Zoonoses and Public Health最新文献_第4页

Characterisation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Special-Fed Veal Production Environments 特殊饲养小牛生产环境中抗菌素耐药性的特征。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13186

Alexander Dunmyre, Poonam Vinayamohan, Samantha R. Locke, Ting-Yu Cheng, Victoria Schaffner, Greg Habing

Introduction

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the leading public health threats globally. AMR genes can be transferred between bacteria through lateral gene transfer, and AMR organisms can spread through environments by contaminated water, agriculture and animals. Thus, widespread environmental dissemination of bacteria and lateral gene transfer facilitate AMR transmission pathways. Farm environments in dairy and calf production are known to harbour AMR bacteria that pose a risk for food contamination and to workers in direct or indirect contact with animals. Escherichia coli is present in farm environments and is known to participate in lateral gene transfer, providing a good marker of resistance genes in each environment.

Methods

In this study, E. coli from nine cohorts of calves was isolated at different time points from nine barns, nine trailers and one slaughterhouse environment in a single special-fed veal calf production facility. The antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials, classified as highly or critically important by the World Health Organization, was characterised for E. coli isolates using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion.

Results

The highest proportion of isolates showing multidrug resistance was present in barn environments (51.7%), where calves were housed from their arrival at < 2 weeks of age until they were transported to slaughter. Additionally, 15 E. coli isolates were resistant to 11 of the 15 antimicrobials tested. Trailer and slaughterhouse environments had greater prevalence of resistance after accommodating calves, including resistance to third-generation cephalosporins.

Conclusion

These data highlight the importance of calf environments in the dissemination of resistant bacteria and gives insight into where interventions could be most effective in combatting antimicrobial-resistant bacteria that could infect humans and livestock.

导言：抗菌素耐药性（AMR）是全球主要的公共卫生威胁之一。AMR 基因可通过侧向基因转移在细菌之间传播，AMR 生物可通过受污染的水、农业和动物在环境中传播。因此，细菌在环境中的广泛传播和横向基因转移促进了 AMR 的传播途径。众所周知，奶制品和犊牛生产的农场环境中存在 AMR 细菌，对食品污染和直接或间接接触动物的工人构成风险。大肠埃希氏菌存在于农场环境中，已知其参与横向基因转移，为每种环境中的抗性基因提供了良好的标记：在这项研究中，在不同的时间点从一个特殊饲养小牛生产设施的九个牛舍、九个拖车和一个屠宰场环境中分离出了九组小牛的大肠杆菌。采用柯比-鲍尔磁盘扩散法检测了大肠杆菌分离物对 15 种抗菌药的敏感性，这些抗菌药被世界卫生组织列为高度或极其重要的抗菌药：结果：牛舍环境中出现多重耐药性的分离菌比例最高（51.7%），因为犊牛从抵达育成中心起就被安置在牛舍中：这些数据强调了犊牛环境在耐药细菌传播中的重要性，并使人们深入了解了在哪些地方采取干预措施能最有效地对付可能感染人类和牲畜的耐药细菌。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamics of Feline Sporotrichosis in Espírito Santo, Brazil: Impact of Urbanisation 巴西圣埃斯皮里图猫孢子丝虫病的动态：城市化的影响。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13185

Angelita Reis Gomes, Luisa Frasson Vieira, Oscar Giovanny Enriquez-Martinez, Fernanda Cristina de Abreu Quintela Castro, Sarah Fernandes Teixeira, Roberta Passamani Ambrósio, Bruno Carneiro Rediguieri, Sarah Santos Gonçalves, Renata Osorio Faria, Ágata Fernandes Romero, Clairton Marcolongo Pereira

Introduction

Sporotrichosis is a chronic infectious mycosis caused by traumatic implantation of Sporothrix spp., which poses a significant challenge to public health because of its zoonotic nature. It affects humans and other animals, particularly cats. This study investigated epidemiological trends and spatial distribution of feline sporotrichosis in Espírito Santo between 2017 and 2022.

Methods

This study collected diagnostic data on sporotrichosis from the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory and Center for Infectious Diseases in Espírito Santo from 2017 to 2022. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA and spatial analyses were performed using ArcGIS software to create maps and identify hotspots. Kernel density estimation and directional mean statistics were applied to visualise the disease concentration and transmission trends.

Results

The results showed a significant increase in feline sporotrichosis cases in Espírito Santo from 2017 to 2022, with hotspots identified in urban and densely populated areas. Anchieta, Aracruz and Vila Velha reported the highest numbers of cases. Spatial analysis indicated a spread towards the central and northern coastal regions.

Conclusion

This study highlights the growing threat of feline sporotrichosis in Espírito Santo, Brazil, particularly in densely populated urban areas. This underscores the urgent need for comprehensive public health strategies that address urbanisation, human–animal interactions and managing stray cat populations. Effective control measures and enhanced surveillance are crucial to mitigate the spread of this zoonotic disease. Importantly, this study provides valuable insights into the epidemiology of sporotrichosis in Brazil and offers a framework for other regions identified as emerging hotspots that face similar challenges.

导言：孢子丝菌病是由孢子丝菌属外伤性种植引起的一种慢性传染性真菌病。它影响人类和其他动物，尤其是猫。本研究调查了2017年至2022年期间圣埃斯皮里图猫孢子丝菌病的流行趋势和空间分布情况：本研究从圣埃斯皮里图兽医病理学实验室和传染病中心收集了2017年至2022年期间有关孢子丝虫病的诊断数据。统计分析使用 STATA 进行，空间分析使用 ArcGIS 软件绘制地图并确定热点。应用核密度估计和方向均值统计来直观显示疾病的集中和传播趋势：结果表明，从2017年到2022年，圣埃斯皮里图的猫孢子丝虫病病例明显增加，在城市和人口稠密地区发现了热点。安奇埃塔、阿拉克鲁斯和维拉韦利亚报告的病例数最多。空间分析表明，病例向中部和北部沿海地区蔓延：这项研究表明，猫孢子丝虫病在巴西圣埃斯皮里图的威胁日益严重，尤其是在人口稠密的城市地区。这凸显出迫切需要制定全面的公共卫生战略，以应对城市化、人与动物的互动以及流浪猫的管理问题。有效的控制措施和加强监测对于缓解这种人畜共患病的传播至关重要。重要的是，这项研究为巴西孢子丝虫病的流行病学提供了宝贵的见解，并为其他被确定为面临类似挑战的新兴热点地区提供了一个框架。

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引用次数: 0

Campylobacter Diversity Along the Farm-to-Fork Continuum of Pastured Poultry Flocks in the Southeastern United States 美国东南部牧养禽群从农场到餐桌的弯曲杆菌多样性。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13184

Walid G. Al Hakeem, Adelumola Oladeinde, Xiang Li, Sohyun Cho, Issmat I. Kassem, Michael J. Rothrock Jr

Introduction

Consumer demand for pasture raised, antibiotic-free poultry products has led to an increase in pastured poultry operations within the United States. Given the level of environmental interaction and the potential increase in exposure to foodborne pathogens in these settings, a greater understanding of the prevalence and diversity of Campylobacter populations inherent within pastured poultry flocks is needed.

Methods

To achieve this, 40 pastured poultry flocks from nine farms were sampled using a farm-to-fork strategy, and Campylobacter was isolated and characterised from preharvest (faeces, soil) through postharvest (caeca, whole carcass rinse) to the final product the consumer would purchase (whole carcass rinse).

Results

Campylobacter was isolated from 872 of 1820 samples, showing an overall prevalence of 47.91%. The caeca showed the highest (p < 0.05) Campylobacter load (4.64 log₁₀ CFU/mL) and prevalence (95.5%), while the final product whole carcass rinses had the lowest (p < 0.05) Campylobacter load (0.32 log₁₀ CFU/mL) and prevalence (15.45%), suggesting that the Campylobacter load in the caeca may not be indicative of the Campylobacter load on the final product. Of the 872 positive samples, 337 Campylobacter isolates were selected for further characterisation. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli comprised 74.18% (250/337) and 21.95% (74/337) of the selected isolates respectively. While the Campylobacter isolates displayed resistance to several antibiotics, the most common resistance for both C. jejuni and C. coli was against tetracycline (55.86% and 70.31% respectively). Multidrug resistance phenotypes (≥ 3 antibiotic classes) were relatively low for both C. jejuni (2.80%) and C. coli (9.45%).

Conclusions

Campylobacter load, prevalence and diversity were more affected by farm location than by the type of sample from which the Campylobacter was isolated. Overall, these results indicated a need for farm-specific Campylobacter mitigation strategies to ensure the safety of these increasingly in-demand poultry products.

导言：消费者对牧场饲养、不含抗生素的家禽产品的需求导致了美国牧场家禽饲养量的增加。考虑到这些环境中的环境互动水平和食源性病原体接触的潜在增加，需要进一步了解牧养家禽群中固有弯曲杆菌种群的流行率和多样性：为此，我们采用 "从农场到餐桌"（farm-to-fork）的策略，对来自 9 个农场的 40 个牧养家禽群进行了采样，并从收获前（粪便、土壤）、收获后（盲肠、全胴体冲洗）到消费者购买的最终产品（全胴体冲洗）的整个过程中分离出弯曲杆菌并对其进行了定性：在 1820 个样本中，有 872 个样本分离出弯曲杆菌，总体流行率为 47.91%。盲肠中的弯曲菌含量最高（p 10 CFU/mL），感染率最高（95.5%），而最终产品全胴体冲洗样本中的弯曲菌含量最低（p 10 CFU/mL），感染率最低（15.45%），这表明盲肠中的弯曲菌含量可能并不代表最终产品中的弯曲菌含量。在 872 个阳性样本中，有 337 个弯曲菌分离物被选中作进一步鉴定。空肠弯曲菌和大肠弯曲菌分别占所选分离物的 74.18%（250 个/337 个）和 21.95%（74 个/337 个）。空肠弯曲菌和大肠弯曲菌最常见的抗药性是四环素（分别占 55.86% 和 70.31%）。空肠弯曲菌（2.80%）和大肠杆菌（9.45%）的多重耐药表型（≥ 3 种抗生素）相对较低：结论：弯曲菌的数量、流行率和多样性受农场位置的影响比受分离弯曲菌的样本类型的影响更大。总之，这些结果表明，有必要采取针对特定农场的弯曲菌缓解策略，以确保这些需求日益增长的家禽产品的安全。

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引用次数: 0

Pregnancy Among Reported Lyme Disease Cases—United States, 1992–2019 1992-2019年美国莱姆病报告病例中的怀孕情况。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13183

Taylor D. Bostic, Kiersten J. Kugeler, Alison F. Hinckley

Background

Lyme disease (LD), the most common vector-borne disease in the United States, typically presents with a localised erythema migrans rash (EM). Left untreated, infection can disseminate to cause severe heart, joint or nervous system manifestations. Summaries of LD surveillance data have been published previously but did not include the frequency, demographic or clinical characteristics of LD cases during pregnancy.

Methods

We summarised confirmed and probable LD cases by pregnancy status as reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during 1992–2019. We defined an LD case during pregnancy as one with (1) female sex, (2) age 14–49 years and (3) positive pregnancy indication. We evaluated the frequency, seasonality, age distribution, race and ethnicity, geographic distribution and clinical manifestations of LD cases during pregnancy and cases among non-pregnant females. We compared proportions using chi-squared tests.

Results

Among 698,876 reported LD cases, 112,002 (16%) were confirmed or probable cases among females aged 14–49 years; 32,301 (29%) were specifically reported as non-pregnant and 643 (0.6%) (568 confirmed and 75 probable cases) reported as pregnant. Illness onset peaked in June among LD cases during pregnancy, but in July for cases among non-pregnant females. A higher proportion of confirmed LD cases during pregnancy had only EM rash than did cases among non-pregnant females (66% vs. 60%, p = 0.019).

Conclusions

LD cases during pregnancy are rare. Compared to non-pregnant females, cases among pregnant females more commonly involve early clinical manifestations. These patterns could suggest earlier detection or more complete reporting of LD cases during pregnancy than their non-pregnant counterparts. Earlier detection could be due to frequent contact with healthcare or increased self-advocacy during pregnancy. Prompt antimicrobial treatment is critical for preventing severe disease and reducing risk of adverse pregnancy or birth outcomes.

背景：莱姆病（LD）是美国最常见的病媒传染病，通常表现为局部红斑迁徙性皮疹（EM）。如不及时治疗，感染可能扩散，导致严重的心脏、关节或神经系统症状。以前曾发表过 LD 监测数据摘要，但未包括孕期 LD 病例的频率、人口统计学或临床特征：我们总结了美国疾病控制和预防中心在 1992-2019 年期间报告的按妊娠状态划分的确诊和疑似 LD 病例。我们将妊娠期 LD 病例定义为：(1) 女性；(2) 年龄 14-49 岁；(3) 妊娠指征阳性。我们评估了孕期 LD 病例和非孕期女性病例的频率、季节性、年龄分布、种族和民族、地理分布和临床表现。我们使用卡方检验对比例进行了比较：在报告的 698,876 例 LD 病例中，112,002 例（16%）是 14-49 岁女性中的确诊病例或疑似病例；32,301 例（29%）明确报告为非孕期病例，643 例（0.6%）（568 例确诊病例和 75 例疑似病例）报告为孕期病例。在妊娠期的退伍军人症病例中，发病高峰在 6 月份，而非妊娠期女性病例的发病高峰则在 7 月份。在确诊的妊娠期 LD 病例中，仅出现 EM 皮疹的比例高于非妊娠期女性病例（66% 对 60%，P = 0.019）：结论：妊娠期LD病例很少见。与非孕期女性相比，孕期女性的病例更常见于早期临床表现。这些模式可能表明，与非孕期女性相比，孕期 LD 病例更早发现或报告更全面。较早发现的原因可能是孕期经常接触医护人员或自我保护意识增强。及时的抗菌治疗对于预防严重疾病和降低不良妊娠或分娩结局的风险至关重要。

{"title":"Pregnancy Among Reported Lyme Disease Cases—United States, 1992–2019","authors":"Taylor D. Bostic, Kiersten J. Kugeler, Alison F. Hinckley","doi":"10.1111/zph.13183","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13183","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lyme disease (LD), the most common vector-borne disease in the United States, typically presents with a localised erythema migrans rash (EM). Left untreated, infection can disseminate to cause severe heart, joint or nervous system manifestations. Summaries of LD surveillance data have been published previously but did not include the frequency, demographic or clinical characteristics of LD cases during pregnancy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We summarised confirmed and probable LD cases by pregnancy status as reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during 1992–2019. We defined an LD case during pregnancy as one with (1) female sex, (2) age 14–49 years and (3) positive pregnancy indication. We evaluated the frequency, seasonality, age distribution, race and ethnicity, geographic distribution and clinical manifestations of LD cases during pregnancy and cases among non-pregnant females. We compared proportions using chi-squared tests.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among 698,876 reported LD cases, 112,002 (16%) were confirmed or probable cases among females aged 14–49 years; 32,301 (29%) were specifically reported as non-pregnant and 643 (0.6%) (568 confirmed and 75 probable cases) reported as pregnant. Illness onset peaked in June among LD cases during pregnancy, but in July for cases among non-pregnant females. A higher proportion of confirmed LD cases during pregnancy had only EM rash than did cases among non-pregnant females (66% vs. 60%, <i>p</i> = 0.019).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>LD cases during pregnancy are rare. Compared to non-pregnant females, cases among pregnant females more commonly involve early clinical manifestations. These patterns could suggest earlier detection or more complete reporting of LD cases during pregnancy than their non-pregnant counterparts. Earlier detection could be due to frequent contact with healthcare or increased self-advocacy during pregnancy. Prompt antimicrobial treatment is critical for preventing severe disease and reducing risk of adverse pregnancy or birth outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 8","pages":"972-977"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142355443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exposure Practices to Animal-Origin Influenza A Virus at the Animal–Human Interface in Poultry and Swine Backyard Farms 在家禽和猪散养场的人畜界面接触动物源性甲型流感病毒的做法。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13182

Cecilia Baumberger, Gustavo Anríquez, Pablo Galdames, Tamara Palma, María Antonieta Gonzalez, Katherinne Orozco, Cristobal Oyarzun, Camila Rojas, Victor Marambio, Soledad Ruiz, Francisca Di Pillo, Stacey Schultz-Cherry, Pedro Jimenez-Bluhm, Jonathan Rushton, Christopher Hamilton-West

Aim

Backyard production systems (BPS) represent an interface of contact between people, domestic and wild animals. Studies conducted in Chile during the last decade have provided extensive evidence of influenza A virus (IAV) circulation in backyard poultry and swine. The aim of this study was to investigate exposure practices of humans to animal-origin IAV within backyards.

Methods and Results

Backyard farmers and household members of a total of 101 BPS in the proximity of wetlands located throughout Chile were interviewed between 2021 and 2022. Data were collected on the nature of human–animal contacts through participation in productive activities conducted within backyards, which was used to estimate participants' exposure risk to animal-origin IAV. Additionally, RT-qPCR and serologic IAV active surveillance was carried out in backyard animals. Multilinear regression was used to identify factors associated with exposure risk. Overall, IAV prevalence was 10.1% (95% CI: 4.7%–15.5%) and seroprevalence was 43.5% (95% CI: 29.7%–54.2%), both at the BPS level. Of 180 interviewees, 86% reported participating regularly in poultry or swine exposure activities within the backyard. A greater participation of male participants was observed when evaluating swine exposure activities, while female participation was greater for some activities related to poultry handling. Handwashing was a very extended hygiene practice; however, the use of personal protective equipment was uncommon. Different factors related to participants, households and backyards were associated with an increased exposure risk of participants to animal-origin IAV: (i) older age, (ii) less years of education, (iii) no off-farm work, (iv) greater backyard production value and (v) greater household consumption of backyard products.

Conclusion

These results indicate the circulation of IAV in BPS and the frequent human–animal contact at this interface, highlighting the need for awareness campaigns and educational programmes aimed at backyard farmers on prevention and biosecurity measures in the management of backyard animals.

目的：散养生产系统（BPS）是人、家畜和野生动物之间的接触界面。过去十年间在智利进行的研究提供了大量证据，证明甲型流感病毒（IAV）在散养家禽和猪中流行。本研究旨在调查人类在后院接触动物源甲型流感病毒的情况：在 2021 年至 2022 年期间，对智利全国湿地附近的 101 个 BPS 的散养农户和家庭成员进行了访谈。通过参与后院的生产活动，收集了有关人与动物接触性质的数据，用于估算参与者接触动物源 IAV 的风险。此外，还对散养动物进行了 RT-qPCR 和血清学 IAV 主动监测。多线性回归用于确定与接触风险相关的因素。总体而言，IAV流行率为10.1%（95% CI：4.7%-15.5%），血清流行率为43.5%（95% CI：29.7%-54.2%），均为BPS水平。在 180 名受访者中，86% 的人表示经常参加后院的家禽或猪接触活动。在评估与猪接触的活动时，男性参与者较多，而在一些与家禽处理相关的活动中，女性参与者较多。洗手是一种非常普遍的卫生习惯，但使用个人防护设备的情况并不常见。与参与者、家庭和后院有关的不同因素与参与者接触动物源性 IAV 的风险增加有关：(i) 年龄较大；(ii) 受教育年限较低；(iii) 没有农场外工作；(iv) 后院产值较高；(v) 家庭消费后院产品较多：这些结果表明了 IAV 在 BPS 中的传播情况以及人与动物在这一界面上的频繁接触，突出了针对散养农户开展有关散养动物管理中的预防和生物安全措施的宣传活动和教育计划的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

ESBL Producing E. coli in Chickens and Poultry Farms Environment in Selangor, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study on Their Occurrence and Associated Risk Factors With Environment and Public Health Importance 马来西亚雪兰莪州鸡和家禽养殖场环境中产 ESBL 大肠杆菌：关于其发生率及其与环境和公共卫生重要性相关的风险因素的横断面研究

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13179

Abdulrasheed Bello Aliyu, Abu Jalila, Abdul Aziz Saleha, Zakaria Zunita

Introduction

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) are widespread multidrug-resistant zoonotic bacteria that threaten animal production, food safety and antimicrobial therapy worldwide including Malaysia. Poultry has been reported as one of the pathways for human exposure to ESBL-EC. There has been little research on the occurrence of ESBL-EC within the Malaysian poultry food chain. Hence, the objectives of the study were to determine the occurrence of ESBL-EC in chickens and to identify the potential risk factors associated with their occurrence in poultry farms.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 samples, consisting of 240 cloacal swabs from chickens and 160 from poultry farms environments in eight districts in Selangor, Malaysia using culture and disk combination methods and multiple polymerase chain reaction assays. In the determination of possible factors associated with the presence of ESBL-EC at poultry farms, a questionnaire was used to obtain the information and data.

Results

The findings demonstrated the wide distribution of ESBL-EC in all the farms with an overall occurrence of 37.2%. Farms in Gombak, Klang and Hulu Selangor had the highest occurrence rates at 62%, 50% and 50%, respectively, followed by farms in Petaling 38%, Sepang at 34%, Kuala Langat at 26% and Kuala Selangor at 24%, and the lowest was in Hulu Langat 14%. Among the study samples, chickens had the highest occurrence rate at 45.4%, followed by chicken house floors at 40% and flies at 30%, while feed and water samples at 17.5% and 12.5%, respectively. The present study indicated the high occurrence and wide dissemination of ESBL-EC in chickens and poultry farms environment. The ESBL-EC occurrence was associated with several factors including imprudent use of antibiotics, poor husbandry, management and biosecurity practices at the farms.

Conclusions

Our study showed the presence and spread of ESBL EC among chickens in the farms and their environment; this may lead to being spread to outside of farm environment by flies, vermins, flying birds, litter and farm wastes and possibly to humans upon contact with the contaminated environment and by poultry meat. Thus, the findings of the study can assist to serve as a piece of useful information to veterinary authority in designing evidence-based mitigation strategies for the control of ESBL-EC in poultry farms.

导言产广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌（ESBL-EC）是一种广泛存在的对多种药物产生耐药性的人畜共患细菌，威胁着包括马来西亚在内的世界各地的动物生产、食品安全和抗菌药物治疗。据报道，家禽是人类接触 ESBL-EC 的途径之一。有关马来西亚家禽食物链中出现的 ESBL-EC 的研究很少。因此，本研究的目的是确定鸡体内 ESBL-EC 的发生率，并确定与家禽养殖场中发生 ESBL-EC 相关的潜在风险因素。方法：采用培养和盘组合方法以及多重聚合酶链反应检测法，对马来西亚雪兰莪州 8 个地区的 400 份样本（包括 240 份来自鸡的泄殖腔拭子和 160 份来自家禽养殖场的泄殖腔拭子）进行了横断面研究。在确定与家禽养殖场出现 ESBL-EC 相关的可能因素时，采用了问卷调查的方式来获取信息和数据。刚柏、巴生和胡鲁雪兰莪的农场发生率最高，分别为 62%、50% 和 50%，其次是八打灵 38%、雪邦 34%、瓜拉惹 26%、瓜拉雪兰莪 24%，最低的是胡鲁兰惹 14%。在研究样本中，鸡的发生率最高，为 45.4%，其次是鸡舍地板（40%）和苍蝇（30%），而饲料和水样本的发生率分别为 17.5% 和 12.5%。本研究表明，ESBL-EC 在鸡和家禽养殖场环境中的发生率高，传播范围广。我们的研究表明，ESBL-EC 在养殖场及其环境中的存在和传播；这可能导致其通过苍蝇、害虫、飞鸟、垃圾和养殖场废物传播到养殖场以外的环境，并可能在接触受污染的环境和禽肉后传播给人类。因此，这项研究的结果可为兽医当局提供有用信息，帮助其制定以证据为基础的缓解策略，控制家禽养殖场中的 ESBL-EC 感染。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of the Epidemic Situation of Anthrax in Armenia Over the Last Decade 对过去十年亚美尼亚炭疽疫情的评估

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13181

Satenik Kharatyan, Khachik Sargsyan, Hasmik Elbakyan, Varduhi Hakobyan, Vazgen Sargsyan, Gayane Chobanyan, Manvel Badalyan, Tigran Markosyan

Introduction

Anthrax is a World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)-listed disease that must be reported upon confirmation based on the Terrestrial Animal Health Code. Anthrax poses a serious health issue for unvaccinated livestock, is a threat to humans through interaction with contaminated livestock and animal products and is endemic in many areas throughout the world, including the Transcaucasian Region. Despite several control and eradication efforts that have been implemented by the government of the Republic of Armenia (RA), sporadic cases of anthrax are still reported. We sought to understand the epidemic situation of anthrax in RA during the last 10 years (2012–2023) based on analysis of outbreaks and reported cases in cattle and humans.

Methods

We collected and evaluated officially reported data from human and animal cases, such as time, location, animal species, disease intensity and spread radius. The data and various parameters were mapped using ArcGIS to prepare a viable risk assessment.

Results

Based on the officially available data and reports, there have been 80 human cases and 55 animal cases of anthrax confirmed in RA from 2012 to 2023. We also identified the presence of anthrax spores in soil and environmental samples near animal burial sites in RA in 2015–2017 through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Upon comparing the human and animal cases by frequency and intensity, the human cases are directly proportional to the animal husbandry practices performed in RA.

Conclusion

The detection of the anthrax pathogen at the burial sites highlights the continued threat in these areas. Thus, it is imperative to secure and monitor any areas that have been used for anthrax burial and limit the movement of animals in these areas. In the future, legislation should be updated to prioritise incineration of anthrax-infected carcasses instead of burial to limit further exposure to animals and humans.

导言炭疽是世界动物卫生组织（WOAH）列入清单的疾病，必须根据《陆生动物卫生法典》在确认后报告。炭疽对未接种疫苗的牲畜造成严重的健康问题，并通过与受污染的牲畜和动物产品的相互作用对人类构成威胁，而且在包括外高加索地区在内的世界许多地区都是地方病。尽管亚美尼亚共和国（RA）政府采取了多项控制和根除措施，但仍有零星炭疽病例的报道。我们试图根据对牛和人类炭疽疫情和报告病例的分析，了解过去 10 年（2012-2023 年）亚美尼亚炭疽的流行情况。方法我们收集并评估了官方报告的人类和动物病例数据，如时间、地点、动物种类、疾病强度和传播半径。结果根据官方提供的数据和报告，从 2012 年到 2023 年，亚美尼亚共确诊 80 例人类炭疽病例和 55 例动物炭疽病例。我们还通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）检测发现，2015-2017 年在亚美尼亚共和国动物埋葬地附近的土壤和环境样本中存在炭疽孢子。通过比较人类和动物病例的频率和强度，人类病例与 RA 的动物饲养方式成正比。因此，当务之急是保护和监控任何曾被用于炭疽埋葬的地区，并限制动物在这些地区的活动。今后，应更新立法，优先焚烧而不是掩埋感染炭疽病的尸体，以限制动物和人类进一步接触炭疽病。

{"title":"Evaluation of the Epidemic Situation of Anthrax in Armenia Over the Last Decade","authors":"Satenik Kharatyan, Khachik Sargsyan, Hasmik Elbakyan, Varduhi Hakobyan, Vazgen Sargsyan, Gayane Chobanyan, Manvel Badalyan, Tigran Markosyan","doi":"10.1111/zph.13181","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13181","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Anthrax is a World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)-listed disease that must be reported upon confirmation based on the Terrestrial Animal Health Code. Anthrax poses a serious health issue for unvaccinated livestock, is a threat to humans through interaction with contaminated livestock and animal products and is endemic in many areas throughout the world, including the Transcaucasian Region. Despite several control and eradication efforts that have been implemented by the government of the Republic of Armenia (RA), sporadic cases of anthrax are still reported. We sought to understand the epidemic situation of anthrax in RA during the last 10 years (2012–2023) based on analysis of outbreaks and reported cases in cattle and humans.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We collected and evaluated officially reported data from human and animal cases, such as time, location, animal species, disease intensity and spread radius. The data and various parameters were mapped using ArcGIS to prepare a viable risk assessment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Based on the officially available data and reports, there have been 80 human cases and 55 animal cases of anthrax confirmed in RA from 2012 to 2023. We also identified the presence of anthrax spores in soil and environmental samples near animal burial sites in RA in 2015–2017 through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Upon comparing the human and animal cases by frequency and intensity, the human cases are directly proportional to the animal husbandry practices performed in RA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The detection of the anthrax pathogen at the burial sites highlights the continued threat in these areas. Thus, it is imperative to secure and monitor any areas that have been used for anthrax burial and limit the movement of animals in these areas. In the future, legislation should be updated to prioritise incineration of anthrax-infected carcasses instead of burial to limit further exposure to animals and humans.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 1","pages":"32-41"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142206495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Toxoplasma gondii DNA in Tissues of Anadromous Arctic Charr, Salvelinus alpinus, Collected From Nunavik, Québec, Canada 从加拿大魁北克努纳维克采集的溯河北极鲑鱼组织中的弓形虫 DNA

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13175

Harriet Merks, Renessa Gomes, Shawna Zhu, Mahdid Meymandy, Sarah J. Reiling, Sara Bolduc, Julien Mainguy, Brent R. Dixon

Background

Toxoplasma gondii is a very common zoonotic parasite in humans and animals worldwide. Human seroprevalence is high in some regions of Canada's North and is thought to be associated with the consumption of traditionally prepared country foods, such as caribou, walrus, ringed seal and beluga. While numerous studies have reported on the prevalence of T. gondii in these animals, in the general absence of felid definitive hosts in the North there has been considerable debate regarding the source of infection, particularly in marine mammals. It has been proposed that fish could be involved in this transmission.

Aims

The objectives of the present study were to perform a targeted survey to determine the prevalence of T. gondii DNA in various tissues of anadromous Arctic charr sampled in Nunavik, Québec, and to investigate the possible role of this commonly consumed fish in the transmission of infection to humans and marine mammals in Canada's North.

Methods and Results

A total of 126 individual Arctic charr were sampled from several sites in Nunavik, and various tissues were tested for the presence of T. gondii DNA using PCR. Overall, 12 out of 126 (9.5%) Arctic charr tested in the present study were PCR-positive, as confirmed by DNA sequencing. Brain tissue was most commonly found to be positive, followed by heart tissue, while none of the dorsal muscle samples tested were positive.

Conclusions

Although the presence of T. gondii DNA in brain and heart tissues of Arctic charr is very intriguing, infection in these fish, and their possible role in the transmission of this parasite to humans and marine mammals, will need to be confirmed using mouse bioassays. Arctic charr are likely exposed to T. gondii through the ingestion of oocysts transported by surface water and ocean currents from more southerly regions where the definitive felid hosts are more abundant. If infection in Arctic charr can be confirmed, it is possible that these fish could play an important role in the transmission of toxoplasmosis to Inuit, either directly through the consumption of raw fish or indirectly through the infection of fish-eating marine mammals harvested as country foods.

背景弓形虫是一种非常常见的人畜共患寄生虫，在世界各地的人类和动物中都有感染。加拿大北部一些地区的人类血清流行率很高，据认为这与食用传统的乡村食物（如驯鹿、海象、环斑海豹和白鲸）有关。虽然许多研究报告了这些动物中的淋病双球菌流行情况，但由于北方地区普遍缺乏猫科动物的确定宿主，因此关于感染源，尤其是海洋哺乳动物的感染源，一直存在大量争议。本研究的目的是进行一次有针对性的调查，以确定在魁北克努纳维克采样的溯河北极鲑鱼各种组织中的淋病双球菌 DNA 的流行率，并调查这种常吃的鱼类在加拿大北部地区向人类和海洋哺乳动物传播感染中可能扮演的角色。方法与结果在努纳维克的几个地点共采集了126条北极鲑鱼样本，并利用PCR技术检测了各种组织中是否存在淋病双球菌DNA。总体而言，本研究检测的126只北极红点鲑中有12只（9.5%）PCR呈阳性，DNA测序结果也证实了这一点。结论虽然北极红点鲑的脑组织和心脏组织中出现了淋病双球菌 DNA 的现象非常引人关注，但这些鱼类是否感染了淋病双球菌，以及它们在将这种寄生虫传播给人类和海洋哺乳动物方面可能扮演的角色，还需要使用小鼠生物测定法进行确认。北极红点鲑很可能是通过摄入由地表水和洋流从南方地区传播过来的卵囊而感染了淋病双球菌，因为南方地区的猫科动物宿主更多。如果能证实北极红点鲑感染弓形虫，那么这些鱼类就有可能在向因纽特人传播弓形虫病的过程中扮演重要角色，要么直接通过食用生鱼，要么间接通过感染作为乡村食物捕获的食鱼海洋哺乳动物。

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引用次数: 0

Excess Healthcare Costs and Resource Utilisation of Lyme Borreliosis in Germany: A Propensity Score–Matched Cohort Study 德国莱姆病的超额医疗成本和资源利用：倾向得分匹配队列研究》。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13180

Gordon Brestrich, Joanna Diesing, Nils Kossack, James H. Stark, Andreas Pilz, Holly Yu, Jochen Suess

Aim

Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the most common tick-borne disease in Germany; however, data on the economic burden of LB are limited. In this study, we aim to report healthcare costs, healthcare resource utilisation (HCRU) and diagnostic consumption associated with LB by clinical manifestation.

Method

Using specific case definitions, patients with localised disease (erythema migrans [EM]) or disseminated disease (Lyme arthritis [LA], Lyme neuroborreliosis [LNB] and other rarer manifestations [OTH]) were identified from a claims database in 2016 and followed up for 3 years (2016–2019). After propensity score matching, excess costs and HCRU were calculated as the differences between each LB cohort and the matched control cohort.

Results

On a per-patient basis, the excess all-cause healthcare cost was €130 for EM during Quarter 1 of Year 1, and €1539 for LA, €3248 for LNB and €4137 for OTH during Year 1. Only for OTH, additional €1860 was observed in Year 2. No increase in costs was observed in Year 3. When extrapolated to all German patients with statutory health insurance, LB was associated with €64.5 million in excess costs. Although disseminated manifestations only accounted for 7.8% of all LB cases, they were responsible for 66% of overall costs. In addition, LB patients consumed healthcare resources of 1.4 million excess outpatient visits, 13,000 excess hospitalisations, 96,000 ELISAs and 65,000 Western blots.

Conclusion

This study shows the substantial economic burden of LB to the German healthcare system.

目的：莱姆包虫病（Lyme borreliosis，LB）是德国最常见的蜱媒疾病；然而，有关 LB 经济负担的数据却很有限。在这项研究中，我们旨在按临床表现报告与莱姆病相关的医疗成本、医疗资源利用率（HCRU）和诊断消耗：采用特定的病例定义，从2016年的理赔数据库中确定了局部疾病（迁徙性红斑[EM]）或播散性疾病（莱姆关节炎[LA]、莱姆神经性包虫病[LNB]和其他罕见表现[OTH]）患者，并对其进行了为期3年（2016-2019年）的随访。经过倾向得分匹配后，计算出每个 LB 队列与匹配对照队列之间的超额费用和 HCRU 差异：按每名患者计算，EM 在第一年第一季度的超额全因医疗成本为 130 欧元，LA 为 1539 欧元，LNB 为 3248 欧元，OTH 为 4137 欧元。只有 OTH 在第二年增加了 1860 欧元。第 3 年的费用没有增加。推断所有德国法定医疗保险患者的情况，LB 会带来 6450 万欧元的超额费用。虽然播散性表现只占所有枸杞病例的 7.8%，但却占总费用的 66%。此外，枸杞病患者还多花费了140万次门诊就诊、1.3万次住院治疗、9.6万次酶联免疫吸附试验和6.5万次免疫印迹等医疗资源：这项研究表明，枸橼酸结肠炎给德国医疗系统造成了巨大的经济负担。

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引用次数: 0

The Prevalence of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Infection Among Humans in Heilongjiang Province of China in 2020–2023 2020-2023 年中国黑龙江省人类蜱传脑炎病毒感染流行情况。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13178

Denghui Chen, Yaxian Lu, Wei Wang, Yu Zhang, Tianlu Liu, Hetong Liu, Lu Zhang, Xiaohong Peng, Shouxu Lv, Zedong Wang, Wenzhong Wu, Zhijun Hou

Background and Aims

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a serious and acute central nervous system infection caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). In recent years, TBE has emerged as a growing public health threat, with cases reported across Europe, the Russian Far East, Japan and China. This study aims to assess the prevalence of TBEV infection and examine behaviours associated with an increased risk of infection among individuals who visited the Heilongjiang Red Cross Sengong General Hospital due to tick bites from 2020 to 2023.

Methods and Results

We collected blood samples and administered survey questionnaires from tick-bitten people. A total of 457 samples were screened using Nested PCR, and the detected TBEV prevalence rate was 29.54% (135/457). The symptoms of redness and swelling at the site of tick bite (42.57%), fever (28.71%) and headache (10.89%) were identified in the TBEV-positive individuals when they visited the hospital by the physician. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial E gene of TBEV revealed that the predominant strains in the region are highly virulent Far Eastern subtype. However, they do not cluster with the three established evolutionary clades of the Far Eastern type. Questionnaires data analysis identified age and first tick bite as important factors associated with TBEV infection.

Conclusions

This study provides basic information on the epidemiology of TBEV in Heilongjiang Province in recent years and identifies that the most related risk factor of infecting TBEV is tick exposure. Further research is needed to develop effective prevention and control measures.

背景和目的：蜱传脑炎（TBE）是由蜱传脑炎病毒（TBEV）引起的一种严重的急性中枢神经系统感染。近年来，蜱传脑炎已成为一种日益严重的公共卫生威胁，欧洲、俄罗斯远东地区、日本和中国都有病例报告。本研究旨在评估2020年至2023年期间因蜱虫叮咬到黑龙江省红十字森工总医院就诊的患者中TBEV的感染率，并研究与感染风险增加相关的行为：我们采集了被蜱虫叮咬者的血液样本并发放了调查问卷。使用巢式 PCR 对 457 份样本进行了筛查，发现 TBEV 感染率为 29.54%（135/457）。蜱虫叮咬部位红肿（42.57%）、发热（28.71%）和头痛（10.89%）等症状是 TBEV 阳性者在就医时被医生发现的。对 TBEV 部分 E 基因的系统发育分析表明，该地区的主要毒株为高致病性的远东亚型。然而，这些菌株并不属于远东亚型的三个既定进化支系。问卷数据分析显示，年龄和首次被蜱叮咬是与 TBEV 感染相关的重要因素：本研究提供了近年来黑龙江省 TBEV 流行病学的基本信息，并确定了蜱虫暴露是感染 TBEV 的最相关危险因素。要制定有效的预防和控制措施，还需要进一步的研究。

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引用次数: 0