Catalina Grisolia, Gabriela Muñoz, Rodrigo Salgado, Cristian Herrera, Victor Neira, André V. Rubio
The potential role of rodents as reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 has gained global attention due to their proximity to humans and their involvement in zoonotic disease transmission. Rodents were sampled from urban, rural and natural areas across the Metropolitan Region of Chile between June 2023 and June 2024. Molecular testing (RT-qPCR) revealed no active infections among the 421 analysed individuals, while serological assays (ELISA) detected SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 4 of 459 rodents (0.87%). All seropositive rodents were Rattus rattus captured in rural areas. These findings suggest localised exposure to SARS-CoV-2, possibly influenced by environmental or anthropogenic factors. The results align with global studies reporting sporadic rodent exposure to SARS-CoV-2, emphasising the importance of integrating molecular and serological approaches in zoonotic surveillance. Despite the low prevalence observed, the potential role of rodents in viral spillover and recombination events with other coronaviruses underscores the need for continued monitoring. These results contribute to understanding zoonotic dynamics and inform public health strategies in a One Health framework.
{"title":"Molecular and Serological Survey of SARS-CoV-2 in Murid Rodents From Central Chile","authors":"Catalina Grisolia, Gabriela Muñoz, Rodrigo Salgado, Cristian Herrera, Victor Neira, André V. Rubio","doi":"10.1111/zph.13222","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13222","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The potential role of rodents as reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 has gained global attention due to their proximity to humans and their involvement in zoonotic disease transmission. Rodents were sampled from urban, rural and natural areas across the Metropolitan Region of Chile between June 2023 and June 2024. Molecular testing (RT-qPCR) revealed no active infections among the 421 analysed individuals, while serological assays (ELISA) detected SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 4 of 459 rodents (0.87%). All seropositive rodents were <i>Rattus rattus</i> captured in rural areas. These findings suggest localised exposure to SARS-CoV-2, possibly influenced by environmental or anthropogenic factors. The results align with global studies reporting sporadic rodent exposure to SARS-CoV-2, emphasising the importance of integrating molecular and serological approaches in zoonotic surveillance. Despite the low prevalence observed, the potential role of rodents in viral spillover and recombination events with other coronaviruses underscores the need for continued monitoring. These results contribute to understanding zoonotic dynamics and inform public health strategies in a One Health framework.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 5","pages":"478-484"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143988851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monica Caffara, Perla Tedesco, Teresa Pirollo, Ahmed Abdelfadel, Riccardo Forzano, Maria Letizia Fioravanti, Andrea Gustinelli
Introduction
Cephalopods represent a valuable fishery resource worldwide and play a crucial role in the marine food chain both as predators and prey but also as paratenic hosts for the transmission of Ascaridoids, including zoonotic nematodes of the Anisakidae family. This study aimed to assess the presence, tissue distribution and species composition of zoonotic parasites in four squid species marketed in Italy, coming from four different FAO areas.
Methods
A total of 238 squid specimens, Illex sp., I. coindetii, I. illecebrosus and Todaropsis eblanae, were caught across four FAO areas and examined using both visual inspection and the UV-press method. The collected larvae were identified by morphological and molecular methods.
Results
Third stage larvae of nematodes were detected in 22.3% of the squids (18.8% Illexsp., 18.3% I. coindetii, 48.8% I. illecebrosus and 23% Todaropsis eblanae), with Anisakis simplex (s.s), A. pegreffii, Hysterothylacium spp. and Lappetascaris spp. being identified through morphological and molecular analyses. The UV-press method has proved to be significantly more effective than visual inspection. Additionally, the lack of molecular data on Raphidascarididae species, particularly Lappetascarisspp., complicates taxonomic classification, emphasising the need for an integrative taxonomic approach combining morphological and genetic methods.
Conclusion
Given the increasing consumption of raw and undercooked cephalopods, these findings highlight the importance of monitoring zoonotic parasites and improving molecular techniques to enhance food safety regulations and minimise health risks to consumers.
{"title":"Nematode Infections in Commercially Important Squid Species: Distribution Patterns and Food Safety Issues","authors":"Monica Caffara, Perla Tedesco, Teresa Pirollo, Ahmed Abdelfadel, Riccardo Forzano, Maria Letizia Fioravanti, Andrea Gustinelli","doi":"10.1111/zph.13221","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13221","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cephalopods represent a valuable fishery resource worldwide and play a crucial role in the marine food chain both as predators and prey but also as paratenic hosts for the transmission of Ascaridoids, including zoonotic nematodes of the Anisakidae family. This study aimed to assess the presence, tissue distribution and species composition of zoonotic parasites in four squid species marketed in Italy, coming from four different FAO areas.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 238 squid specimens, <i>Illex</i> sp., <i>I. coindetii</i>, <i>I. illecebrosus</i> and <i>Todaropsis eblanae</i>, were caught across four FAO areas and examined using both visual inspection and the UV-press method. The collected larvae were identified by morphological and molecular methods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Third stage larvae of nematodes were detected in 22.3% of the squids (18.8% <i>Illex</i>sp., 18.3% <i>I. coindetii</i>, 48.8% <i>I. illecebrosus</i> and 23% <i>Todaropsis eblanae</i>), with <i>Anisakis simplex</i> (<i>s.s</i>), <i>A. pegreffii</i>, <i>Hysterothylacium</i> spp. and <i>Lappetascaris</i> spp. being identified through morphological and molecular analyses. The UV-press method has proved to be significantly more effective than visual inspection. Additionally, the lack of molecular data on Raphidascarididae species, particularly <i>Lappetascaris</i>spp., complicates taxonomic classification, emphasising the need for an integrative taxonomic approach combining morphological and genetic methods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Given the increasing consumption of raw and undercooked cephalopods, these findings highlight the importance of monitoring zoonotic parasites and improving molecular techniques to enhance food safety regulations and minimise health risks to consumers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 7","pages":"612-619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13221","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali Jamshidi, Mohammad Amin Ghatee, Ali Haniloo, Asghar Fazaeli, Mohamad Sabaghan
Introduction
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a serious global health concern. CE is an endemic zoonotic disease in Iran. The substantial genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus is closely linked to its life cycle, transmission mechanisms and pathogenesis. This study aimed to explore the phylogenetic structure of the genotypes of E. granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) in southwestern Iran (SWI).
Methods
Seventy-two hydatid cyst samples were collected from various intermediate hosts, including goats, cattle, sheep, camels, buffalo and humans, primarily from the lungs, liver, spleen and heart of livestock slaughtered in local and industrial abattoirs, as well as from patients in several hospitals (Namazi, Golestan, Arvand and Shahid Beheshti) in southwestern Iran (Bushehr, Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad and Khuzestan provinces).
Results
Sequence analysis revealed three genotypes of E. granulosus s.l. in the SWI: G1 (n = 69, 95.8%), G3(n = 1, 1.4%) and genotype like G6/G7 (n = 2, 2.8%). Twenty-one different haplotypes were identified in this study. According to the phylogenetic tree topology, the cox1 gene sequence similarities can be shown for some G1 and G6/G7 isolates in some vast areas, but these genotypes generally show a heterogeneous population worldwide. High similarity was shown between G3 isolates from some countries (Spain, Turkey, India and Iran) and different hosts (sheep, human and buffalo).
Conclusions
The presence of the G6/G7 genotype in the SWI may be due to the transmission of this genotype from other regions or the role of camel/wild boar and other possible intermediate hosts in the expansion of this genotype in the SWI. The results of the present study can be used in CE control programs, molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic studies in Iran and other countries for future goals.
{"title":"Phylogenetic Study of cox1 Gene in Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato Genotypes in Southwestern Iran","authors":"Ali Jamshidi, Mohammad Amin Ghatee, Ali Haniloo, Asghar Fazaeli, Mohamad Sabaghan","doi":"10.1111/zph.13220","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13220","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a serious global health concern. CE is an endemic zoonotic disease in Iran. The substantial genetic diversity of <i>Echinococcus granulosus</i> is closely linked to its life cycle, transmission mechanisms and pathogenesis. This study aimed to explore the phylogenetic structure of the genotypes of <i>E. granulosus</i> sensu lato (s.l.) in southwestern Iran (SWI).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seventy-two hydatid cyst samples were collected from various intermediate hosts, including goats, cattle, sheep, camels, buffalo and humans, primarily from the lungs, liver, spleen and heart of livestock slaughtered in local and industrial abattoirs, as well as from patients in several hospitals (Namazi, Golestan, Arvand and Shahid Beheshti) in southwestern Iran (Bushehr, Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad and Khuzestan provinces).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sequence analysis revealed three genotypes of <i>E. granulosus</i> s.l. in the SWI: G<sub>1</sub> (<i>n</i> = 69, 95.8%), G<sub>3</sub>(<i>n</i> = 1, 1.4%) and genotype like G<sub>6</sub>/G<sub>7</sub> (<i>n</i> = 2, 2.8%). Twenty-one different haplotypes were identified in this study. According to the phylogenetic tree topology, the <i>cox</i>1 gene sequence similarities can be shown for some G<sub>1</sub> and G<sub>6</sub>/G<sub>7</sub> isolates in some vast areas, but these genotypes generally show a heterogeneous population worldwide. High similarity was shown between G<sub>3</sub> isolates from some countries (Spain, Turkey, India and Iran) and different hosts (sheep, human and buffalo).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The presence of the G<sub>6</sub>/G<sub>7</sub> genotype in the SWI may be due to the transmission of this genotype from other regions or the role of camel/wild boar and other possible intermediate hosts in the expansion of this genotype in the SWI. The results of the present study can be used in CE control programs, molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic studies in Iran and other countries for future goals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 5","pages":"435-441"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Badillo-Viloria, Salim Mattar, Susana Remesar, Steffania de la Rosa-Jaramillo, Ignacio García-Bocanegra, Jorge Miranda, Aránzazu Portillo, Cristina Cervera-Acedo, José Antonio Oteo, David Cano-Terriza
Introduction
Tick-borne diseases have a significant impact on public and animal health and represent a considerable financial burden on livestock farming. However, in many regions of Latin America, comprehensive epidemiological data, including species identification, geographical distribution and molecular profiling of ticks and their associated pathogens, remain scarce. The aims of the present study were: 1) to establish the distribution of tick species collected from domestic animals and 2) to molecularly characterise the rickettsial bacteria present in ticks from the department of Atlántico, area Caribe, Colombia.
Methods
Between January 2021 and March 2022, ticks were collected from 216 cattle and 72 sympatric domestic animals (38 dogs, 31 equids and 3 goats) on 28 farms. Specimens were identified and grouped into 297 pools. Molecular detection and characterisation of the pathogens were carried out by targeting the partial gltA, ompA, ompB and 16S rRNA genes of Rickettsia and the partial 23S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes of Anaplasmataceae.
Results
A total of 1541 ticks were collected, and four species belonging to the genera Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor and Amblyomma were identified. A total of 137 out of 288 animals (47.6%) were infested with a mean infection rate of 9.7 ± SD 6.8 ticks per animal. Rickettsia spp. and Anaplasmataceae DNA were detected in 2.7% (MIR: 0.5%) and 15.5% (MIR: 0.3%) of the tick pools, respectively. The obtained sequences showed high nucleotide identity (99%–100%) with sequences of Candidatus Rickettsia colombiensis, Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia minasensis.
Conclusion
Our data represent the first description of Dermacentor nitens and Amblyomma patinoi in the Atlantic region of the Colombian Caribbean. Considering the risk that the tick and rickettsial species represent for public and animal health, monitoring and control programmes are necessary to prevent the spread of tick-borne pathogenic bacteria to humans.
{"title":"Rickettsia spp. and Anaplasmataceae in Ticks From Domestic Animals in Northern Colombia","authors":"Maria Badillo-Viloria, Salim Mattar, Susana Remesar, Steffania de la Rosa-Jaramillo, Ignacio García-Bocanegra, Jorge Miranda, Aránzazu Portillo, Cristina Cervera-Acedo, José Antonio Oteo, David Cano-Terriza","doi":"10.1111/zph.13219","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13219","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tick-borne diseases have a significant impact on public and animal health and represent a considerable financial burden on livestock farming. However, in many regions of Latin America, comprehensive epidemiological data, including species identification, geographical distribution and molecular profiling of ticks and their associated pathogens, remain scarce. The aims of the present study were: 1) to establish the distribution of tick species collected from domestic animals and 2) to molecularly characterise the rickettsial bacteria present in ticks from the department of Atlántico, area Caribe, Colombia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Between January 2021 and March 2022, ticks were collected from 216 cattle and 72 sympatric domestic animals (38 dogs, 31 equids and 3 goats) on 28 farms. Specimens were identified and grouped into 297 pools. Molecular detection and characterisation of the pathogens were carried out by targeting the partial <i>gltA</i>, <i>ompA, ompB</i> and 16S rRNA genes of <i>Rickettsia</i> and the partial 23S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes of <i>Anaplasmataceae</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 1541 ticks were collected, and four species belonging to the genera <i>Rhipicephalus</i>, <i>Dermacentor</i> and <i>Amblyomma</i> were identified. A total of 137 out of 288 animals (47.6%) were infested with a mean infection rate of 9.7 ± SD 6.8 ticks per animal. <i>Rickettsia</i> spp. and Anaplasmataceae DNA were detected in 2.7% (MIR: 0.5%) and 15.5% (MIR: 0.3%) of the tick pools, respectively. The obtained sequences showed high nucleotide identity (99%–100%) with sequences of <i>Candidatus</i> Rickettsia colombiensis, <i>Anaplasma marginale</i>, <i>Anaplasma platys</i>, <i>Ehrlichia canis</i> and <i>Ehrlichia minasensis</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our data represent the first description of <i>Dermacentor nitens</i> and <i>Amblyomma patinoi</i> in the Atlantic region of the Colombian Caribbean. Considering the risk that the tick and rickettsial species represent for public and animal health, monitoring and control programmes are necessary to prevent the spread of tick-borne pathogenic bacteria to humans.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 5","pages":"421-434"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2021, the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b Avian Influenza Viruses (AIVs) emerged on the American continent. At the same time, a further global spread took place. Infections have been reported in avian species as well as in over 50 mammalian species in 26 countries, and often result in severe disease with notable neurological pathology. Outbreaks in dairy cattle in the United States in 2024 illustrate viral transmission at a non-traditional interface and cross-species transmission. This development raises significant global concern regarding the virus's potential for wider spread. Given that H5N1 infections in birds reached record-high levels in Germany by late 2022, it is important to investigate whether Influenza A Virus (IAV) infections were also occurring in mammals sharing habitats with wild birds.
Methods and Results
Selected wild and domestic mammal populations were monitored over a two-year period (from January 2022 to December 2023), which coincided with a major infection period in wild birds in Bavaria. Genomes of Highly Pathogenic Avian IAV H5N1 (clade 2.3.4.4b) were detected in red foxes but not in samples from ruminants such as red deer or domestic cattle. Analyses of viral whole genome sequences revealed several mutations associated with mammalian adaptation.
Conclusion
Our results indicate a high frequency of spillover events to red foxes at a time when there was a peak of H5N1 infections in wild birds in Bavaria. Phylogenetic analyses show no specifically close genetic relationship between viruses detected in mammalian predators within a geographic area. While direct fox-to-fox transmission has not yet been reported, the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b AIVs' ability to spread through non-traditional interfaces and to cross species barriers underlines the importance of continuous IAV surveillance in mammals and possibly including previously unknown host species.
{"title":"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mammals: Lack of Detection in Cattle With Respiratory Tract Infections and Genetic Analysis of Sporadic Spillover Infections in Wild Mammals in Bavaria, Southern Germany, 2022–2023","authors":"Natali Paravinja, Lorena Herrmann, Isabella Dzijan, Monika Rinder, Antonie Neubauer-Juric","doi":"10.1111/zph.13217","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13217","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In 2021, the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b Avian Influenza Viruses (AIVs) emerged on the American continent. At the same time, a further global spread took place. Infections have been reported in avian species as well as in over 50 mammalian species in 26 countries, and often result in severe disease with notable neurological pathology. Outbreaks in dairy cattle in the United States in 2024 illustrate viral transmission at a non-traditional interface and cross-species transmission. This development raises significant global concern regarding the virus's potential for wider spread. Given that H5N1 infections in birds reached record-high levels in Germany by late 2022, it is important to investigate whether Influenza A Virus (IAV) infections were also occurring in mammals sharing habitats with wild birds.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Selected wild and domestic mammal populations were monitored over a two-year period (from January 2022 to December 2023), which coincided with a major infection period in wild birds in Bavaria. Genomes of Highly Pathogenic Avian IAV H5N1 (clade 2.3.4.4b) were detected in red foxes but not in samples from ruminants such as red deer or domestic cattle. Analyses of viral whole genome sequences revealed several mutations associated with mammalian adaptation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results indicate a high frequency of spillover events to red foxes at a time when there was a peak of H5N1 infections in wild birds in Bavaria. Phylogenetic analyses show no specifically close genetic relationship between viruses detected in mammalian predators within a geographic area. While direct fox-to-fox transmission has not yet been reported, the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b AIVs' ability to spread through non-traditional interfaces and to cross species barriers underlines the importance of continuous IAV surveillance in mammals and possibly including previously unknown host species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 4","pages":"400-419"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143606155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel D. Taylor, Jane G. Pouzou, Solenne Costard, Hanna Kiryluk, Francisco J. Zagmutt
Introduction
Predicting the public health impact of policies limiting antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock requires quantifying the link between AMU and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foodborne pathogens. Using cattle and Salmonella as an example, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) (PROSPERO #CRD42023399764) to elucidate AMU's impact on AMR in bacteria from animals raised both conventionally (CONV) and without AMU (RWA).
Methods
Using a predefined population (cattle), intervention (AMU), comparison (CONV vs. RWA), and outcome (AMR in Salmonella or commensal Escherichia coli) framework, 36 studies met the inclusion criteria. We estimated pooled odds ratios (POR) describing the association between AMU and Salmonella prevalence, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and third-generation cephalosporin (3GC) resistances and evaluated evidence certainty using a GRADE approach. Predictive intervals (PIs) incorporating heterogeneity (τ2) were calculated along with POR to illustrate the effect of between-study differences on association estimates.
Results
Poor evidence certainty was driven by a high risk of bias, imprecise odds ratio estimates, and inconsistency among the included studies. Substantial heterogeneity was observed, and PIs reflected non-significant associations for all AMR outcomes.
Conclusions
Given the poor certainty of evidence and between-studies differences, pooled estimates should not be trusted, necessitating a suitable alternative to estimate the effects of AMU reduction on human health.
前言：预测限制牲畜抗菌素使用（AMU）政策对公共卫生的影响，需要量化AMU与食源性病原体抗菌素耐药性（AMR）之间的联系。以牛和沙门氏菌为例，我们进行了系统回顾和荟萃分析（SRMA） （PROSPERO #CRD42023399764），以阐明AMU对常规饲养（CONV）和不饲养（RWA）动物细菌AMR的影响。方法：使用预定义的种群（牛）、干预（AMU）、比较（CONV vs. RWA）和结果（沙门氏菌或共生大肠杆菌的AMR）框架，36项研究符合纳入标准。我们估计了描述AMU与沙门氏菌患病率、四环素、环丙沙星和第三代头孢菌素（3GC）耐药性之间关系的合并优势比（POR），并使用GRADE方法评估了证据确定性。结合异质性（τ2）的预测区间（pi）与POR一起计算，以说明研究间差异对关联估计的影响。结果：低证据确定性是由高偏倚风险、不精确的优势比估计和纳入研究之间的不一致造成的。观察到实质性的异质性，PIs反映了所有AMR结果的非显著相关性。结论：鉴于证据的不确定性和研究之间的差异，汇总估计不应该是可信的，需要一个合适的替代方法来估计AMU减少对人类健康的影响。
{"title":"Low Certainty of Evidence and Heterogeneity Dominate in Systematic Review of Antimicrobial Drug Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock—The Example of Cattle and Salmonella","authors":"Daniel D. Taylor, Jane G. Pouzou, Solenne Costard, Hanna Kiryluk, Francisco J. Zagmutt","doi":"10.1111/zph.13218","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13218","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Predicting the public health impact of policies limiting antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock requires quantifying the link between AMU and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foodborne pathogens. Using cattle and <i>Salmonella</i> as an example, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) (PROSPERO #CRD42023399764) to elucidate AMU's impact on AMR in bacteria from animals raised both conventionally (CONV) and without AMU (RWA).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using a predefined population (cattle), intervention (AMU), comparison (CONV vs. RWA), and outcome (AMR in <i>Salmonella</i> or commensal <i>Escherichia coli</i>) framework, 36 studies met the inclusion criteria. We estimated pooled odds ratios (POR) describing the association between AMU and <i>Salmonella</i> prevalence, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and third-generation cephalosporin (3GC) resistances and evaluated evidence certainty using a GRADE approach. Predictive intervals (PIs) incorporating heterogeneity (<i>τ</i><sup>2</sup>) were calculated along with POR to illustrate the effect of between-study differences on association estimates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Poor evidence certainty was driven by a high risk of bias, imprecise odds ratio estimates, and inconsistency among the included studies. Substantial heterogeneity was observed, and PIs reflected non-significant associations for all AMR outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Given the poor certainty of evidence and between-studies differences, pooled estimates should not be trusted, necessitating a suitable alternative to estimate the effects of AMU reduction on human health.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 4","pages":"390-399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143587459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amy Thomas, Alice Halliday, Genevieve Clapp, Ross Symonds, Noreen Hopewell-Kelly, Carmel McGrath, Lucy Wheeler, Anna Dacey, Nigel Noel, Andrea Turner, Isabel Oliver, James Wood, Ed Moran, Paul Virgo, James Tiller, Paul Upton, Andrew Mitchell, Anu Goenka, Ellen Brooks-Pollock
Background
Between 1999 and 2021, 505 culture-confirmed cases of M. bovis disease in humans (zoonotic tuberculosis, TB) were diagnosed in England. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of M. bovis infection in persons exposed to TB-infected cattle in England and identify any risk factors associated with latent TB infection (LTBI) in this population.
Methods
We co-developed a retrospective cohort study in Southwest England, a bovine TB high risk area, with members of the UK farming community. A questionnaire captured participant characteristics, behaviours and farming practices. Linkage with historical herd testing data was used to categorise participants as low, medium or high risk for TB exposure. Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) positivity with Quantiferon was used to determine LTBI status and linked to questionnaire data.
Results
We recruited 90 participants at agricultural shows and a standalone event. Participants were farmers/farm workers (76/90) and veterinary professionals (10/90). Median age was 45.5 years (IQR: 19–77); 63% were male; 67% reported BCG vaccination. M. bovis exposure was via direct contact with infected cattle and consumption of raw milk. One participant in the high-risk group was IGRA positive, all other participants were IGRA negative. Estimated IGRA positivity rate was 1.1% (95% CI 0.058%–7.0%) in all participants and 4.0% (95% CI 0.21%–22%) in participants with high exposure levels.
Conclusions
We found limited LTBI in individuals in contact with TB-infected cattle in England, despite high and prolonged exposure. We identified a high-risk group of farmers who should be prioritised for future engagement.
背景：1999年至2021年间，英国诊断出505例人类牛支原体病（人畜共患结核病，TB）培养确诊病例。我们的目的是估计英国暴露于结核感染牛的人群中牛支原体感染的流行程度，并确定该人群中与潜伏结核感染（LTBI）相关的任何危险因素。方法：我们与英国农业社区的成员在英格兰西南部牛结核病高风险地区共同开展了一项回顾性队列研究。一份问卷记录了参与者的特征、行为和耕作方式。与历史群体测试数据的联系被用于将参与者分类为结核病暴露的低、中或高风险。干扰素γ释放试验（IGRA）与Quantiferon阳性用于确定LTBI状态，并与问卷数据相关联。结果：我们在农业展览和一个独立活动中招募了90名参与者。参与者为农民/农场工人（76/90）和兽医专业人员（10/90）。中位年龄45.5岁（IQR: 19-77）；63%为男性；67%报告接种了卡介苗。接触牛支原体是通过直接接触受感染的牛和食用原料奶。高危组1例IGRA阳性，其余均为IGRA阴性。估计IGRA阳性率在所有参与者中为1.1% (95% CI 0.058%-7.0%)，在高暴露水平的参与者中为4.0% （95% CI 0.21%-22%）。结论：我们发现在英格兰与感染结核病的牛接触的个体LTBI有限，尽管暴露时间长且高。我们确定了一个高风险的农民群体，他们应该优先考虑未来的参与。
{"title":"High Mycobacterium bovis Exposure but Low IGRA Positivity in UK Farm Workers","authors":"Amy Thomas, Alice Halliday, Genevieve Clapp, Ross Symonds, Noreen Hopewell-Kelly, Carmel McGrath, Lucy Wheeler, Anna Dacey, Nigel Noel, Andrea Turner, Isabel Oliver, James Wood, Ed Moran, Paul Virgo, James Tiller, Paul Upton, Andrew Mitchell, Anu Goenka, Ellen Brooks-Pollock","doi":"10.1111/zph.13214","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13214","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Between 1999 and 2021, 505 culture-confirmed cases of <i>M. bovis</i> disease in humans (zoonotic tuberculosis, TB) were diagnosed in England. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of <i>M. bovis</i> infection in persons exposed to TB-infected cattle in England and identify any risk factors associated with latent TB infection (LTBI) in this population.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We co-developed a retrospective cohort study in Southwest England, a bovine TB high risk area, with members of the UK farming community. A questionnaire captured participant characteristics, behaviours and farming practices. Linkage with historical herd testing data was used to categorise participants as low, medium or high risk for TB exposure. Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) positivity with Quantiferon was used to determine LTBI status and linked to questionnaire data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We recruited 90 participants at agricultural shows and a standalone event. Participants were farmers/farm workers (76/90) and veterinary professionals (10/90). Median age was 45.5 years (IQR: 19–77); 63% were male; 67% reported BCG vaccination. <i>M. bovis</i> exposure was via direct contact with infected cattle and consumption of raw milk. One participant in the high-risk group was IGRA positive, all other participants were IGRA negative. Estimated IGRA positivity rate was 1.1% (95% CI 0.058%–7.0%) in all participants and 4.0% (95% CI 0.21%–22%) in participants with high exposure levels.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found limited LTBI in individuals in contact with TB-infected cattle in England, despite high and prolonged exposure. We identified a high-risk group of farmers who should be prioritised for future engagement.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 4","pages":"369-378"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13214","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reducing the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important responsibility of provincial abattoirs to ensure safe products are entering the human food chain. Currently, within Ontario, provincial abattoirs are mandated to apply various antimicrobial treatments to cattle carcasses to help decrease pathogen presence post-slaughter. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of contamination of O157 and non-O157 STEC in carcasses from Ontario provincial abattoirs.
Methods
Using mixed logistic regression models, we examined the associations between cattle characteristics, season, monitoring program and abattoir interventions on carcass contamination with E. coli O157:H7, non-O157:H7 STEC and the top six non-O157:H7 STEC of concern to public health (i.e., O26, O45, O103, O111, O121 and O145). Random effects for abattoir and the area in which an abattoir was located were included in these models to adjust for clustering at these levels. The STEC examined was detected through two provincial molecular-based monitoring programs.
Results
Samples taken in the summer had significantly greater odds of screening positive for the top six STEC compared to samples taken in the fall and winter months. Similar seasonal effects were observed for E. coli O157:H7, but for only one of the monitoring programs (i.e., seasonal effects were modified by a monitoring program). Carcasses that received dry age treatment had significantly lower odds of screening positive for STEC. Samples collected from veal calf and cow carcasses had significantly greater odds of screening positive for STEC than samples taken from the carcasses of steers or heifers, but not bulls. Most of the variance in carcass contamination was explained at the carcass level.
Conclusions
These results suggest that additional efforts in risk mitigation should focus on cattle of certain demographic characteristics and higher risk seasons and that additional carcass-level interventions be explored.
{"title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for the Contamination of Cattle Carcasses With Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Provincially Licensed Abattoirs in Ontario, Canada, Based on Molecular Surveillance","authors":"Sarah Adam, David L. Pearl, Andrew Papadopoulos","doi":"10.1111/zph.13215","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13215","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Reducing the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> (STEC) is an important responsibility of provincial abattoirs to ensure safe products are entering the human food chain. Currently, within Ontario, provincial abattoirs are mandated to apply various antimicrobial treatments to cattle carcasses to help decrease pathogen presence post-slaughter. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of contamination of O157 and non-O157 STEC in carcasses from Ontario provincial abattoirs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using mixed logistic regression models, we examined the associations between cattle characteristics, season, monitoring program and abattoir interventions on carcass contamination with <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7, non-O157:H7 STEC and the top six non-O157:H7 STEC of concern to public health (i.e., O26, O45, O103, O111, O121 and O145). Random effects for abattoir and the area in which an abattoir was located were included in these models to adjust for clustering at these levels. The STEC examined was detected through two provincial molecular-based monitoring programs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Samples taken in the summer had significantly greater odds of screening positive for the top six STEC compared to samples taken in the fall and winter months. Similar seasonal effects were observed for <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7, but for only one of the monitoring programs (i.e., seasonal effects were modified by a monitoring program). Carcasses that received dry age treatment had significantly lower odds of screening positive for STEC. Samples collected from veal calf and cow carcasses had significantly greater odds of screening positive for STEC than samples taken from the carcasses of steers or heifers, but not bulls. Most of the variance in carcass contamination was explained at the carcass level.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These results suggest that additional efforts in risk mitigation should focus on cattle of certain demographic characteristics and higher risk seasons and that additional carcass-level interventions be explored.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 4","pages":"379-389"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Tomassone, Elisa Martello, Alessandro Mannelli, Aurora Vicentini, Céline M. Gossner, Jo Leonardi-Bee
Background
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most significant zoonotic diseases in Europe. It primarily spreads through the bites of infected ticks and, less frequently, through consumption of raw milk and dairy products from viremic domestic ruminants.
Aims
Assess the prevalence of TBEV or anti-TBEV antibodies in milk and milk products from domestic ruminants in Europe.
Materials and Methods
Systematic literature review adhering to the JBI methodology, and reported following the PRISMA framework.
Results
From the 16 included scientific articles, we extracted 35 data collections (31 on raw milk and 4 on raw milk cheese); studies focused on cow (n = 15), goat (n = 11) and sheep milk (n = 5), goat (n = 3) and cow/goat cheese (n = 1). Fifteen data collections involved individual milk and 16 bulk milk samples. The estimated prevalence of TBEV in individual raw milk and cheese was 6% and 3%, respectively. TBEV prevalence in bulk milk was very heterogeneous, with most values either 0% or 100%.
Discussion
Although published research on TBEV transmission to humans through milk and dairy products in the EU countries is limited, our results highlight the potential infection risk for consumers. The variable prevalence reported in the studies may reflect the focal nature of TBEV.
Conclusion
Studies on unpasteurised dairy products from domestic ruminants can be valuable for the detection of TBEV presence in a geographic area, even when human cases are not reported. Thanks to the ease of sample collection, their testing could be adopted in monitoring plans on TBEV.
{"title":"A Systematic Review on the Prevalence of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Milk and Milk Products in Europe","authors":"Laura Tomassone, Elisa Martello, Alessandro Mannelli, Aurora Vicentini, Céline M. Gossner, Jo Leonardi-Bee","doi":"10.1111/zph.13216","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13216","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most significant zoonotic diseases in Europe. It primarily spreads through the bites of infected ticks and, less frequently, through consumption of raw milk and dairy products from viremic domestic ruminants.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Assess the prevalence of TBEV or anti-TBEV antibodies in milk and milk products from domestic ruminants in Europe.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Systematic literature review adhering to the JBI methodology, and reported following the PRISMA framework.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>From the 16 included scientific articles, we extracted 35 data collections (31 on raw milk and 4 on raw milk cheese); studies focused on cow (<i>n</i> = 15), goat (<i>n</i> = 11) and sheep milk (<i>n</i> = 5), goat (<i>n</i> = 3) and cow/goat cheese (<i>n</i> = 1). Fifteen data collections involved individual milk and 16 bulk milk samples. The estimated prevalence of TBEV in individual raw milk and cheese was 6% and 3%, respectively. TBEV prevalence in bulk milk was very heterogeneous, with most values either 0% or 100%.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although published research on TBEV transmission to humans through milk and dairy products in the EU countries is limited, our results highlight the potential infection risk for consumers. The variable prevalence reported in the studies may reflect the focal nature of TBEV.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Studies on unpasteurised dairy products from domestic ruminants can be valuable for the detection of TBEV presence in a geographic area, even when human cases are not reported. Thanks to the ease of sample collection, their testing could be adopted in monitoring plans on TBEV.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 3","pages":"248-258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13216","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143483629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victor Rodriguez-Valencia, Marie-Marie Olive, Gilbert Le Goff, Marine Faisse, Christophe Paupy, David Roiz
Introduction
The mosquito-transmitted Usutu virus has spread in the last few years, becoming endemic in several areas of Europe, such as in the southern French region of the Camargue. Our aim was to study the relationships between the presence of the viral agent in Culex mosquitoes and the structure of bird communities in the context of the dilution effect.
Methods
We carried out mosquito and bird censuses in several selected localities across a land-use gradient and screened mosquito pools for flaviviruses. We focused on exploring how host bird diversity, richness, abundance and evenness were associated with Usutu detection in Cx. pipiens.
Results
Usutu virus was detected in seven pools of Cx. pipiens, and phylogenetic analysis identified Usutu lineage Africa 3, confirming its circulation. The probability of detection in mosquitoes is associated with areas with lower bird evenness and diversity but higher bird abundance and richness and higher Cx. pipiens abundances.
Conclusions
Bird evenness was the variable with the greatest explanatory power, being negatively related to the probability of detecting Usutu in Cx. pipiens, supporting a dilution effect. These results will help us better understand the relationships between bird community structure and the risk of Usutu mosquito-borne disease.
{"title":"Lower Bird Evenness and Diversity Are Associated With Higher Usutu Prevalence in Culex pipiens Mosquitoes","authors":"Victor Rodriguez-Valencia, Marie-Marie Olive, Gilbert Le Goff, Marine Faisse, Christophe Paupy, David Roiz","doi":"10.1111/zph.13213","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13213","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The mosquito-transmitted Usutu virus has spread in the last few years, becoming endemic in several areas of Europe, such as in the southern French region of the Camargue. Our aim was to study the relationships between the presence of the viral agent in <i>Culex</i> mosquitoes and the structure of bird communities in the context of the dilution effect.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We carried out mosquito and bird censuses in several selected localities across a land-use gradient and screened mosquito pools for flaviviruses. We focused on exploring how host bird diversity, richness, abundance and evenness were associated with Usutu detection in <i>Cx. pipiens.</i></p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Usutu virus was detected in seven pools of <i>Cx. pipiens</i>, and phylogenetic analysis identified Usutu lineage Africa 3, confirming its circulation. The probability of detection in mosquitoes is associated with areas with lower bird evenness and diversity but higher bird abundance and richness and higher <i>Cx. pipiens</i> abundances.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bird evenness was the variable with the greatest explanatory power, being negatively related to the probability of detecting Usutu in <i>Cx. pipiens</i>, supporting a dilution effect. These results will help us better understand the relationships between bird community structure and the risk of Usutu mosquito-borne disease.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 4","pages":"359-368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13213","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143442076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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