Adeline Hillan, Tristan Gibbs, Graham Weaire-Buchanan, Tracy Brown, Stanley Pang, Suzanne P. McEvoy, Erica Parker
Background
Diphtheria caused by toxin-producing Corynebacterium ulcerans is a re-emerging human disease that can cause local and systemic sequelae. In Australia, toxigenic diphtheria is a rare notifiable communicable disease, due to high-vaccination coverage. The public health management of cutaneous cases of toxigenic C. ulcerans varies between jurisdictions, as opposed to the more uniform public health response to toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae presenting as respiratory or laryngeal diphtheria.
Aim
To report a case of zoonotically acquired C. ulcerans, review evidence on the zoonotic reservoir and reported transmission events, and examine public health guidelines for the management of human and animal contacts.
Methods and Results
In this case report, we detail our case investigation, treatment and public health management, including contact tracing and an approach to animal testing. We successfully identified companion canines as probable sources for the human case, with WGS confirming the link. The zoonotic disease link of C. ulcerans to domestic and agricultural animals is established in the literature; however, the management of animal contacts in human cases is inconsistent with jurisdictional or national guidelines.
Conclusions
While a rare disease, a consistent approach to public health management is warranted to systematically elucidate the disease source and improve understanding of transmission.
{"title":"Zoonotic transmission of diphtheria toxin-producing Corynebacterium ulcerans","authors":"Adeline Hillan, Tristan Gibbs, Graham Weaire-Buchanan, Tracy Brown, Stanley Pang, Suzanne P. McEvoy, Erica Parker","doi":"10.1111/zph.13094","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13094","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Diphtheria caused by toxin-producing <i>Corynebacterium ulcerans</i> is a re-emerging human disease that can cause local and systemic sequelae. In Australia, toxigenic diphtheria is a rare notifiable communicable disease, due to high-vaccination coverage. The public health management of cutaneous cases of toxigenic <i>C. ulcerans</i> varies between jurisdictions, as opposed to the more uniform public health response to toxigenic <i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i> presenting as respiratory or laryngeal diphtheria.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To report a case of zoonotically acquired <i>C. ulcerans</i>, review evidence on the zoonotic reservoir and reported transmission events, and examine public health guidelines for the management of human and animal contacts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this case report, we detail our case investigation, treatment and public health management, including contact tracing and an approach to animal testing. We successfully identified companion canines as probable sources for the human case, with WGS confirming the link. The zoonotic disease link of <i>C. ulcerans</i> to domestic and agricultural animals is established in the literature; however, the management of animal contacts in human cases is inconsistent with jurisdictional or national guidelines.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While a rare disease, a consistent approach to public health management is warranted to systematically elucidate the disease source and improve understanding of transmission.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 2","pages":"157-169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92156784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kirsten E. Crandall, Virginie Millien, Jeremy T. Kerr
Background
Starting in the early 20th century, ticks and their pathogens have been detected during surveillance efforts in Canada. Since then, the geographic spread of tick vectors and tick-borne pathogens has steadily increased in Canada with the establishment of tick and host populations. Sentinel surveillance in Canada primarily focuses on Ixodes scapularis, which is the main vector of Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium causing Lyme disease. Other tick-borne pathogens, such as Anaplasma, Babesia, and Rickettsia species, have lower prevalence in Canada, but they are emerging or re-emerging in tick and host populations.
Aims/Materials & Methods
Here, we assessed the historical associations between tick vectors, hosts and pathogens and identified spatiotemporal clusters of pathogen presence in ticks in Canada using data extracted from the literature.
Results
Approximately one-third of ticks were infected with a pathogen, and these ticks were feeding primarily on bird and mammal hosts. B. burgdorferi was the most detected pathogen and I. scapularis harboured the greatest number of pathogens. We identified several spatial outliers of high pathogen presence in ticks in addition to five spatiotemporal clusters in southern Canada, all of which have long-established tick populations. Six spatiotemporal clusters of high pathogen presence in ticks were also identified based on surveillance method, with four clusters associated with passive surveillance and two clusters associated with active surveillance.
Discussion
Our review represents the first systematic assessment of the literature that identifies historical associations and spatiotemporal changes in tick-host-pathogen disease systems in Canada over broad spatial and temporal scales.
Conclusion
As distinct spatiotemporal clusters were identified based on surveillance method, it is imperative that surveillance efforts employ standardized methods and data reporting to comprehensively assess the presence, spread and risk of tick-borne pathogens in tick and host populations.
{"title":"Historical associations and spatiotemporal changes of pathogen presence in ticks in Canada: A systematic review","authors":"Kirsten E. Crandall, Virginie Millien, Jeremy T. Kerr","doi":"10.1111/zph.13093","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13093","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Starting in the early 20th century, ticks and their pathogens have been detected during surveillance efforts in Canada. Since then, the geographic spread of tick vectors and tick-borne pathogens has steadily increased in Canada with the establishment of tick and host populations. Sentinel surveillance in Canada primarily focuses on <i>Ixodes scapularis</i>, which is the main vector of <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>, the bacterium causing Lyme disease. Other tick-borne pathogens, such as <i>Anaplasma</i>, <i>Babesia</i>, and <i>Rickettsia</i> species, have lower prevalence in Canada, but they are emerging or re-emerging in tick and host populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims/Materials & Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Here, we assessed the historical associations between tick vectors, hosts and pathogens and identified spatiotemporal clusters of pathogen presence in ticks in Canada using data extracted from the literature.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Approximately one-third of ticks were infected with a pathogen, and these ticks were feeding primarily on bird and mammal hosts. <i>B. burgdorferi</i> was the most detected pathogen and <i>I. scapularis</i> harboured the greatest number of pathogens. We identified several spatial outliers of high pathogen presence in ticks in addition to five spatiotemporal clusters in southern Canada, all of which have long-established tick populations. Six spatiotemporal clusters of high pathogen presence in ticks were also identified based on surveillance method, with four clusters associated with passive surveillance and two clusters associated with active surveillance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our review represents the first systematic assessment of the literature that identifies historical associations and spatiotemporal changes in tick-host-pathogen disease systems in Canada over broad spatial and temporal scales.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As distinct spatiotemporal clusters were identified based on surveillance method, it is imperative that surveillance efforts employ standardized methods and data reporting to comprehensively assess the presence, spread and risk of tick-borne pathogens in tick and host populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 1","pages":"18-33"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92156783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common food-borne parasitic zoonosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii and associated risk factors in pigs in Haryana, India.
Methods and Results
Serum samples were collected from 429 pigs from three agroclimatic zones (I–III) of Haryana and analysed for the presence of antibodies against T. gondii using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected in 106 animals (24.7%), with the highest seropositivity in zone II (31.3%) followed by zone III (24.4%) and zone I (18.3%). Risk factors associated with higher seropositivity in pigs were farm size (higher in large-sized farms), age (higher in pigs >1 year of age), sex (higher in males), type of feeding (higher in combination of homemade and hotel waste) and housing (higher in free-ranging pigs).
Conclusions
The findings of the study testify to the exposure of pigs (of all agro-climatic zones) to T. gondii. Hence, the observations are of significant medical and veterinary importance for devising and implementing control measures to check the dissemination of toxoplasmosis to pigs and eventually to humans.
{"title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii in pigs in Haryana, India","authors":"Pallavi Moudgil, Sakshi Pandita, Ramesh Kumar, Vipin Khasa, Spandan Shashwat Dash, Yogesh C. Bangar, Naresh Jindal","doi":"10.1111/zph.13091","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13091","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common food-borne parasitic zoonosis, caused by <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of <i>T. gondii</i> and associated risk factors in pigs in Haryana, India.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Serum samples were collected from 429 pigs from three agroclimatic zones (I–III) of Haryana and analysed for the presence of antibodies against <i>T. gondii</i> using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-<i>T. gondii</i> antibodies were detected in 106 animals (24.7%), with the highest seropositivity in zone II (31.3%) followed by zone III (24.4%) and zone I (18.3%). Risk factors associated with higher seropositivity in pigs were farm size (higher in large-sized farms), age (higher in pigs >1 year of age), sex (higher in males), type of feeding (higher in combination of homemade and hotel waste) and housing (higher in free-ranging pigs).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings of the study testify to the exposure of pigs (of all agro-climatic zones) to <i>T. gondii.</i> Hence, the observations are of significant medical and veterinary importance for devising and implementing control measures to check the dissemination of toxoplasmosis to pigs and eventually to humans.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 2","pages":"136-143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72015628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed Tijani Abubakar, Ahmad Ibrahim Al-Mustapha, Muftau Oyewo, Ahmed Ibrahim, Ibrahim Abdulrahim, Jimoh Muhammad Yakub, Nusirat Elelu, Patrick Nguku, Muhammad Shakir Balogun, Emmanuel Jolaoluwa Awosanya, Grace Sabo Nok Kia, Jacob K. P. Kwaga, Ihekerenma Okoli, Muhammad Bashir Bolajoko, Yewande Alimi, Celine Mbilo, Laurent Dacheux
The attainment of the global target of zero dog-mediated human rabies by 2030 depends on functional rabies programmes. Nigeria, a rabies-endemic country, and the most populous country in Africa has a very poor rabies control strategy with a score of 1.5 out of 5 based on the Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination (SARE). In this article, we report a scoping review that we conducted to highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as well as situational analysis of rabies control in Nigeria and suggest a timeline for key activities that are needed to ensure zero by 30. Our findings reveal that rabies is grossly under-reported as only 998 human and 273 dog-suspected rabies cases were reported across Nigeria between 2017 and 2022. Our literature review also demonstrates a paucity of information on rabies in both human and animal health sectors. A total of 49 studies on dog rabies in Nigeria, with a predominance of reports from the North Central geopolitical region (48%, n = 23) were therefore included in this study. Currently, only 16.2% (n = 6/37) of Nigerian states have available data related to the estimated dog populations, the dog ownership rates, the vaccination status of dogs or the incidence of dog bites. Based on a dog-to-human ratio of 1:16.3, we estimated that the dog population in Nigeria was 12,969,368 (95% CI: 12,320,900-13,617,836). Thus, to attain herd immunity and dog rabies control in Nigeria, at least 9.1 million dogs must be vaccinated annually. Our review reveals that, despite the strengths and available opportunities to achieve rabies control in Nigeria by 2030, the weaknesses and challenges will make the attainment of zero by 30 very difficult or impossible. Nigeria's best-case scenario by the year 2030 is SARE stage 3–4 (control–elimination) out of 5. Otherwise, the rabies control programme might not surpass SARE stages 2–3. To attain zero by 30, Nigeria must re-strategize its current rabies control programme by funding and implementing the national strategic plan for rabies control, creating a rabies desk office in the 37 states (FCT inclusive), rigorously conducting mass vaccination campaigns, providing post-exposure prophylaxis, prioritizing mass enlightenment with a focus on responsible pet ownership and conduct baseline national rabies surveillance in the animal and human health sectors.
{"title":"Prospects for dog rabies elimination in Nigeria by 2030","authors":"Ahmed Tijani Abubakar, Ahmad Ibrahim Al-Mustapha, Muftau Oyewo, Ahmed Ibrahim, Ibrahim Abdulrahim, Jimoh Muhammad Yakub, Nusirat Elelu, Patrick Nguku, Muhammad Shakir Balogun, Emmanuel Jolaoluwa Awosanya, Grace Sabo Nok Kia, Jacob K. P. Kwaga, Ihekerenma Okoli, Muhammad Bashir Bolajoko, Yewande Alimi, Celine Mbilo, Laurent Dacheux","doi":"10.1111/zph.13084","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13084","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The attainment of the global target of zero dog-mediated human rabies by 2030 depends on functional rabies programmes. Nigeria, a rabies-endemic country, and the most populous country in Africa has a very poor rabies control strategy with a score of 1.5 out of 5 based on the Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination (SARE). In this article, we report a scoping review that we conducted to highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as well as situational analysis of rabies control in Nigeria and suggest a timeline for key activities that are needed to ensure zero by 30. Our findings reveal that rabies is grossly under-reported as only 998 human and 273 dog-suspected rabies cases were reported across Nigeria between 2017 and 2022. Our literature review also demonstrates a paucity of information on rabies in both human and animal health sectors. A total of 49 studies on dog rabies in Nigeria, with a predominance of reports from the North Central geopolitical region (48%, <i>n</i> = 23) were therefore included in this study. Currently, only 16.2% (<i>n</i> = 6/37) of Nigerian states have available data related to the estimated dog populations, the dog ownership rates, the vaccination status of dogs or the incidence of dog bites. Based on a dog-to-human ratio of 1:16.3, we estimated that the dog population in Nigeria was 12,969,368 (95% CI: 12,320,900-13,617,836). Thus, to attain herd immunity and dog rabies control in Nigeria, at least 9.1 million dogs must be vaccinated annually. Our review reveals that, despite the strengths and available opportunities to achieve rabies control in Nigeria by 2030, the weaknesses and challenges will make the attainment of zero by 30 very difficult or impossible. Nigeria's best-case scenario by the year 2030 is SARE stage 3–4 (control–elimination) out of 5. Otherwise, the rabies control programme might not surpass SARE stages 2–3. To attain zero by 30, Nigeria must re-strategize its current rabies control programme by funding and implementing the national strategic plan for rabies control, creating a rabies desk office in the 37 states (FCT inclusive), rigorously conducting mass vaccination campaigns, providing post-exposure prophylaxis, prioritizing mass enlightenment with a focus on responsible pet ownership and conduct baseline national rabies surveillance in the animal and human health sectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71486752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas Sven Christer Grönthal, Anna Karoliina Lehto, Sanna Sofia Aarnio, Eva Katarina Eskola, Elina Marjaana Aimo-Koivisto, Teemu Karlsson, Heli Irmeli Koskinen, Alex-Mikael Barkoff, Qiushui He, Taru Lienemann, Ruska Rimhanen-Finne, Anna Mykkänen
Aims
Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans, when producing toxin, are the cause of diphtheria, a potentially life-threatening illness in humans. Horses (Equus ferus caballus) are known to be susceptible to infection that may manifest clinically on rare occasions. In late 2021 and early 2022, specimens from five horses suffering from pastern dermatitis were cultured at the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland. C. diphtheriae and/or C. ulcerans were recovered from all of these. This study aimed to (1) analyse the bacterial isolates and (2) describe the outbreak and identify possible sources of the infection and infection routes in the stable.
Methods and Results
Susceptibility testing, PCR for the tox gene, and Elek test for toxin production in PCR-positive isolates were performed. Whole genome sequencing was also conducted to achieve high-resolution strain typing. An epidemiological survey was done by means of a semi-structured interview of horses' caretaker, and contact tracing was done among people at the stable. Two tox gene-positive, toxin-producing C. diphtheriae belonged to sequence type (ST) 822. Other C. diphtheriae (n = 2, ST828) and C. ulcerans (n = 2, ST325 and ST838) isolates did not carry the tox gene. The epidemiological investigation explored numerous possible routes of transmission, but the definite source of infection was not identified. All established human contacts tested negative for diphtheriae. All horses recovered after antimicrobial treatment.
Conclusions
Our study shows that C. diphtheriae and C. ulcerans may readily spread among horses at the same stable and complicate pastern dermatitis infections. These potentially zoonotic bacteria can cause outbreaks even in a country with a very low prevalence. Caretakers should be encouraged to wear gloves and practice good hand hygiene when treating infected skin lesions in horses.
{"title":"Pastern dermatitis outbreak associated with toxigenic and non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and non-toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans at a horse stable in Finland, 2021","authors":"Thomas Sven Christer Grönthal, Anna Karoliina Lehto, Sanna Sofia Aarnio, Eva Katarina Eskola, Elina Marjaana Aimo-Koivisto, Teemu Karlsson, Heli Irmeli Koskinen, Alex-Mikael Barkoff, Qiushui He, Taru Lienemann, Ruska Rimhanen-Finne, Anna Mykkänen","doi":"10.1111/zph.13090","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13090","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i> and <i>Corynebacterium ulcerans</i>, when producing toxin, are the cause of diphtheria, a potentially life-threatening illness in humans. Horses (<i>Equus ferus caballus</i>) are known to be susceptible to infection that may manifest clinically on rare occasions. In late 2021 and early 2022, specimens from five horses suffering from pastern dermatitis were cultured at the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland. <i>C. diphtheriae</i> and/or <i>C. ulcerans</i> were recovered from all of these. This study aimed to (1) analyse the bacterial isolates and (2) describe the outbreak and identify possible sources of the infection and infection routes in the stable.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Susceptibility testing, PCR for the <i>tox</i> gene, and Elek test for toxin production in PCR-positive isolates were performed. Whole genome sequencing was also conducted to achieve high-resolution strain typing. An epidemiological survey was done by means of a semi-structured interview of horses' caretaker, and contact tracing was done among people at the stable. Two <i>tox</i> gene-positive, toxin-producing <i>C. diphtheriae</i> belonged to sequence type (ST) 822. Other <i>C. diphtheriae</i> (<i>n</i> = 2, ST828) and <i>C. ulcerans</i> (<i>n</i> = 2, ST325 and ST838) isolates did not carry the <i>tox</i> gene. The epidemiological investigation explored numerous possible routes of transmission, but the definite source of infection was not identified. All established human contacts tested negative for diphtheriae. All horses recovered after antimicrobial treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study shows that <i>C. diphtheriae</i> and <i>C. ulcerans</i> may readily spread among horses at the same stable and complicate pastern dermatitis infections. These potentially zoonotic bacteria can cause outbreaks even in a country with a very low prevalence. Caretakers should be encouraged to wear gloves and practice good hand hygiene when treating infected skin lesions in horses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 2","pages":"127-135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71486751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virginia Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Ana Castro-Cordero, Alfonso Calderón-Rangel, Eidy Martínez-Ibarra, Maria Yasnot, Piedad Agudelo-Flórez, Fernando P. Monroy
Background
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of worldwide incidence, with a broad spectrum of health risk factors.
Aim
The objective was to determine risk factors associated with acute human leptospirosis and to explore predictive variables of risk to human leptospirosis.
Methods
The study was carried out in the Department of Córdoba, in the north of Colombia. We conducted a longitudinal prospective descriptive study with non-probabilistic sampling, which included 339 patients suspected of leptospirosis. Positive cases were confirmed by MAT and PCR. The determination of social and environmental risk factors was done with a survey on epidemiological and environmental variables to establish an association between cases of leptospirosis and risk factors as well as predictive variables.
Results
We found 19.8% (67/339) cases of acute leptospirosis, and the seroprevalence was 27.1% (92/339). The most frequent serogroups were Sejroe, Australis, Pomona, Batavie, Pyrogenes and Grippotyphosa. We identified the following risk factors: age between 10 and 19 years (OR = 2.571; 95% CI); pig ownership (OR = 2.019; 95% CI); bathing or recreational activities in lake/lagoon (OR = 3.85; 95% CI) and in dams (OR = 3.0; 95% CI); floodings 30 days before the onset of symptoms (OR = 2.019; 95% CI), and a mean temperature of 28°C (p 0.044; 95%CI). As significant predictor variables, we identified age (10–19 years), bathing or recreational activities in the lake/lagoon, and flooding 30 days before symptoms were again evidenced. This region presents classic risk factors (pig ownership) and emerging environmental risk factors (recreational practice or bathing in a lake/lagoon and flooding 30 days before the onset of symptoms), and demographic factors such as young age (10–19 years).
Conclusions
These factors are also predictors of human cases of acute leptospirosis and provide contextual information on environmental and public health that should be considered for epidemiological surveillance in this endemic area.
{"title":"Acute human leptospirosis in a Caribbean region of Colombia: From classic to emerging risk factors","authors":"Virginia Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Ana Castro-Cordero, Alfonso Calderón-Rangel, Eidy Martínez-Ibarra, Maria Yasnot, Piedad Agudelo-Flórez, Fernando P. Monroy","doi":"10.1111/zph.13089","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13089","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of worldwide incidence, with a broad spectrum of health risk factors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective was to determine risk factors associated with acute human leptospirosis and to explore predictive variables of risk to human leptospirosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study was carried out in the Department of Córdoba, in the north of Colombia. We conducted a longitudinal prospective descriptive study with non-probabilistic sampling, which included 339 patients suspected of leptospirosis. Positive cases were confirmed by MAT and PCR. The determination of social and environmental risk factors was done with a survey on epidemiological and environmental variables to establish an association between cases of leptospirosis and risk factors as well as predictive variables.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found 19.8% (67/339) cases of acute leptospirosis, and the seroprevalence was 27.1% (92/339). The most frequent serogroups were Sejroe, Australis, Pomona, Batavie, Pyrogenes and Grippotyphosa. We identified the following risk factors: age between 10 and 19 years (OR = 2.571; 95% CI); pig ownership <span>(</span>OR = 2.019; 95% CI); bathing or recreational activities in lake/lagoon (OR = 3.85; 95% CI) and in dams (OR = 3.0; 95% CI); floodings 30 days before the onset of symptoms (OR = 2.019; 95% CI), and a mean temperature of 28°C (<i>p</i> 0.044; 95%CI). As significant predictor variables, we identified age (10–19 years), bathing or recreational activities in the lake/lagoon, and flooding 30 days before symptoms were again evidenced. This region presents classic risk factors (pig ownership) and emerging environmental risk factors (recreational practice or bathing in a lake/lagoon and flooding 30 days before the onset of symptoms), and demographic factors such as young age (10–19 years).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These factors are also predictors of human cases of acute leptospirosis and provide contextual information on environmental and public health that should be considered for epidemiological surveillance in this endemic area.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 1","pages":"107-119"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71486750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. M. U. P. Kumari, J. Vidanapathirana, J. Amarasekara, L. Karunanayake
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection with significant morbidity and mortality. As an occupational disease, it has become a global concern due to its disease burden in endemic countries and rural areas. The aim of this study was to assess disease burden in terms of Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of leptospirosis.A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using 450 clinically diagnosed leptospirosis patients admitted to base and above hospitals in Monaragala District, Sri Lanka, using a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire. The patients were followed up until normal day-to-day life after discharge. Estimation of DALYs was done using laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis patients. Leptospirosis disease burden in Monaragala District was 44.9 DALYs per 100,000 population, which includes 33.18 Years of life losts and 10.9 YLDs. The incidence of leptospirosis in Monaragala District during the study period was 59.8 per 100,000 population, and the case fatality rate (CFR) was 1.5% and 75% of deaths were among males.The disease burden of leptospirosis in Monaragala District was significantly high and urgent efforts to control and prevent leptospirosis should be a priority.
{"title":"Disability-adjusted life years due to leptospirosis in Monaragala District of Sri Lanka","authors":"A. M. U. P. Kumari, J. Vidanapathirana, J. Amarasekara, L. Karunanayake","doi":"10.1111/zph.13088","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13088","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection with significant morbidity and mortality. As an occupational disease, it has become a global concern due to its disease burden in endemic countries and rural areas. The aim of this study was to assess disease burden in terms of Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of leptospirosis.A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using 450 clinically diagnosed leptospirosis patients admitted to base and above hospitals in Monaragala District, Sri Lanka, using a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire. The patients were followed up until normal day-to-day life after discharge. Estimation of DALYs was done using laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis patients. Leptospirosis disease burden in Monaragala District was 44.9 DALYs per 100,000 population, which includes 33.18 Years of life losts and 10.9 YLDs. The incidence of leptospirosis in Monaragala District during the study period was 59.8 per 100,000 population, and the case fatality rate (CFR) was 1.5% and 75% of deaths were among males.The disease burden of leptospirosis in Monaragala District was significantly high and urgent efforts to control and prevent leptospirosis should be a priority.</p>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 1","pages":"98-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71427393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew W. Byrne, Caroline Garvan, Julie Bolton, Amalia Naranjo-Lucena, Gillian Madigan, Máire McElroy, Rosemarie Slowey
Aims
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is of significant global concern and is a major One Health issue. There is evidence to suggest that increased antimicrobial usage (AMU) can be associated with AMR patterns, and therefore, there have been efforts to reduce AMU in anticipation of reducing AMR emergence risk. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there were any associations between AMU and AMR patterns of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from pig herds in Ireland.
Methods and Results
Data on AMR from a panel of antimicrobials (AMDs) were gathered as part of national surveillance activities. These data were associated with reported usage of AMDs, on a year-quarter basis, measured in mg/kg at a herd-level using generalized estimating equation regression analysis. Associations were tested with AMR presence or multi-drug resistance (MDR; ≥3 classes) profiles and total AMU during the contemporaneous quarter and previous quarter, respectively. Furthermore, individual and AMD class-based associations were tested. The final dataset contained 218 observations (herd-quarter usage and AMR resistance profile) from 122 herds during 2019–2021. Apparent resistance prevalence varied according to AMD type, with the highest mean prevalence found with tetracycline at 51.57% (95% CI: 45.06%–58.09%). There were significant associations between a herd obtaining a positive AMR result for any AMDs and the overall levels of AMU during the year-quarter. Furthermore, there were significant positive associations between MDR and total AMU. At the compound level, chloramphenicol resistance was significantly associated with increased usage of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine and chlortetracycline, respectively (p < 0.010). Tetracycline resistance was associated with increased use of chlortetracycline (p = 0.008). At the antimicrobial class level, there was a significant positive relationship between the usage of phenicol and the probability of a resistance for chloramphenicol (p = 0.026) and between the usage of tetracycline and tetracycline resistance probability (p = 0.018).
Conclusions
Our data provide evidence of associations between overall AMU and AMR or MDR risk at the herd-quarter level. There was also evidence of associations between specific AMDs and patterns of resistance. Associations varied depending on whether time lags in usage were modelled or how usage was modelled (e.g. dichotomized or continuous). Associations with rarely used AMDs (e.g. critically important AMDs) were precluded due to a lack of statistical power. Continued monitoring of both AMU and AMR is crucial to assess the imp
{"title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from pigs and associations with aggregated antimicrobial usage in Ireland: A herd-level exploration","authors":"Andrew W. Byrne, Caroline Garvan, Julie Bolton, Amalia Naranjo-Lucena, Gillian Madigan, Máire McElroy, Rosemarie Slowey","doi":"10.1111/zph.13086","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13086","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is of significant global concern and is a major One Health issue. There is evidence to suggest that increased antimicrobial usage (AMU) can be associated with AMR patterns, and therefore, there have been efforts to reduce AMU in anticipation of reducing AMR emergence risk. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there were any associations between AMU and AMR patterns of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from pig herds in Ireland.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data on AMR from a panel of antimicrobials (AMDs) were gathered as part of national surveillance activities. These data were associated with reported usage of AMDs, on a year-quarter basis, measured in mg/kg at a herd-level using generalized estimating equation regression analysis. Associations were tested with AMR presence or multi-drug resistance (MDR; ≥3 classes) profiles and total AMU during the contemporaneous quarter and previous quarter, respectively. Furthermore, individual and AMD class-based associations were tested. The final dataset contained 218 observations (herd-quarter usage and AMR resistance profile) from 122 herds during 2019–2021. Apparent resistance prevalence varied according to AMD type, with the highest mean prevalence found with tetracycline at 51.57% (95% CI: 45.06%–58.09%). There were significant associations between a herd obtaining a positive AMR result for any AMDs and the overall levels of AMU during the year-quarter. Furthermore, there were significant positive associations between MDR and total AMU. At the compound level, chloramphenicol resistance was significantly associated with increased usage of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine and chlortetracycline, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.010). Tetracycline resistance was associated with increased use of chlortetracycline (<i>p</i> = 0.008). At the antimicrobial class level, there was a significant positive relationship between the usage of phenicol and the probability of a resistance for chloramphenicol (<i>p</i> = 0.026) and between the usage of tetracycline and tetracycline resistance probability (<i>p</i> = 0.018).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our data provide evidence of associations between overall AMU and AMR or MDR risk at the herd-quarter level. There was also evidence of associations between specific AMDs and patterns of resistance. Associations varied depending on whether time lags in usage were modelled or how usage was modelled (e.g. dichotomized or continuous). Associations with rarely used AMDs (e.g. critically important AMDs) were precluded due to a lack of statistical power. Continued monitoring of both AMU and AMR is crucial to assess the imp","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 1","pages":"71-83"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71414341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yasodhara Deepachandi Gunasekara, Sanda Arunika Kottawatta, Thilini Nisansala, Isuru Jayamina Bandara Wijewickrama, Yasodha I. Basnayake, Ayona Silva-Fletcher, Ruwani Sagarika Kalupahana
This study aimed to investigate and compare the proportion of AMR Escherichia coli (E. coli) between urban (Dompe in the Western province) and rural (Dambana in the Sabaragamuwa province) areas in Sri Lanka. The overall hypothesis of the study is that there is a difference in the proportion of AMR E. coli between the urban and the rural areas. Faecal samples were collected from healthy humans (n = 109), dairy animals (n = 103), poultry (n = 35), wild mammals (n = 81), wild birds (n = 76), soil (n = 80) and water (n = 80) from both areas. A total of 908 E. coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials. Overall, E. coli isolated from urban area was significantly more likely to be resistant than those isolated from rural area. The human domain of the area had a significantly higher prevalence of AMR E. coli, but it was not significantly different in urban (98%) and rural (97%) areas. AMR E. coli isolated from dairy animals, wild animals and water was significantly higher in the urban area compared with the rural area. There was no significant difference in the proportion of multidrug resistance (MDR) E. coli isolated from humans, wild animals and water between the two study sites. Resistant isolates found from water and wild animals suggest contamination of the environment. A multi-sectorial One Health approach is urgently needed to control the spread of AMR and prevent the occurrences of AMR in Sri Lanka.
{"title":"Antibiotic resistance through the lens of One Health: A study from an urban and a rural area in Sri Lanka","authors":"Yasodhara Deepachandi Gunasekara, Sanda Arunika Kottawatta, Thilini Nisansala, Isuru Jayamina Bandara Wijewickrama, Yasodha I. Basnayake, Ayona Silva-Fletcher, Ruwani Sagarika Kalupahana","doi":"10.1111/zph.13087","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to investigate and compare the proportion of AMR <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) between urban (Dompe in the Western province) and rural (Dambana in the Sabaragamuwa province) areas in Sri Lanka. The overall hypothesis of the study is that there is a difference in the proportion of AMR <i>E. coli</i> between the urban and the rural areas. Faecal samples were collected from healthy humans (<i>n</i> = 109), dairy animals (<i>n</i> = 103), poultry (<i>n</i> = 35), wild mammals (<i>n</i> = 81), wild birds (<i>n</i> = 76), soil (<i>n</i> = 80) and water (<i>n</i> = 80) from both areas. A total of 908 <i>E. coli</i> isolates were tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials. Overall, <i>E. coli</i> isolated from urban area was significantly more likely to be resistant than those isolated from rural area. The human domain of the area had a significantly higher prevalence of AMR <i>E. coli</i>, but it was not significantly different in urban (98%) and rural (97%) areas. AMR <i>E. coli</i> isolated from dairy animals, wild animals and water was significantly higher in the urban area compared with the rural area. There was no significant difference in the proportion of multidrug resistance (MDR) <i>E. coli</i> isolated from humans, wild animals and water between the two study sites. Resistant isolates found from water and wild animals suggest contamination of the environment. A multi-sectorial One Health approach is urgently needed to control the spread of AMR and prevent the occurrences of AMR in Sri Lanka.</p>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 1","pages":"84-97"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50163070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sergio Villanueva-Saz, Mariví Martínez, Pablo Rueda, María Dolores Pérez, Delia Lacasta, Diana Marteles, Héctor Ruíz, Ana Gonzalez, María Teresa Verde, Julián Pardo, Maykel Arias, Natacha Peña-Fresneda, Antonio Fernández, Michele Trotta
Influenza A is an emerging zoonotic virus with worldwide distribution. To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to assess influenza A exposure in stray cats in regions with positive cases of wild birds. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of anti-influenza A antibodies in feral cats from a region in Spain with cases of positive wild birds. A cross-sectional study of stray cats (n = 183) was conducted between March 2022 and March 2023. The presence of antibodies against the influenza A virus was tested using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit adapted for this study and confirmed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against the haemagglutinin H5. During sample collection, none of the cats exhibited clinical signs of illness. Four of the 183 animals tested showed anti-influenza A antibodies by ELISA, and the seroprevalence of influenza A was 2.19% (95% confidence interval 0.85%–5.48%). Due to the low number of positive cases detected, it appears that cats did not have an important epidemiological role in influenza A transmission during this period.
{"title":"Serological exposure to influenza A in cats from an area with wild birds positive for avian influenza","authors":"Sergio Villanueva-Saz, Mariví Martínez, Pablo Rueda, María Dolores Pérez, Delia Lacasta, Diana Marteles, Héctor Ruíz, Ana Gonzalez, María Teresa Verde, Julián Pardo, Maykel Arias, Natacha Peña-Fresneda, Antonio Fernández, Michele Trotta","doi":"10.1111/zph.13085","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13085","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Influenza A is an emerging zoonotic virus with worldwide distribution. To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to assess influenza A exposure in stray cats in regions with positive cases of wild birds. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of anti-influenza A antibodies in feral cats from a region in Spain with cases of positive wild birds. A cross-sectional study of stray cats (<i>n</i> = 183) was conducted between March 2022 and March 2023. The presence of antibodies against the influenza A virus was tested using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit adapted for this study and confirmed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against the haemagglutinin H5. During sample collection, none of the cats exhibited clinical signs of illness. Four of the 183 animals tested showed anti-influenza A antibodies by ELISA, and the seroprevalence of influenza A was 2.19% (95% confidence interval 0.85%–5.48%). Due to the low number of positive cases detected, it appears that cats did not have an important epidemiological role in influenza A transmission during this period.</p>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 3","pages":"324-330"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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