higashioka, A. Kluczkovski, E. S. Lima, A. Lucas
The present study was a pilot study that aimed to evaluate the occurrence of aflatoxins (AF) in the human diets and its presence in human urine as a metabolite (aflatoxin M1; AFM1). Volunteers from...
本研究是一项初步研究,旨在评估人类饮食中黄曲霉毒素(AF)的发生率及其在人类尿液中的代谢物(黄曲霉毒素M1;AFM1)。志愿者从…
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引用次数: 0
Intra-species variability in Fusarium langsethiae strains in growth and T-2/HT-2 mycotoxin production in response to climate change abiotic factors langsethiae镰刀菌生长和T-2/HT-2真菌毒素产生的种内变异性对气候变化非生物因素的响应
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2584
C. Verheecke-vaessen, A. Lopez-Pietro, E. García-Cela, Á. Medina, N. Magan
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential intra-species variability of 3 Fusarium langsethiae strains in response to extreme climate change (CC) conditions on an oat-based matrix. The impact of elevated temperature (25 vs 30-34 °C) coupled with increasing drought stress (0.98 vs 0.95 aw) and elevated CO2 (400 vs 1000 ppm) were examined on lag phases prior to growth, growth rate, and production of the mycotoxins T-2 and HT-2 and their ratio. In comparison to the control conditions (25 °C; 0.98; 400 ppm), exposure to increased temperature (30-34 °C), showed similar reductions in the lag phase and fungal growth rates of all 3 strains. However, with elevated CO2 a reduction in both lag phases prior to growth and growth rate occurred regardless of the aw examined. For T-2 and HT-2 mycotoxin production, T-2 showed the most intra-species variability in response to the interacting abiotic stress factors, with the 3 strains having different environmental conditions for triggering increases in T-2 production: Strain 1 produced higher T-2 toxin at 25 °C, while Strain 2 and the type strain (Fl201059) produced most at 0.98 aw/30 °C. Only Strain 2 showed a reduction in toxin production when exposed to elevated CO2. HT-2 production was higher at 25 °C for the type strain and higher at 30-34 °C for the other two strains, regardless of the aw or CO2 level examined. The HT-2/T-2 ratio showed no significant differences due to the imposed interacting CC abiotic conditions.
本研究的目的是评估3个郎氏镰刀菌菌株在燕麦基质上对极端气候变化(CC)条件的潜在种内变异性。研究了温度升高(25 vs.30-34°C)、干旱胁迫增加(0.98 vs.0.95 aw)和二氧化碳升高(400 vs.1000 ppm)对真菌毒素T-2和HT-2生长、生长速率和产生及其比例之前的滞后期的影响。与对照条件(25°C;0.98;400ppm)相比,暴露于升高的温度(30-34°C)下,所有3株菌株的滞后期和真菌生长率都有类似的降低。然而,随着CO2浓度的升高,无论检查的aw如何,生长前的滞后阶段和生长速率都会降低。对于T-2和HT-2真菌毒素的产生,T-2在相互作用的非生物胁迫因素的反应中表现出最大的种内变异性,3个菌株具有不同的环境条件来触发T-2产量的增加:菌株1在25°C时产生更高的T-2毒素,而菌株2和型菌株(Fl201059)在0.98 aw/30°C时产量最高。只有菌株2在暴露于升高的CO2时显示出毒素产生的减少。无论检测的aw或CO2水平如何,该类型菌株在25°C时的HT-2产量更高,而其他两种菌株在30-34°C时更高。HT-2/T-2比率由于所施加的相互作用CC非生物条件而没有显示出显著差异。
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引用次数: 1
Development of patulin certified reference material using mass balance and quantitative NMR 利用质量平衡和定量核磁共振技术开发展青霉素标准物质
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-24 DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2691
X. Li, H. Li, Wen Zhang, Qi Zhang, Z. Guo, S. Song, G. Zhao
The certified reference materials (CRMs) are necessary for accurate quantification and insurance of comparability and traceability of results. Patulin is a typical mycotoxin in a variety of food commodities. Here, patulin CRM GBW(E)100673 was characterised and its purity was assessed by two independent orthogonal approaches including mass balance (MB) and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qNMR) methods. From MB equation, the calculated purity was 996.9 mg/g with subtraction of water, volatile solvent, inorganic and structurally related impurities. In the other qNMR method, the calculated purity was 996.7 mg/g. This CRM was homogeneous and stable for at least 9 months under -20 °C in dark. Finally, a purity of 997 mg/g with an expanded uncertainty of 3 mg/g (k=2) was finally assigned to patulin CRM in this study. High-purity patulin CRM was fully characterised and assessed for the first time. The new CRM can be applicable to routine monitoring and risk assessment for assurance of accuracy results in food safety.
认证参考材料(CRM)是准确量化和确保结果可比性和可追溯性所必需的。棒曲霉素是一种典型的霉菌毒素,存在于各种食品中。在此,对棒曲霉素CRM GBW(E)100673进行了表征,并通过两种独立的正交方法(包括质量平衡(MB)和定量核磁共振波谱(qNMR)方法)评估其纯度。根据MB方程,减去水、挥发性溶剂、无机和结构相关杂质后,计算出的纯度为996.9 mg/g。在另一种qNMR方法中,计算出的纯度为996.7mg/g。该CRM在-20°C的黑暗中均匀稳定至少9个月。最后,在本研究中,最终将997 mg/g的纯度和3 mg/g(k=2)的扩展不确定度分配给棒曲霉素CRM。首次对高纯度棒曲霉素CRM进行了全面表征和评估。新的CRM可适用于日常监测和风险评估,以确保食品安全结果的准确性。
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引用次数: 5
Dietary exposure to mycotoxins of 1- and 2-year-old children from a Dutch Total Diet Study 荷兰总饮食研究中1岁和2岁儿童对真菌毒素的饮食暴露
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-24 DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2676
A. Pustjens, J. Castenmiller, J. D. Biesebeek, T. C. Rijk, Ruud C. J. Dam, P. Boon
In 2017, a Total Diet Study was conducted in the Netherlands in which mycotoxins were analysed in foods and beverages consumed by 1- and 2-year-old children. These mycotoxins were aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, citrinin, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Long-term exposure was calculated by combining concentrations in foods and beverages with consumed amounts of these products. Analysed foods and beverages with a concentration below the detection limit that could contain the mycotoxin, were assigned a concentration equal to half this limit value. To assess if the exposure could result in a possible health risk, the high long-term exposure (95th percentile) was compared with a health-based guidance value (HBGV) or a margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated. Exposure to aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ochratoxin A and T-2/HT-2 sum may pose a health concern. Foods that contributed most to the exposure of these mycotoxins were bread, biscuits, breakfast cereals, chocolates, dried fruit, follow-on formula and fruit juices.
2017年,在荷兰进行了一项总饮食研究,分析了1岁和2岁儿童食用的食品和饮料中的真菌毒素。这些真菌毒素是黄曲霉毒素、交替菌毒素、柑桔毒素、麦角生物碱、伏马毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、展曲霉素、sterigmatocystin、曲霉烯和玉米赤霉烯酮。通过将食品和饮料中的浓度与这些产品的消费量相结合来计算长期暴露量。经分析的食品和饮料的浓度低于可能含有霉菌毒素的检测限,其浓度等于该极限值的一半。为了评估暴露是否可能导致健康风险,将高长期暴露(第95百分位)与基于健康的指导值(HBGV)或暴露边际(MOE)进行比较。接触黄曲霉毒素、交替菌毒素、赭曲霉毒素A和T-2/HT-2可能会造成健康问题。最容易接触这些真菌毒素的食物是面包、饼干、早餐谷物、巧克力、干果、后续配方奶粉和果汁。
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引用次数: 7
Detection of aflatoxin B1 adducts in Mexican women with cervical lesions 墨西哥宫颈病变妇女黄曲霉毒素B1加合物的检测
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-05-24 DOI: 10.3920/WMJ2020.2602
L. León-Martínez, C. M. López-Mendoza, Y. Terán-Figueroa, R. Flores-Ramírez, F. Díaz-Barriga, L. E. Alcántara-Quintana
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most serious threats to the lives of women; co-factors in addition to oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may be important in causing CC. Women in Mexi...
癌症宫颈癌是对妇女生命最严重的威胁之一;除了致癌的人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染外,其他共同因素可能是导致CC的重要因素。。。
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引用次数: 6
Validation of an analytical method based on QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS to quantify nine mycotoxins in plant-based milk 基于QuEChERS和LC-MS/MS的植物奶中9种真菌毒素定量分析方法的验证
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-05-24 DOI: 10.3920/WMJ2020.2656
L. Pinto, A. Santos, E. Vargas, F. Madureira, A. Faria, R. Augusti
Plant-based beverages (popularly known as vegetable milk) have become increasingly important in recent years. However, the nonexistence of information on mycotoxin contamination is noticeable. We h...
近年来,植物饮料(俗称植物奶)变得越来越重要。然而,不存在真菌毒素污染的信息是显而易见的。我们。。。
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引用次数: 2
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World Mycotoxin Journal
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