C. Cervini, B. Abegaz, A. Mohammed, R. Elias, A. Medina, K. Gebre, C. Verheecke-Vaessen
Abstract Ethiopia is one of the countries with the lowest gender-equality performance in sub-Saharan Africa being ranked 121/134 in terms of the magnitude and scope of gender disparities by the United Nations Women’s Organisation. Within the farming communities, women represent 70% of the labour force, but they are neglected from accessing training events run by Ethiopian Universities (e.g. Haramaya University). A survey to assess the existence of gender disparities among Ethiopian women farmers with respect to agricultural labour and mycotoxins knowledge was conducted on three hundred and forty-nine women from the Oromia and Amhara regions. A higher illiteracy rate was found in women compared to men from both Oromia and Amhara regions. Women played a key role in agricultural activities while having limited access to modern technologies compared to their male counterparts. Women were mainly responsible for sorting spoiled crops. Especially in Amhara, these were intended for home consumption, representing a serious health risk for local people. Overall, women from Amhara were more aware than women from Oromia about what mycotoxins are (e.g. aflatoxins), their impact and risk of occurrence in crops. Women in Amhara were also more intended to act towards mycotoxins in the future compared to women from Oromia. Only 0.24% of women have previously attended a training on mycotoxins. The radio seemed to be the most efficient way to deliver training to Ethiopian women farmers from these regions. Mycotoxins trainings were the second option of choice by all women surveyed. Such findings clearly stated the existence of gender inequality in the two Ethiopian regions considered. Empower women’s knowledge about mycotoxins will not only benefit agricultural income and the national economy, but it will also provide women the recognition they equally deserve alongside their male counterparts in future agricultural training programs and interventions.
{"title":"Assessment of agricultural practices by Ethiopian women farmers: existence of gender disparities in access to mycotoxins training","authors":"C. Cervini, B. Abegaz, A. Mohammed, R. Elias, A. Medina, K. Gebre, C. Verheecke-Vaessen","doi":"10.3920/wmj2022.2827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2022.2827","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ethiopia is one of the countries with the lowest gender-equality performance in sub-Saharan Africa being ranked 121/134 in terms of the magnitude and scope of gender disparities by the United Nations Women’s Organisation. Within the farming communities, women represent 70% of the labour force, but they are neglected from accessing training events run by Ethiopian Universities (e.g. Haramaya University). A survey to assess the existence of gender disparities among Ethiopian women farmers with respect to agricultural labour and mycotoxins knowledge was conducted on three hundred and forty-nine women from the Oromia and Amhara regions. A higher illiteracy rate was found in women compared to men from both Oromia and Amhara regions. Women played a key role in agricultural activities while having limited access to modern technologies compared to their male counterparts. Women were mainly responsible for sorting spoiled crops. Especially in Amhara, these were intended for home consumption, representing a serious health risk for local people. Overall, women from Amhara were more aware than women from Oromia about what mycotoxins are (e.g. aflatoxins), their impact and risk of occurrence in crops. Women in Amhara were also more intended to act towards mycotoxins in the future compared to women from Oromia. Only 0.24% of women have previously attended a training on mycotoxins. The radio seemed to be the most efficient way to deliver training to Ethiopian women farmers from these regions. Mycotoxins trainings were the second option of choice by all women surveyed. Such findings clearly stated the existence of gender inequality in the two Ethiopian regions considered. Empower women’s knowledge about mycotoxins will not only benefit agricultural income and the national economy, but it will also provide women the recognition they equally deserve alongside their male counterparts in future agricultural training programs and interventions.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135758874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin, a secondary metabolite mainly produced by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, and Penicillium. Many studies have looked into the potential impacts of this mycotoxin due to its high risk. Researchers are currently doing a more in-depth investigation of and employing physical, chemical, and biological ways to remove PAT. However, existing technology cannot completely remove it, and the residual PAT will continue to pose a threat to human health. As a result, substances capable of reducing PAT toxicity need be discovered. According to previous studies, natural components in food could reduce the toxicity of PAT. This article will review the different types of active compounds and discus the detoxification processes, as well as give recommendations for decreasing the toxicity of PAT and future research directions.
{"title":"The effects of natural active substances in food on the toxicity of patulin","authors":"C. Huang, B. Zhang, D. Xu","doi":"10.3920/wmj2022.2794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2022.2794","url":null,"abstract":"Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin, a secondary metabolite mainly produced by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, and Penicillium. Many studies have looked into the potential impacts of this mycotoxin due to its high risk. Researchers are currently doing a more in-depth investigation of and employing physical, chemical, and biological ways to remove PAT. However, existing technology cannot completely remove it, and the residual PAT will continue to pose a threat to human health. As a result, substances capable of reducing PAT toxicity need be discovered. According to previous studies, natural components in food could reduce the toxicity of PAT. This article will review the different types of active compounds and discus the detoxification processes, as well as give recommendations for decreasing the toxicity of PAT and future research directions.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43932845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Sadeghi, S. Solaimanimehr, M. Mirzazadeh, S. Jamshidpoor
Pistachio is the second largest non-oil export in Iran. The most important problem in pistachio export is its contamination with aflatoxin. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of several physical and chemical methods on the qualitative, qualitative and sensory properties of pistachios from Iran as well as the associated residual aflatoxin levels. This study investigated the effects of roasting (temperature 120 °C for 20 and 40 min), gamma radiation (2.5 and 5 KGy), and microwave (1 and 2 min) methods on pistachios and their qualitative characteristics, including moisture, colour, and sensory properties. In addition, aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxins were artificially added to pistachios to determine the level of aflatoxin remaining after chemical and physical methods. The results showed that the lowest residual level of aflatoxin B1 was related to combined microwave and irradiation methods. Further, the combined methods showed the lowest total aflatoxins residue so the lowest total aflatoxins residue after chemical contamination of 8 μg/kg aflatoxin was related to the combined methods of 5 KGy irradiations with 2 min of the microwave. In addition, the microwaved and irradiated samples did not differ significantly from the control samples in terms of sensory characteristics (P<0.05). It can be concluded that these methods can be successfully applied without adversely affecting the characteristics of pistachios. Considering the position of pistachios in domestic and global markets, these processes can be used to reduce aflatoxins, improve the quality of pistachios, and increase export.
{"title":"The effect of gamma irradiation, microwaves, and roasting on aflatoxin levels in pistachio kernels","authors":"E. Sadeghi, S. Solaimanimehr, M. Mirzazadeh, S. Jamshidpoor","doi":"10.3920/wmj2021.2755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2021.2755","url":null,"abstract":"Pistachio is the second largest non-oil export in Iran. The most important problem in pistachio export is its contamination with aflatoxin. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of several physical and chemical methods on the qualitative, qualitative and sensory properties of pistachios from Iran as well as the associated residual aflatoxin levels. This study investigated the effects of roasting (temperature 120 °C for 20 and 40 min), gamma radiation (2.5 and 5 KGy), and microwave (1 and 2 min) methods on pistachios and their qualitative characteristics, including moisture, colour, and sensory properties. In addition, aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxins were artificially added to pistachios to determine the level of aflatoxin remaining after chemical and physical methods. The results showed that the lowest residual level of aflatoxin B1 was related to combined microwave and irradiation methods. Further, the combined methods showed the lowest total aflatoxins residue so the lowest total aflatoxins residue after chemical contamination of 8 μg/kg aflatoxin was related to the combined methods of 5 KGy irradiations with 2 min of the microwave. In addition, the microwaved and irradiated samples did not differ significantly from the control samples in terms of sensory characteristics (P<0.05). It can be concluded that these methods can be successfully applied without adversely affecting the characteristics of pistachios. Considering the position of pistachios in domestic and global markets, these processes can be used to reduce aflatoxins, improve the quality of pistachios, and increase export.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45356032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Cimbalo, M. Frangiamone, M. Lozano, L. Escrivá, P. Vila-Donat, L. Manyes
The beneficial effect of fermented whey and pumpkin extract rich in carotenoids was evaluated in Jurkat cells against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) cytotoxicity through a proteomic approach. The functional ingredients were added into mycotoxin contaminated bread formulation, which were digested in vitro in order to simulate human intestinal absorption. Cell cultures were exposed during 7 days to these mycotoxins dissolved in: (a) 0.1% organic solvent (DMSO), (b) an intestinal digest of bread with pumpkin individually (PID) and (c) an intestinal digest of bread with pumpkin mixed with fermented whey (PID+WF). Extracted proteins were subjected to reduction and alkylation and subsequently a tryptic digestion in order to be analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight (LC/MS-Q-TOF). Results obtained highlighted the beneficial role of functional ingredients employed through the identification of proteins involved in several biological processes and metabolic pathways, mainly antioxidant activity, nucleosome assembly and secretory senescence phenotype. Among proteins involved in antioxidant activity, peroxiredoxin 1 and 2 stand out. Comparing the different conditions investigated, a remarkable change was observed in their expression, ranging from a repression using the standard (DMSO 0.1%), to an overexpression when treated with the functional ingredients. Similarly, after PID and PID+WF treatment, histones’ expression implicated in the metabolic pathway of nucleosome assembly, such as H2A, H2B, H2C, H3 and H4, was increased. Furthermore, the expression of protein cyclin A2, which downregulation is involved in limiting carcinogenic cells growth, was lower in presence of both functional ingredients. Based on these findings, functional ingredients can act as protectors against genomic stress caused by mycotoxins, preventing the loss of vital cell functions and paralysing the growth of carcinogenic cells.
{"title":"Protective role of fermented whey and pumpkin extract against aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A toxicity in Jurkat T-cells","authors":"A. Cimbalo, M. Frangiamone, M. Lozano, L. Escrivá, P. Vila-Donat, L. Manyes","doi":"10.3920/wmj2022.2780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2022.2780","url":null,"abstract":"The beneficial effect of fermented whey and pumpkin extract rich in carotenoids was evaluated in Jurkat cells against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) cytotoxicity through a proteomic approach. The functional ingredients were added into mycotoxin contaminated bread formulation, which were digested in vitro in order to simulate human intestinal absorption. Cell cultures were exposed during 7 days to these mycotoxins dissolved in: (a) 0.1% organic solvent (DMSO), (b) an intestinal digest of bread with pumpkin individually (PID) and (c) an intestinal digest of bread with pumpkin mixed with fermented whey (PID+WF). Extracted proteins were subjected to reduction and alkylation and subsequently a tryptic digestion in order to be analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight (LC/MS-Q-TOF). Results obtained highlighted the beneficial role of functional ingredients employed through the identification of proteins involved in several biological processes and metabolic pathways, mainly antioxidant activity, nucleosome assembly and secretory senescence phenotype. Among proteins involved in antioxidant activity, peroxiredoxin 1 and 2 stand out. Comparing the different conditions investigated, a remarkable change was observed in their expression, ranging from a repression using the standard (DMSO 0.1%), to an overexpression when treated with the functional ingredients. Similarly, after PID and PID+WF treatment, histones’ expression implicated in the metabolic pathway of nucleosome assembly, such as H2A, H2B, H2C, H3 and H4, was increased. Furthermore, the expression of protein cyclin A2, which downregulation is involved in limiting carcinogenic cells growth, was lower in presence of both functional ingredients. Based on these findings, functional ingredients can act as protectors against genomic stress caused by mycotoxins, preventing the loss of vital cell functions and paralysing the growth of carcinogenic cells.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48260209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Mahuku, A. Mauro, B. Pallangyo, E. Nsami, S. Boni, E. Koyano, O. Mponda, A. Ortega‐Beltran, J. Atehnkeng, F. Aquiline, R. Samuel, J. Njela, P. Cotty, R. Bandyopadhyay
Application of biocontrol products containing atoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus to reduce aflatoxin content in crops is an effective strategy for managing aflatoxin in several regions throughout the world. We report the development and validation of two aflatoxin biocontrol products, Aflasafe TZ01 and Aflasafe TZ02, for use in maize and groundnut in Tanzania, a country frequently affected by aflatoxin contamination. Each product contains four atoxigenic A. flavus genotypes native and widely distributed in Tanzania. Efficacy tests on maize and groundnut were conducted over two years and in four regions of Tanzania where aflatoxin contamination is prevalent. Application of both products significantly (P<0.05) reduced aflatoxin levels in maize and groundnut in both years and in all districts. No differences were observed in total Aspergillus section Flavi population in treated and untreated fields, revealing that application of the biocontrol products do not alter overall Aspergillus populations in the environment. The results indicate that both products are effective tools for aflatoxin mitigation in groundnut and maize. The products were officially registered in 2018. Currently, there are scale-out and-up efforts of aflatoxin biocontrol products in Tanzania through a private sector company that is making the products available to farmers. Protecting maize and groundnut from aflatoxin contamination in Tanzania can result in health, income, and trade benefits.
{"title":"Atoxigenic-based technology for biocontrol of aflatoxin in maize and groundnuts for Tanzania","authors":"G. Mahuku, A. Mauro, B. Pallangyo, E. Nsami, S. Boni, E. Koyano, O. Mponda, A. Ortega‐Beltran, J. Atehnkeng, F. Aquiline, R. Samuel, J. Njela, P. Cotty, R. Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.3920/wmj2021.2758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2021.2758","url":null,"abstract":"Application of biocontrol products containing atoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus to reduce aflatoxin content in crops is an effective strategy for managing aflatoxin in several regions throughout the world. We report the development and validation of two aflatoxin biocontrol products, Aflasafe TZ01 and Aflasafe TZ02, for use in maize and groundnut in Tanzania, a country frequently affected by aflatoxin contamination. Each product contains four atoxigenic A. flavus genotypes native and widely distributed in Tanzania. Efficacy tests on maize and groundnut were conducted over two years and in four regions of Tanzania where aflatoxin contamination is prevalent. Application of both products significantly (P<0.05) reduced aflatoxin levels in maize and groundnut in both years and in all districts. No differences were observed in total Aspergillus section Flavi population in treated and untreated fields, revealing that application of the biocontrol products do not alter overall Aspergillus populations in the environment. The results indicate that both products are effective tools for aflatoxin mitigation in groundnut and maize. The products were officially registered in 2018. Currently, there are scale-out and-up efforts of aflatoxin biocontrol products in Tanzania through a private sector company that is making the products available to farmers. Protecting maize and groundnut from aflatoxin contamination in Tanzania can result in health, income, and trade benefits.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48588212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Aoun, C. Siegel, G. Windham, W. Williams, R. Nelson
Spectroscopy is a rapid, non-destructive, and low-cost analytical technique that has the potential to complement more resource-intensive analytical methods. We explored the use of spectral methods to differentiate maize genotypes and assess aflatoxin (AF) contamination in maize kernels. We compared the performance of two instruments: a research-grade ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectrometer that measures reflectance from 304 -1,085 nm, and a miniaturised NIR spectrometer that measures reflectance from 740-1,070 nm. Both systems were used to predict AF levels in maize kernels from a single genotype and across 10 genotypes, and to predict genotype for the latter. A partial least square discriminant analysis model was trained on 70% of the kernels and tested on the remaining 30%. The classification accuracy for 10 maize genotypes was 71-72% using the UV-Vis-NIR instrument on 1,170 kernels, and 65-66% using the NIR device on 740 kernels. The classification accuracy for 247 AF-contaminated kernels of a single genotype using the UV-Vis-NIR instrument was 71, 82, and 92% for AF thresholds of 20, 100, and 1000 μg/kg, respectively. Using the same spectrometer on 872 kernels from 10 genotypes, AF classification accuracy was 67, 90, and 95% in validation sets for AF thresholds of 20, 100, and 1000 μg/kg, respectively. The UV-Vis-NIR instrument and the NIR device had similar classification accuracies for AF thresholds of 100 and 1000 μg/kg, whereas the NIR device had higher accuracy for the AF threshold of 20 μg/kg. Reflectance spectroscopy outperformed visual sorting and the bright greenish yellow fluorescence test in identifying AF levels. Applying spectral analysis to estimate mycotoxin levels and to identify maize genotypes could contribute to regional toxin surveillance and action efforts. Further, using AF-associated spectral features for grain sorting can reduce AF exposure.
{"title":"Application of reflectance spectroscopy to identify maize genotypes and aflatoxin levels in single kernels","authors":"M. Aoun, C. Siegel, G. Windham, W. Williams, R. Nelson","doi":"10.3920/wmj2021.2750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2021.2750","url":null,"abstract":"Spectroscopy is a rapid, non-destructive, and low-cost analytical technique that has the potential to complement more resource-intensive analytical methods. We explored the use of spectral methods to differentiate maize genotypes and assess aflatoxin (AF) contamination in maize kernels. We compared the performance of two instruments: a research-grade ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectrometer that measures reflectance from 304 -1,085 nm, and a miniaturised NIR spectrometer that measures reflectance from 740-1,070 nm. Both systems were used to predict AF levels in maize kernels from a single genotype and across 10 genotypes, and to predict genotype for the latter. A partial least square discriminant analysis model was trained on 70% of the kernels and tested on the remaining 30%. The classification accuracy for 10 maize genotypes was 71-72% using the UV-Vis-NIR instrument on 1,170 kernels, and 65-66% using the NIR device on 740 kernels. The classification accuracy for 247 AF-contaminated kernels of a single genotype using the UV-Vis-NIR instrument was 71, 82, and 92% for AF thresholds of 20, 100, and 1000 μg/kg, respectively. Using the same spectrometer on 872 kernels from 10 genotypes, AF classification accuracy was 67, 90, and 95% in validation sets for AF thresholds of 20, 100, and 1000 μg/kg, respectively. The UV-Vis-NIR instrument and the NIR device had similar classification accuracies for AF thresholds of 100 and 1000 μg/kg, whereas the NIR device had higher accuracy for the AF threshold of 20 μg/kg. Reflectance spectroscopy outperformed visual sorting and the bright greenish yellow fluorescence test in identifying AF levels. Applying spectral analysis to estimate mycotoxin levels and to identify maize genotypes could contribute to regional toxin surveillance and action efforts. Further, using AF-associated spectral features for grain sorting can reduce AF exposure.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43924094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Tyska, A. Mallmann, J. Vidal, C. Simões, C. Mallmann
Mycotoxicological and nutritional analyses were conducted in maize from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (stratified by region), Colombia and Peru through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in 2020 and 2021. Concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisins B1 + B2 (FBs), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol, in addition to water activity, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), starch and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) in poultry, were determined in 18,363 spectra (totalling 195,486 analyses). FBs were the most prevalent metabolites in South American maize, being detected in 91.6 and 91.9% of the samples; ZEN had the second highest positivity, 15.4 and 26.8%, followed by AFB1, 15.3 and 14.6% (2020 and 2021, respectively). FBs also had the highest incidence in Brazilian maize, 92.6 and 92.1%, followed by AFB1, 15.2 and 13.5%, and ZEN, 14.7 and 27.7% (2020 and 2021, respectively). Contamination with at least one mycotoxin was detected in 93.5% of the samples. The mycotoxins found co-contaminating the maize belong to the genera Fusarium and Aspergillus; FBs, followed by ZEN and AFB1, were the most prevalent toxins in the associations. Levels of water activity were below 0.70. Regarding chemical composition, CP presented the largest oscillation in relation to the mean in South American maize (both years). As for the Brazilian samples, the Southeast region showed the greatest positive variability in relation to the means for all evaluated parameters, followed by the Northeast region (excepting CP) in 2020; in 2021, the Central-West and Northeast regions had the highest levels of EE and AME. In both years, the South region presented lower levels in relation to the mean for most parameters. Data on prevalence, mycotoxicological contamination, storage conditions and nutritional quality of maize assist the decision-making process of raw material use. In this setting, NIRS suits the needs of the industry for providing information on multiple parameters in real time.
{"title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy to assess mycotoxins contamination and nutritional composition of maize marketed in South America, years 2020-2021","authors":"D. Tyska, A. Mallmann, J. Vidal, C. Simões, C. Mallmann","doi":"10.3920/wmj2022.2774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2022.2774","url":null,"abstract":"Mycotoxicological and nutritional analyses were conducted in maize from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (stratified by region), Colombia and Peru through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in 2020 and 2021. Concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisins B1 + B2 (FBs), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol, in addition to water activity, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), starch and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) in poultry, were determined in 18,363 spectra (totalling 195,486 analyses). FBs were the most prevalent metabolites in South American maize, being detected in 91.6 and 91.9% of the samples; ZEN had the second highest positivity, 15.4 and 26.8%, followed by AFB1, 15.3 and 14.6% (2020 and 2021, respectively). FBs also had the highest incidence in Brazilian maize, 92.6 and 92.1%, followed by AFB1, 15.2 and 13.5%, and ZEN, 14.7 and 27.7% (2020 and 2021, respectively). Contamination with at least one mycotoxin was detected in 93.5% of the samples. The mycotoxins found co-contaminating the maize belong to the genera Fusarium and Aspergillus; FBs, followed by ZEN and AFB1, were the most prevalent toxins in the associations. Levels of water activity were below 0.70. Regarding chemical composition, CP presented the largest oscillation in relation to the mean in South American maize (both years). As for the Brazilian samples, the Southeast region showed the greatest positive variability in relation to the means for all evaluated parameters, followed by the Northeast region (excepting CP) in 2020; in 2021, the Central-West and Northeast regions had the highest levels of EE and AME. In both years, the South region presented lower levels in relation to the mean for most parameters. Data on prevalence, mycotoxicological contamination, storage conditions and nutritional quality of maize assist the decision-making process of raw material use. In this setting, NIRS suits the needs of the industry for providing information on multiple parameters in real time.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46321523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Aasa, F. Fru, O. A. Adelusi, S. Oyeyinka, P. Njobeh
Fungal contamination is a threat to food safety in West Africa with implications for food and feed due to their climate, which is characterised by high temperatures and high relative humidity, which are environmental favourable for fast fungal growth and mycotoxin production. This report gives perspective on studies on toxigenic fungi (Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium) and their toxins, mainly aflatoxins, fumonisins and ochratoxins commonly found in some West African countries, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Only four of these countries have mycotoxins regulations in place for feeds and food products (Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and Senegal). Food commodities that are widely consumed and were thoroughly investigated in this region include cereals, peanuts, cassava chips (flakes), cassava flour, chilies, peanuts, locust beans, melon, and yam products. In conclusion, authorities and scientists needed to consider research and approaches to monitor mycotoxins in foods and feeds produced and consumed in West Africa.
{"title":"A review of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in feeds and food commodities in West Africa","authors":"A. Aasa, F. Fru, O. A. Adelusi, S. Oyeyinka, P. Njobeh","doi":"10.3920/wmj2021.2766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2021.2766","url":null,"abstract":"Fungal contamination is a threat to food safety in West Africa with implications for food and feed due to their climate, which is characterised by high temperatures and high relative humidity, which are environmental favourable for fast fungal growth and mycotoxin production. This report gives perspective on studies on toxigenic fungi (Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium) and their toxins, mainly aflatoxins, fumonisins and ochratoxins commonly found in some West African countries, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Only four of these countries have mycotoxins regulations in place for feeds and food products (Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and Senegal). Food commodities that are widely consumed and were thoroughly investigated in this region include cereals, peanuts, cassava chips (flakes), cassava flour, chilies, peanuts, locust beans, melon, and yam products. In conclusion, authorities and scientists needed to consider research and approaches to monitor mycotoxins in foods and feeds produced and consumed in West Africa.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48864602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Truong, K. Tesfamariam, L. Visintin, T. Goessens, S. de Saeger, C. Lachat, M. de Boevre
Mycotoxin contamination is a global challenge to food safety and population health. A diversity of adverse effects in human health such as organ damage, immunity disorders and carcinogenesis are attributed to acute and chronic exposure to mycotoxins. While there is a high likelihood of mycotoxin co-occurrence in the daily diet, multiple mycotoxin exposures represent a considerable challenge in understanding the accumulative effects of groups of exposures on health outcomes. Nevertheless, previous studies on mycotoxin exposure-health outcome associations have focused on a single or a limited number of exposures. To guide multi-exposure assessment, careful considerations of statistical approaches available are required. In addition, the issue of multicollinearity in high-dimensional settings of multiple exposure analysis underlies the controversy surrounding the reliability and consistency of statistical conclusions about the exposure-health outcome associations. Conventional approaches such as generalised linear regressions (GLR) in conjunction with regularisation methods, including ridge regression, lasso and elastic net, offer some clear advantages in terms of results’ interpretation and model selection. However, when highly-correlated variables are observed, these methods have shown a low specificity in variable selection. Principal component analysis (PCA) that has been widely used as a dimensionality reduction technique also has the limitation to identify important predictor variables as this approach may overlook the associations between certain components and health outcomes. Recently, some alternative approaches have been introduced to address the issues of high dimensionality and highly-correlated data in the context of epidemiological and environmental research. Two of the noticeable approaches are weighted quantile sum regression (WQSR) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). Combining different methods of inference allows us to interpret the role of certain exposures, their interactions and the combined effects on human health under diverse statistical perspectives, which ultimately facilitate the construction of the toxicological profile of multiple mycotoxins’ exposure.
{"title":"Associating multiple mycotoxin exposure and health outcomes: current statistical approaches and challenges","authors":"N. Truong, K. Tesfamariam, L. Visintin, T. Goessens, S. de Saeger, C. Lachat, M. de Boevre","doi":"10.3920/wmj2022.2784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2022.2784","url":null,"abstract":"Mycotoxin contamination is a global challenge to food safety and population health. A diversity of adverse effects in human health such as organ damage, immunity disorders and carcinogenesis are attributed to acute and chronic exposure to mycotoxins. While there is a high likelihood of mycotoxin co-occurrence in the daily diet, multiple mycotoxin exposures represent a considerable challenge in understanding the accumulative effects of groups of exposures on health outcomes. Nevertheless, previous studies on mycotoxin exposure-health outcome associations have focused on a single or a limited number of exposures. To guide multi-exposure assessment, careful considerations of statistical approaches available are required. In addition, the issue of multicollinearity in high-dimensional settings of multiple exposure analysis underlies the controversy surrounding the reliability and consistency of statistical conclusions about the exposure-health outcome associations. Conventional approaches such as generalised linear regressions (GLR) in conjunction with regularisation methods, including ridge regression, lasso and elastic net, offer some clear advantages in terms of results’ interpretation and model selection. However, when highly-correlated variables are observed, these methods have shown a low specificity in variable selection. Principal component analysis (PCA) that has been widely used as a dimensionality reduction technique also has the limitation to identify important predictor variables as this approach may overlook the associations between certain components and health outcomes. Recently, some alternative approaches have been introduced to address the issues of high dimensionality and highly-correlated data in the context of epidemiological and environmental research. Two of the noticeable approaches are weighted quantile sum regression (WQSR) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). Combining different methods of inference allows us to interpret the role of certain exposures, their interactions and the combined effects on human health under diverse statistical perspectives, which ultimately facilitate the construction of the toxicological profile of multiple mycotoxins’ exposure.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42498843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite in wheat which affects animal performance. Limited post-harvest sorting technologies are available to remove infected kernels thereby allowing safe use in livestock. A technology was developed which uses near-infrared spectrometry combined with a seed singulation sorter by BoMill AB (Sweden) which is purported by the manufacturer to remove Fusarium infected grain. The objective of this study was to determine if Fusarium infected grain could be removed using the BoMill equipped with the Fusarium calibration resulting in grain with less than 5,000 μg/kg DON, and therefore legal to feed to poultry and beef in Canada. The secondary objective was to determine the optimal HVK settings within the two calibrations to determine if sorting based on Fusarium damage is more effective than sorting based on protein content. The settings tested were HVK, HHVK, and HHHVK. The HVK settings are reported by the manufacturer to be related to the relative opacity from the starch granules. Using the HHVK setting in the Fusarium calibration resulted in highest recovery (50.3% vs HVK 40.8% and HHHVK 45.1%) and intermediate levels of DON (1,800 μg/kg vs HVK 1,600 μg/kg and HHHVK 2,400 μg/kg), and intermediate rejection rates (29.0% vs HVK 38.7% and HHHVK 22.7%). When using the protein calibration with HHVK setting, the recoveries were similar to the Fusarium calibration (51%), the rejection rates were lower (17.5%), but DON concentration was higher (2,900 μg/kg). Sorting of pooled samples was effective, however additional sieving was required to separate grain of like sizes for optimal function. BoMill sorting using the Fusarium calibration and HHVK setting will effectively sort high DON wheat. The Fusarium calibration was superior to the protein calibration as it resulted in similar recovery but lower DON concentrations.
脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）是小麦中一种有毒的次生代谢产物，影响动物的生产性能。有限的收获后分拣技术可用于去除受感染的谷粒，从而允许在牲畜中安全使用。BoMill AB（瑞典）开发了一种技术，该技术使用近红外光谱法与种子分选机相结合，据称制造商可以去除镰刀菌感染的谷物。本研究的目的是确定是否可以使用配备镰刀菌校准的BoMill去除镰刀菌感染的谷物，从而使谷物DON低于5000μg/kg，因此在加拿大饲养家禽和牛肉是合法的。次要目标是在两次校准中确定最佳HVK设置，以确定基于镰刀菌损伤的分选是否比基于蛋白质含量的分选更有效。测试的设置为HVK、HHVK和HHHVK。制造商报告HVK设置与淀粉颗粒的相对不透明度有关。在镰刀菌校准中使用HHVK设置导致最高的回收率（50.3%vs HVK 40.8%和HHHVK 45.1%）和中等水平的DON（1800μg/kg vs HVK 1600μg/kg和HHHVK2400μg/kg），以及中等排斥率（29.0%vs HVK 38.7%和HHHVK22.7%）。当使用HHVK设置的蛋白质校准时，回收率与镰刀菌校正相似（51%），排异率较低（17.5%），DON浓度较高（2900μg/kg）。合并样品的分选是有效的，但需要额外的筛分来分离相同尺寸的颗粒以获得最佳功能。使用镰刀菌校准和HHVK设置的BoMill分选将有效地分选高DON小麦。镰刀菌校准优于蛋白质校准，因为它导致相似的回收率，但DON浓度较低。
{"title":"Sorting capability and grain recovery of deoxynivalenol contaminated wheat is affected by calibration and vitreous kernel settings from near-infrared transmittance technology","authors":"M. Taylor, R. Newkirk","doi":"10.3920/wmj2021.2751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2021.2751","url":null,"abstract":"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite in wheat which affects animal performance. Limited post-harvest sorting technologies are available to remove infected kernels thereby allowing safe use in livestock. A technology was developed which uses near-infrared spectrometry combined with a seed singulation sorter by BoMill AB (Sweden) which is purported by the manufacturer to remove Fusarium infected grain. The objective of this study was to determine if Fusarium infected grain could be removed using the BoMill equipped with the Fusarium calibration resulting in grain with less than 5,000 μg/kg DON, and therefore legal to feed to poultry and beef in Canada. The secondary objective was to determine the optimal HVK settings within the two calibrations to determine if sorting based on Fusarium damage is more effective than sorting based on protein content. The settings tested were HVK, HHVK, and HHHVK. The HVK settings are reported by the manufacturer to be related to the relative opacity from the starch granules. Using the HHVK setting in the Fusarium calibration resulted in highest recovery (50.3% vs HVK 40.8% and HHHVK 45.1%) and intermediate levels of DON (1,800 μg/kg vs HVK 1,600 μg/kg and HHHVK 2,400 μg/kg), and intermediate rejection rates (29.0% vs HVK 38.7% and HHHVK 22.7%). When using the protein calibration with HHVK setting, the recoveries were similar to the Fusarium calibration (51%), the rejection rates were lower (17.5%), but DON concentration was higher (2,900 μg/kg). Sorting of pooled samples was effective, however additional sieving was required to separate grain of like sizes for optimal function. BoMill sorting using the Fusarium calibration and HHVK setting will effectively sort high DON wheat. The Fusarium calibration was superior to the protein calibration as it resulted in similar recovery but lower DON concentrations.","PeriodicalId":23844,"journal":{"name":"World Mycotoxin Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46665015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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