Victor Rodriguez-Valencia, Marie-Marie Olive, Gilbert Le Goff, Marine Faisse, Christophe Paupy, David Roiz
Introduction
The mosquito-transmitted Usutu virus has spread in the last few years, becoming endemic in several areas of Europe, such as in the southern French region of the Camargue. Our aim was to study the relationships between the presence of the viral agent in Culex mosquitoes and the structure of bird communities in the context of the dilution effect.
Methods
We carried out mosquito and bird censuses in several selected localities across a land-use gradient and screened mosquito pools for flaviviruses. We focused on exploring how host bird diversity, richness, abundance and evenness were associated with Usutu detection in Cx. pipiens.
Results
Usutu virus was detected in seven pools of Cx. pipiens, and phylogenetic analysis identified Usutu lineage Africa 3, confirming its circulation. The probability of detection in mosquitoes is associated with areas with lower bird evenness and diversity but higher bird abundance and richness and higher Cx. pipiens abundances.
Conclusions
Bird evenness was the variable with the greatest explanatory power, being negatively related to the probability of detecting Usutu in Cx. pipiens, supporting a dilution effect. These results will help us better understand the relationships between bird community structure and the risk of Usutu mosquito-borne disease.
{"title":"Lower Bird Evenness and Diversity Are Associated With Higher Usutu Prevalence in Culex pipiens Mosquitoes","authors":"Victor Rodriguez-Valencia, Marie-Marie Olive, Gilbert Le Goff, Marine Faisse, Christophe Paupy, David Roiz","doi":"10.1111/zph.13213","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13213","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The mosquito-transmitted Usutu virus has spread in the last few years, becoming endemic in several areas of Europe, such as in the southern French region of the Camargue. Our aim was to study the relationships between the presence of the viral agent in <i>Culex</i> mosquitoes and the structure of bird communities in the context of the dilution effect.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We carried out mosquito and bird censuses in several selected localities across a land-use gradient and screened mosquito pools for flaviviruses. We focused on exploring how host bird diversity, richness, abundance and evenness were associated with Usutu detection in <i>Cx. pipiens.</i></p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Usutu virus was detected in seven pools of <i>Cx. pipiens</i>, and phylogenetic analysis identified Usutu lineage Africa 3, confirming its circulation. The probability of detection in mosquitoes is associated with areas with lower bird evenness and diversity but higher bird abundance and richness and higher <i>Cx. pipiens</i> abundances.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bird evenness was the variable with the greatest explanatory power, being negatively related to the probability of detecting Usutu in <i>Cx. pipiens</i>, supporting a dilution effect. These results will help us better understand the relationships between bird community structure and the risk of Usutu mosquito-borne disease.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 4","pages":"359-368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13213","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143442076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohabeer Teeluck, Oyelola Adegboye, Stephan Karl, Diana P. Iyaloo, Emma McBryde
Introduction
Drastic changes in meteorological variables due to climate change will likely have an implication on the proliferation of vectors such as mosquitoes. Extreme weather events may therefore promote the emergence/re-emergence of mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) and potentiate the risk of endemicity, particularly, in small island nations.
Method
A systematic review was chosen to methodically ascertain the knowledge gaps that exist in determining the influence of the changing climate on MBDs in small islands with vulnerable public health systems. This review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines.
Results
Following extraction of 600 articles from the databases, 16 studies were determined to meet the selection criteria. The majority of these research papers were from Sri Lanka (n = 9) while the remaining articles were distributed between islands in the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. Several of these studies used regression modelling techniques to discuss the effect of multiple meteorological variables on the incidence of MBDs. A positive relationship was observed between temperature and the relative risk of MBDs in 72% of the papers. Rainfall enhanced dengue transmission in 84% of the studies included. All the articles discussing the effect of humidity illustrated a similar trend while wind speed was the only climatic variable demonstrating a negative relationship with MBDs.
Discussion
Considering the intricate nature of the non-linear exposure–response link is crucial when estimating the lagged effect of the changing climate on MBDs transmission. Other challenges associated with bias and confounders in the selected studies as well as meteorological data accessibility, were highlighted. Therefore, it was not possible to conclusively establish that the changing climatic variables do influence the spread of MBDs which accentuated the need for conducting further studies to illustrate the effect of changing weather variables on the incidence of MBDs, with an emphasis on vulnerable small island nations.
{"title":"Understanding the Effect of a Changing Climate on the Re-Emergence of Mosquito-Borne Diseases in Vulnerable Small Island Nations: A Systematic Review","authors":"Mohabeer Teeluck, Oyelola Adegboye, Stephan Karl, Diana P. Iyaloo, Emma McBryde","doi":"10.1111/zph.13212","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13212","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Drastic changes in meteorological variables due to climate change will likely have an implication on the proliferation of vectors such as mosquitoes. Extreme weather events may therefore promote the emergence/re-emergence of mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) and potentiate the risk of endemicity, particularly, in small island nations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A systematic review was chosen to methodically ascertain the knowledge gaps that exist in determining the influence of the changing climate on MBDs in small islands with vulnerable public health systems. This review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Following extraction of 600 articles from the databases, 16 studies were determined to meet the selection criteria. The majority of these research papers were from Sri Lanka (<i>n</i> = 9) while the remaining articles were distributed between islands in the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. Several of these studies used regression modelling techniques to discuss the effect of multiple meteorological variables on the incidence of MBDs. A positive relationship was observed between temperature and the relative risk of MBDs in 72% of the papers. Rainfall enhanced dengue transmission in 84% of the studies included. All the articles discussing the effect of humidity illustrated a similar trend while wind speed was the only climatic variable demonstrating a negative relationship with MBDs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Considering the intricate nature of the non-linear exposure–response link is crucial when estimating the lagged effect of the changing climate on MBDs transmission. Other challenges associated with bias and confounders in the selected studies as well as meteorological data accessibility, were highlighted. Therefore, it was not possible to conclusively establish that the changing climatic variables do influence the spread of MBDs which accentuated the need for conducting further studies to illustrate the effect of changing weather variables on the incidence of MBDs, with an emphasis on vulnerable small island nations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 3","pages":"223-247"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13212","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143256910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) can transmit zoonotic diseases to humans because of their close genetic relationship, facilitating the cross-species transmission of certain pathogens. In Thailand, Macaca is the most common NHP genus and their inhabits area are in close proximity of human, particularly in urban and suburban areas, where frequent interactions with humans increase the risk of pathogen transmission. The risk is influenced by factors such as the type of pathogen, the mode of transmission (e.g. direct contact or vector-borne), and the density of human and macaque populations in the regions. This study aims to investigate potential zoonotic infections in free-ranging macaques residing in human–monkey conflict areas.
Methods
From 2014 to 2023, 2703 macaques across 29 provinces in Thailand were tested for 18 pathogens using PCR, RT-PCR, or real-time PCR. The associations between disease occurrence, demographic variables, and sample types of macaques were analysed using univariable and multivariable regression.
Results
The overall pathogen infection percentage was 35.7% (965/2703). Simian foamy virus (SFV) had the highest infection percentage at 52.5% (759/1446), followed by Herpesviridae at 41.4% (353/852), Plasmodium spp. at 1.8% (14/758), and hepatitis B virus at 0.1% (2/1403). Significant differences were observed among different sampling sites, macaque age groups, and species in infection proportion of SFV, and Herpesviridae.
Conclusions
Identifying the pathogens carried by macaques is crucial for preparing for potential disease epidemics and outbreaks.
{"title":"Potential Zoonotic Infections Transmitted by Free-Ranging Macaques in Human–Monkey Conflict Areas in Thailand","authors":"Sarin Suwanpakdee, Benjaporn Bhusri, Aeknarin Saechin, Chalisa Mongkolphan, Siriporn Tangsudjai, Parut Suksai, Supakarn Kaewchot, Rattana Sariwongchan, Piya Sereerak, Ladawan Sariya","doi":"10.1111/zph.13211","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13211","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nonhuman primates (NHPs) can transmit zoonotic diseases to humans because of their close genetic relationship, facilitating the cross-species transmission of certain pathogens. In Thailand, <i>Macaca</i> is the most common NHP genus and their inhabits area are in close proximity of human, particularly in urban and suburban areas, where frequent interactions with humans increase the risk of pathogen transmission. The risk is influenced by factors such as the type of pathogen, the mode of transmission (e.g. direct contact or vector-borne), and the density of human and macaque populations in the regions. This study aims to investigate potential zoonotic infections in free-ranging macaques residing in human–monkey conflict areas.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>From 2014 to 2023, 2703 macaques across 29 provinces in Thailand were tested for 18 pathogens using PCR, RT-PCR, or real-time PCR. The associations between disease occurrence, demographic variables, and sample types of macaques were analysed using univariable and multivariable regression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The overall pathogen infection percentage was 35.7% (965/2703). Simian foamy virus (SFV) had the highest infection percentage at 52.5% (759/1446), followed by Herpesviridae at 41.4% (353/852), <i>Plasmodium</i> spp. at 1.8% (14/758), and hepatitis B virus at 0.1% (2/1403). Significant differences were observed among different sampling sites, macaque age groups, and species in infection proportion of SFV, and Herpesviridae.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Identifying the pathogens carried by macaques is crucial for preparing for potential disease epidemics and outbreaks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 4","pages":"349-358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13211","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rebecca A. Campagna, Emily A. Kelly, Duc J. Vugia, Hillary F. Berman Watson, Christina S. Browne, Joseph K. Lau, Curtis L. Fritz
Introduction
Capnocytophaga is a genus of bacteria that are commensal to the oral microbiome of humans and some animals. Some Capnocytophaga species are found in the human oral cavity and rarely cause disease in people; the species found in animals are zoönotic and can be transmitted to people via saliva. This study describes the clinical and epidemiologic features of patients from whom Capnocytophaga spp. were isolated from blood and other clinical specimens at the California state Microbial Diseases Laboratory.
Methods
Clinical information was obtained from laboratory submission forms and any accompanying medical records and/or from matching records in statewide hospital discharge and emergency department databases.
Results
During the 17-year study period (2005–2021), Capnocytophaga spp. were isolated in 48 specimens from 47 patients. Capnocytophaga canimorsus , which is a zoönotic species, represented 85% of the Capnocytophaga spp. identified to the species level. The median age was 67 years (range: 30–88 years) for the 42 patients infected with a zoönotic species of Capnocytophaga and 36 years (range: 12–65 years) for the four patients infected with a non-zoönotic species. Twenty-five (60%) patients with zoönotic species infections were male, compared to two (50%) patients with non-zoönotic species infections. Capnocytophaga spp. were most frequently isolated from blood (88%), and the most common case presentation was sepsis (45%). A dog or cat bite prior to diagnosis was reported for 14% of patients infected with a zoönotic species of Capnocytophaga. Records for 45% of patients indicated at least one pre-existing health condition associated with depressed immune function.
Conclusions
This study documented that Capnocytophaga spp. can cause rare, severe, invasive disease in mostly older or immunocompromised persons, often without documentation of a dog or cat bite. Providers are encouraged to consider Capnocytophaga spp. infection in immunocompromised pet owners presenting with sepsis, even in the absence of a known animal bite.
{"title":"Clinical and Epidemiologic Review of Capnocytophaga Spp. Infections Identified at a Public Health Reference Laboratory—California, 2005–2021","authors":"Rebecca A. Campagna, Emily A. Kelly, Duc J. Vugia, Hillary F. Berman Watson, Christina S. Browne, Joseph K. Lau, Curtis L. Fritz","doi":"10.1111/zph.13209","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13209","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 <i>Capnocytophaga</i> is a genus of bacteria that are commensal to the oral microbiome of humans and some animals. Some <i>Capnocytophaga</i> species are found in the human oral cavity and rarely cause disease in people; the species found in animals are zoönotic and can be transmitted to people via saliva. This study describes the clinical and epidemiologic features of patients from whom <i>Capnocytophaga</i> spp. were isolated from blood and other clinical specimens at the California state Microbial Diseases Laboratory.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Clinical information was obtained from laboratory submission forms and any accompanying medical records and/or from matching records in statewide hospital discharge and emergency department databases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>During the 17-year study period (2005–2021), <i>Capnocytophaga</i> spp. were isolated in 48 specimens from 47 patients. \u0000 <i>Capnocytophaga canimorsus</i>\u0000 , which is a zoönotic species, represented 85% of the <i>Capnocytophaga</i> spp. identified to the species level. The median age was 67 years (range: 30–88 years) for the 42 patients infected with a zoönotic species of <i>Capnocytophaga</i> and 36 years (range: 12–65 years) for the four patients infected with a non-zoönotic species. Twenty-five (60%) patients with zoönotic species infections were male, compared to two (50%) patients with non-zoönotic species infections. <i>Capnocytophaga</i> spp. were most frequently isolated from blood (88%), and the most common case presentation was sepsis (45%). A dog or cat bite prior to diagnosis was reported for 14% of patients infected with a zoönotic species of <i>Capnocytophaga</i>. Records for 45% of patients indicated at least one pre-existing health condition associated with depressed immune function.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study documented that <i>Capnocytophaga</i> spp. can cause rare, severe, invasive disease in mostly older or immunocompromised persons, often without documentation of a dog or cat bite. Providers are encouraged to consider <i>Capnocytophaga</i> spp. infection in immunocompromised pet owners presenting with sepsis, even in the absence of a known animal bite.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 3","pages":"330-336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oli Talukdar, Satya Sundar Bhattacharya, Nayanmoni Gogoi
Introduction
Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is a life-threatening disease, especially in the Indian subcontinent. Knowledge about the nature and ecology of the dispersal of JE virus (JEV) vectors needs to be increased. This study mechanistically explores the ecology of JEV vectors and the mode and frequency of occurrence of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) and JEV infections.
Methods
We established a linear relationship between environmental variables and JEV infection by JEV vectors (mosquitoes)—Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex vishnui, and Culex pseudovishnui. The relative abundance of three mosquito species was evaluated, and the JE Sample Positivity Rate (SPR) and JE Case Fatality Rate (CFR) were computed.
Results
Culex vishnui had a high abundance in residential areas during the transition from hot-dry (77.34%) to hot-wet period (78.66%) at temperatures between 31°C and 34°C and relative humidity of 80%–85.3%; this period also coincided with occurrence of AES (39 cases in hot-dry and 88 cases in hot-wet period) and JE (8 instances in hot-dry and 31 cases in hot-wet period). JE infection dominated near rainfed rice fields (rainfall: R = 0.67 at p < 0.05; rainy days: R = 0.74, p < 0.01). SPR was up to 32.28%, and CFR was as high as 42.86%; JEV infection was concentrated in adult male humans near rice fields (15.66%).
Conclusions
Climate modulation over the years can influence the distribution of Culex vishnui and, hence, AES and JE cases. JEV infections tend to rise in JE hotspot regions, especially near rice fields. Thus, comprehensive epidemiological investigations will help prevent a silent outbreak of JE.
{"title":"A Special Insight on the Causal Agents and Mode of Occurrence of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Infections in Rural Regions of Assam, India","authors":"Oli Talukdar, Satya Sundar Bhattacharya, Nayanmoni Gogoi","doi":"10.1111/zph.13210","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13210","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is a life-threatening disease, especially in the Indian subcontinent. Knowledge about the nature and ecology of the dispersal of JE virus (JEV) vectors needs to be increased. This study mechanistically explores the ecology of JEV vectors and the mode and frequency of occurrence of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) and JEV infections.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We established a linear relationship between environmental variables and JEV infection by JEV vectors (mosquitoes)—<i>Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex vishnui,</i> and <i>Culex pseudovishnui</i>. The relative abundance of three mosquito species was evaluated, and the JE Sample Positivity Rate (SPR) and JE Case Fatality Rate (CFR) were computed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Culex vishnui</i> had a high abundance in residential areas during the transition from hot-dry (77.34%) to hot-wet period (78.66%) at temperatures between 31°C and 34°C and relative humidity of 80%–85.3%; this period also coincided with occurrence of AES (39 cases in hot-dry and 88 cases in hot-wet period) and JE (8 instances in hot-dry and 31 cases in hot-wet period). JE infection dominated near rainfed rice fields (rainfall: <i>R</i> = 0.67 at <i>p</i> < 0.05; rainy days: <i>R</i> = 0.74, <i>p</i> < 0.01). SPR was up to 32.28%, and CFR was as high as 42.86%; JEV infection was concentrated in adult male humans near rice fields (15.66%).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Climate modulation over the years can influence the distribution of <i>Culex vishnui</i> and, hence, AES and JE cases. JEV infections tend to rise in JE hotspot regions, especially near rice fields. Thus, comprehensive epidemiological investigations will help prevent a silent outbreak of JE.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 4","pages":"337-348"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jani J. Sormunen, Satu Kylänpää, Ella Sippola, Riikka Elo, Nosheen Kiran, Veli-Matti Pakanen, Eva R. Kallio, Eero J. Vesterinen, Tero Klemola
Introduction
Humans acquire tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) from infected ticks contacted during outdoor activities. Outdoor activity is at its highest in urban green spaces, where the presence of tick populations has increasingly been observed. Consequently, more insight into factors influencing the presence of ticks therein is needed. Here, we assess the occurrence of ticks and several TBPs in urban green spaces in Finland, estimate related human hazard and assess how landscape features influence tick and TBP occurrence therein.
Methods
Ticks collected from five cities during 2019–2020 were utilised. Borrelia, Rickettsia, Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum , Babesia and TBEV were screened from ticks using qPCR. Various landscape features were calculated and utilised in generalised linear mixed models to assess their contribution towards tick and TBP occurrence in green spaces. Finally, human population density proximate to each study site was calculated and used to create population-weighted risk indices.
Results
Borrelia were the most common pathogens detected, with 22% of nymphs and 43% of adults infected. Increasing forest cover had a positive effect on the densities of nymphs and adults, whereas forest size had a negative effect. Middling percentages of artificial surfaces predicted higher nymph densities than low or high values. Human population-weighted risk estimates were highly varied, even within cities. A positive correlation was observed between total city population and risk indices.
Conclusions
Ticks and TBPs are commonplace in urban green spaces in Finland. Enzootic cycles for Borrelia and Rickettsia appear to be well maintained within cities, leading to widespread risk of infection therein. Our results suggest that nymph densities are highest in urban forests of medium size, whereas small or large forests show reduced densities. Green spaces of roughly similar risk can be found in cities of different sizes, emphasising that the identification of areas of particularly high hazard is important for effective mitigation actions.
{"title":"There Goes the Neighbourhood—A Multi-City Study Reveals Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens Commonly Occupy Urban Green Spaces","authors":"Jani J. Sormunen, Satu Kylänpää, Ella Sippola, Riikka Elo, Nosheen Kiran, Veli-Matti Pakanen, Eva R. Kallio, Eero J. Vesterinen, Tero Klemola","doi":"10.1111/zph.13208","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13208","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Humans acquire tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) from infected ticks contacted during outdoor activities. Outdoor activity is at its highest in urban green spaces, where the presence of tick populations has increasingly been observed. Consequently, more insight into factors influencing the presence of ticks therein is needed. Here, we assess the occurrence of ticks and several TBPs in urban green spaces in Finland, estimate related human hazard and assess how landscape features influence tick and TBP occurrence therein.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ticks collected from five cities during 2019–2020 were utilised. <i>Borrelia</i>, <i>Rickettsia</i>, <i>Neoehrlichia mikurensis</i>, \u0000 <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i>\u0000 , <i>Babesia</i> and TBEV were screened from ticks using qPCR. Various landscape features were calculated and utilised in generalised linear mixed models to assess their contribution towards tick and TBP occurrence in green spaces. Finally, human population density proximate to each study site was calculated and used to create population-weighted risk indices.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 <i>Borrelia</i> were the most common pathogens detected, with 22% of nymphs and 43% of adults infected. Increasing forest cover had a positive effect on the densities of nymphs and adults, whereas forest size had a negative effect. Middling percentages of artificial surfaces predicted higher nymph densities than low or high values. Human population-weighted risk estimates were highly varied, even within cities. A positive correlation was observed between total city population and risk indices.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ticks and TBPs are commonplace in urban green spaces in Finland. Enzootic cycles for <i>Borrelia</i> and <i>Rickettsia</i> appear to be well maintained within cities, leading to widespread risk of infection therein. Our results suggest that nymph densities are highest in urban forests of medium size, whereas small or large forests show reduced densities. Green spaces of roughly similar risk can be found in cities of different sizes, emphasising that the identification of areas of particularly high hazard is important for effective mitigation actions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 3","pages":"313-323"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Florence Ayral, Julie Botman, Marine Le Guyader, Eve Ramery, Philippe Gourlay
Background
Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by bacteria in the genus Leptospira. Basic epidemiological information is crucial to mitigating disease risk but is lacking for leptospirosis; notably, the hosts responsible for maintaining Leptospira remain largely unknown. Frequently observed near human habitations, hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are taken to wildlife rescue centres when found sick or injured. Thus, they may pose a risk to human and animal health if they carry pathogenic Leptospira.
Aims
This study aimed to describe Leptospira carriage in a hedgehog population and the potential clinical impacts of the infection.
Material and Method
We investigated Leptospira carriage frequency and diversity in urine samples from 69 hedgehogs at a wildlife rescue centre, between April and June 2022. We used quantitative PCR, typing of the 16S rRNA and lfb1 genes, variable number tandem repeat and multispacer sequence typing to characterise Leptospira DNA. An analysis of urinary biochemical parameters was conducted to assess renal function.
Results
We detected Leptospira DNA in 25 (35%) of the urine samples, of which 21 were successfully typed. The latter analysis revealed a limited degree of genetic diversity. L. interrogans (n = 19) predominated, and the only genotype detected was related to the Australis serogroup (n = 17). We also noted the presence of L. borgpetersenii (n = 1) and L. kirschneri (n = 1). There was no relationship between infection status and urinalysis parameters.
Conclusion
These results suggest hedgehogs may act as long-term shedders of Leptospira in natural ecosystems.
{"title":"Chronic Carriage of Leptospira interrogans Genotype Associated With the Australis Serogroup by Naturally-Infected Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) at a Wildlife Health Centre in Northwestern France","authors":"Florence Ayral, Julie Botman, Marine Le Guyader, Eve Ramery, Philippe Gourlay","doi":"10.1111/zph.13206","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13206","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by bacteria in the genus <i>Leptospira.</i> Basic epidemiological information is crucial to mitigating disease risk but is lacking for leptospirosis; notably, the hosts responsible for maintaining <i>Leptospira</i> remain largely unknown. Frequently observed near human habitations, hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are taken to wildlife rescue centres when found sick or injured. Thus, they may pose a risk to human and animal health if they carry pathogenic <i>Leptospira</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to describe <i>Leptospira</i> carriage in a hedgehog population and the potential clinical impacts of the infection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Material and Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We investigated <i>Leptospira</i> carriage frequency and diversity in urine samples from 69 hedgehogs at a wildlife rescue centre, between April and June 2022. We used quantitative PCR, typing of the <i>16S rRNA</i> and <i>lfb1</i> genes, variable number tandem repeat and multispacer sequence typing to characterise <i>Leptospira</i> DNA. An analysis of urinary biochemical parameters was conducted to assess renal function.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We detected <i>Leptospira</i> DNA in 25 (35%) of the urine samples, of which 21 were successfully typed. The latter analysis revealed a limited degree of genetic diversity. <i>L. interrogan</i>s (<i>n</i> = 19) predominated, and the only genotype detected was related to the Australis serogroup (<i>n</i> = 17). We also noted the presence of <i>L. borgpetersenii</i> (<i>n</i> = 1) and <i>L. kirschneri</i> (<i>n</i> = 1). There was no relationship between infection status and urinalysis parameters.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These results suggest hedgehogs may act as long-term shedders of <i>Leptospira</i> in natural ecosystems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 3","pages":"324-329"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiyu He, Jingyi Shu, Zhaochao Liang, Manyu Li, Shuangshuang Li, Tianxu Liu, Xinyue Yang, Qinghui Lu, Ling Wang, Lin Wang
Introduction
Laboratory animals are widely used in biomedical research. Surveillance of naturally occurring virus in laboratory animals is important to fully understand the results of animal experiment, control laboratory-acquired infections among research personnel and manage viral transmission within laboratory animal populations. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of multiple RNA viruses in laboratory animals commonly used in China.
Methods
We screened viral RNA for five different potentially zoonotic RNA viruses (astrovirus, coronavirus, hepevirus, hepatovirus and picornavirus) that can be transmitted via the faecal-oral route in 759 faecal samples collected from nine commonly used laboratory animals (mice, rats, monkeys, rabbits, pigs, dogs, ferrets, goats and tree shrews) in China. Viral RNA was screened by broad-spectrum reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers annealing in genome-conserved regions. The laboratory mice and rats used in this study were specific-pathogen-free. The other laboratory animals were conventional animals.
Results
At least one selected virus was detected in each of the nine sampled laboratory animal types, except tree shrews. The total positive rates of viral RNA for astroviruses, coronaviruses, hepeviruses and picornaviruses in the selected laboratory animals were 4.3%, 7.6%, 8.0% and 1.1%, respectively. Among these, the positivity rates for hepevirus RNA in laboratory ferrets (41.3%) and rabbits (17.8%), astrovirus RNA in laboratory pigs (75.0%) and coronavirus RNA in laboratory ferrets (45.7%) were relatively high. Viral RNA for hepatovirus was negative in all selected laboratory animals. Co-infection with multiple viruses has also been observed in laboratory dogs, pigs, ferrets and rabbits.
Conclusions
Our findings highlight the need for the surveillance of natural viral infections in laboratory animals.
{"title":"Prevalence of Multiple RNA Virus Infections in Nine Types of Commonly Used Laboratory Animals in China","authors":"Qiyu He, Jingyi Shu, Zhaochao Liang, Manyu Li, Shuangshuang Li, Tianxu Liu, Xinyue Yang, Qinghui Lu, Ling Wang, Lin Wang","doi":"10.1111/zph.13207","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13207","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Laboratory animals are widely used in biomedical research. Surveillance of naturally occurring virus in laboratory animals is important to fully understand the results of animal experiment, control laboratory-acquired infections among research personnel and manage viral transmission within laboratory animal populations. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of multiple RNA viruses in laboratory animals commonly used in China.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We screened viral RNA for five different potentially zoonotic RNA viruses (astrovirus, coronavirus, hepevirus, hepatovirus and picornavirus) that can be transmitted via the faecal-oral route in 759 faecal samples collected from nine commonly used laboratory animals (mice, rats, monkeys, rabbits, pigs, dogs, ferrets, goats and tree shrews) in China. Viral RNA was screened by broad-spectrum reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers annealing in genome-conserved regions. The laboratory mice and rats used in this study were specific-pathogen-free. The other laboratory animals were conventional animals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>At least one selected virus was detected in each of the nine sampled laboratory animal types, except tree shrews. The total positive rates of viral RNA for astroviruses, coronaviruses, hepeviruses and picornaviruses in the selected laboratory animals were 4.3%, 7.6%, 8.0% and 1.1%, respectively. Among these, the positivity rates for hepevirus RNA in laboratory ferrets (41.3%) and rabbits (17.8%), astrovirus RNA in laboratory pigs (75.0%) and coronavirus RNA in laboratory ferrets (45.7%) were relatively high. Viral RNA for hepatovirus was negative in all selected laboratory animals. Co-infection with multiple viruses has also been observed in laboratory dogs, pigs, ferrets and rabbits.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings highlight the need for the surveillance of natural viral infections in laboratory animals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 3","pages":"301-312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142956008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kevin S. Kuchinski, John Tyson, Tracy Lee, Susan Detmer, Yohannes Berhane, Theresa Burns, Natalie A. Prystajecky, Chelsea G. Himsworth
Introduction
In December 2021, influenza A viruses (IAV) were detected in a population of farmed mink in British Columbia, Canada. Circulation of IAVs in farmed mink populations has raised public health concerns due to similarities between mustelid and human respiratory physiology, potentially facilitating spillover of zoonotic influenzas from livestock.
Methods
Oropharyngeal specimens were collected from mink as part of a surveillance program for SARS-CoV-2. Diagnostic RT-qPCR testing was performed using a multiplex assay targeting SARS-CoV-2, IAV, influenza B virus and respiratory syncytial virus. Whole viral genome sequencing was conducted on IAV-positive specimens, followed by phylogenetic analysis with other animal and human IAV genome sequences from large global databases.
Results
IAVs were detected in 17 of 65 mink by RT-qPCR. Based on genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, these IAVs were subtyped as H3N2s that originated from reassortment of swine H3N2 (clade 1990.4 h), human seasonal H1N1 (pdm09) and swine H1N2 (clade 1A.1.1.3). This reassortant has been subsequently observed in swine in several Midwest American states, as well as in swine and turkeys in Ontario, suggesting its spillover into farmed mink in British Columbia was incidental to its broader dissemination in North American swine populations.
Conclusions
These detections reaffirm the need for extensive genomic surveillance of IAVs in swine populations to monitor reassortments that might become public health concerns. They also highlight the need for closer surveillance of IAVs in mink to preserve animal health, protect agricultural interests, and monitor potential zoonotic threats.
{"title":"Detection of a Reassortant Swine- and Human-Origin H3N2 Influenza A Virus in Farmed Mink in British Columbia, Canada","authors":"Kevin S. Kuchinski, John Tyson, Tracy Lee, Susan Detmer, Yohannes Berhane, Theresa Burns, Natalie A. Prystajecky, Chelsea G. Himsworth","doi":"10.1111/zph.13205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.13205","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In December 2021, influenza A viruses (IAV) were detected in a population of farmed mink in British Columbia, Canada. Circulation of IAVs in farmed mink populations has raised public health concerns due to similarities between mustelid and human respiratory physiology, potentially facilitating spillover of zoonotic influenzas from livestock.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Oropharyngeal specimens were collected from mink as part of a surveillance program for SARS-CoV-2. Diagnostic RT-qPCR testing was performed using a multiplex assay targeting SARS-CoV-2, IAV, influenza B virus and respiratory syncytial virus. Whole viral genome sequencing was conducted on IAV-positive specimens, followed by phylogenetic analysis with other animal and human IAV genome sequences from large global databases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>IAVs were detected in 17 of 65 mink by RT-qPCR. Based on genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, these IAVs were subtyped as H3N2s that originated from reassortment of swine H3N2 (clade 1990.4 h), human seasonal H1N1 (pdm09) and swine H1N2 (clade 1A.1.1.3). This reassortant has been subsequently observed in swine in several Midwest American states, as well as in swine and turkeys in Ontario, suggesting its spillover into farmed mink in British Columbia was incidental to its broader dissemination in North American swine populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These detections reaffirm the need for extensive genomic surveillance of IAVs in swine populations to monitor reassortments that might become public health concerns. They also highlight the need for closer surveillance of IAVs in mink to preserve animal health, protect agricultural interests, and monitor potential zoonotic threats.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 3","pages":"293-300"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143762361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Ávila-Vargas, Diego Soler-Tovar, Quan Dong, Luis E. Escobar
Background
In Latin America, there is a high incidence of vampire bat-transmitted rabies in cattle causing increased mortality of livestock, which heavily impacts the agricultural sector. Anticoagulants-based control methods for the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) have been employed continuously since the 1970s with various methods of application, presentations, doses and active ingredients. Studies from half a century ago still serve as a reference for the current use of anticoagulants for bat-borne rabies control in Latin America. The objective of this study was to structurally and bibliometrically review literature on the use of anticoagulants for the control of D. rotundus as a means of rabies control.
Materials & Methods
Scientific literature on the use of anticoagulant products for D. rotundus control was obtained, reviewed and analysed. Articles were retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science databases. Research articles from 1971 to 2021 in Spanish, English and Portuguese were included in the review. Results were visualised using RStudio, Bibliometrix and VOSviewer.
Results
The body of literature indicates effectiveness of up to 100% in the use of anticoagulants to induce bat mortality. The effectiveness of anticoagulants for rabies control, however, remains uncertain. No evidence was found to support or refute the use of anticoagulants for rabies control.
Discussion
Instead, literature suggests that disturbing bat colonies increases rabies prevalence. This finding suggests that anticoagulants may have the opposite intended effect on rabies control and highlights the importance of further research on the practical methods for bat-borne rabies prevention.
Conclusion
Field experimental studies that include control groups over areas and periods that account for D. rotundus ecology are needed to determine the effectiveness of anticoagulants for rabies control in livestock. In conclusion, the use of anticoagulants for rabies control is questionable.
背景：在拉丁美洲，牛中吸血蝙蝠传播的狂犬病发病率很高，导致牲畜死亡率增加，严重影响农业部门。自20世纪70年代以来，以抗凝血剂为基础的普通吸血蝙蝠（圆齿蝠）控制方法一直在使用，其应用方法、表现形式、剂量和有效成分各不相同。半个世纪前的研究仍可作为拉丁美洲目前使用抗凝血剂控制蝙蝠传播狂犬病的参考。本研究的目的是从结构和文献计量学的角度回顾有关使用抗凝剂控制圆形弧菌作为狂犬病控制手段的文献。材料与方法：查阅有关使用抗凝产品防治圆锥虫的科学文献，对其进行回顾和分析。文章从Scopus和Web of Science数据库中检索。从1971年到2021年，西班牙语、英语和葡萄牙语的研究文章被纳入了回顾。使用RStudio、Bibliometrix和VOSviewer对结果进行可视化。结果：大量文献表明，使用抗凝血剂诱导蝙蝠死亡的有效性高达100%。然而，抗凝剂对狂犬病控制的有效性仍不确定。没有证据支持或反对使用抗凝剂控制狂犬病。讨论：相反，文献表明打扰蝙蝠群落会增加狂犬病的流行。这一发现表明，抗凝剂可能对狂犬病控制产生相反的效果，并强调了进一步研究蝙蝠传播的狂犬病预防实用方法的重要性。结论：为了确定抗凝血剂对家畜狂犬病控制的有效性，需要进行现场实验研究，包括在考虑圆形田鼠生态的地区和时期的对照组。总之，使用抗凝血剂控制狂犬病是值得怀疑的。
{"title":"Anticoagulants for the Control of the Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus)","authors":"Laura Ávila-Vargas, Diego Soler-Tovar, Quan Dong, Luis E. Escobar","doi":"10.1111/zph.13196","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13196","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In Latin America, there is a high incidence of vampire bat-transmitted rabies in cattle causing increased mortality of livestock, which heavily impacts the agricultural sector. Anticoagulants-based control methods for the common vampire bat (<i>Desmodus rotundus</i>) have been employed continuously since the 1970s with various methods of application, presentations, doses and active ingredients. Studies from half a century ago still serve as a reference for the current use of anticoagulants for bat-borne rabies control in Latin America. The objective of this study was to structurally and bibliometrically review literature on the use of anticoagulants for the control of <i>D. rotundus</i> as a means of rabies control.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials & Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Scientific literature on the use of anticoagulant products for <i>D. rotundus</i> control was obtained, reviewed and analysed. Articles were retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science databases. Research articles from 1971 to 2021 in Spanish, English and Portuguese were included in the review. Results were visualised using RStudio, Bibliometrix and VOSviewer.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The body of literature indicates effectiveness of up to 100% in the use of anticoagulants to induce bat mortality. The effectiveness of anticoagulants for rabies control, however, remains uncertain. No evidence was found to support or refute the use of anticoagulants for rabies control.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Instead, literature suggests that disturbing bat colonies increases rabies prevalence. This finding suggests that anticoagulants may have the opposite intended effect on rabies control and highlights the importance of further research on the practical methods for bat-borne rabies prevention.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Field experimental studies that include control groups over areas and periods that account for <i>D. rotundus</i> ecology are needed to determine the effectiveness of anticoagulants for rabies control in livestock. In conclusion, the use of anticoagulants for rabies control is questionable.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 2","pages":"101-116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11772909/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142878183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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