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Anaximander and his «Apeiron» 阿那克西曼德和他的 "Apeiron"
Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2023-21-2-104-112
E. A. Ignatenko
The reconstruction of the teachings of Аnaximander about the origin of the world is based on the analysis of his practical attempts to simulate some natural phenomena and invent devices or scientific instruments that explain and predict some meteorological events. The Earth rests in equilibrium not only because of its location in the center of the Universe, but also because it is «supported» by the «shell» of «ἀήρ». In the formation of the world, due to the eternal circular motion, from a mixture of hot and cold stood out «ἀήρ» and «αἰθήρ», constituting the contradictory essence of «apeiron». Pairs of opposites: hot and cold; wet and dry – the energy component of the material principle. Due to the eternal irreversible fatal cyclic process of interaction of these pairs of opposites there is a constant renewal in nature. «Apeiron» in accordance with the immanently inherent property of purposive authority of the law of global processes taking place in it, a fatal impersonal force and unavoidable response for its violation, provides a just balance of forces in the Universe as a whole.
重建阿那克西曼德关于世界起源的学说,是基于对他模拟某些自然现象、发明解释和预测某些气象事件的装置或科学仪器的实际尝试的分析。地球之所以处于平衡状态,不仅因为它位于宇宙的中心,还因为它被ἀήρ的 "外壳 "所 "支撑"。在世界形成的过程中,由于永恒的循环运动,冷热混合体中产生了 "ἀήρ "和 "αἰθήρ",构成了 "apeiron "的矛盾本质。成对的对立面:热与冷;湿与干--物质原理的能量成分。由于这对对立面相互作用的永恒不可逆的致命循环过程,自然界不断更新。"Apeiron "根据其中发生的全球过程规律的目的性权威的内在固有属性,一种致命的非人为力量和对其违反的不可避免的反应,在整个宇宙中提供了一种公正的力量平衡。
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引用次数: 0
Philosophy of J. Wahl as an independent phenomenon and as an interpretation of Hegel’s philosophy J. 瓦尔的哲学作为一种独立现象和对黑格尔哲学的诠释
Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2023-21-2-113-132
O. A. Lunev-Korobskii
The article is aimed at comprehending the perception of J. Wahl’s philosophy in Russia. The central role is assigned to the notion of “unhappy consciousness” in Hegel’s “The Phenomenology of Spirit” and to the interpretation of this notion in J. Wahl’s philosophy. The analysis of Russian–language studies dealing with his philosophy allows to outline two primary strands of engagement with it: within the framework of “French Neo–Hegelianism”, and within the framework of existentialism. Th e need to renounce this established characteristic of his philosophy is shown. Two arguments are stated in favour of this, conceptual and substantial. As for the former, the restriction of J. Wahl’s philosophy to the two aforementioned frameworks narrows the real horizons of his research. For the latter, the “unhappy consciousness” in J. Wahl’s philosophy besides the tragic–religious interpretation of Hegel’s ideas also contains pluralistic criticism of Hegel’s “monism” as a part of J. Wahl’s own philosophical project of “metaphysical empiricism”. It is argued that treating the entire corpus of J. Wahl’s writings will allow for a more thorough insight into the history of 20th century French philosophy, in particular “French Neo–Hegelianism” and the Franco-German debates concerning phenomenology and existentialism.
文章旨在理解俄罗斯对 J. Wahl 哲学的认识。黑格尔《精神现象学》中的 "不快乐意识 "概念以及 J. Wahl 哲学中对这一概念的诠释被赋予了核心地位。通过分析俄语研究中关于黑格尔哲学的内容,我们可以勾勒出黑格尔哲学的两个主要脉络:在 "法国新黑格尔主义 "的框架内,以及在存在主义的框架内。这表明有必要放弃他哲学的这一既定特征。为此提出了概念性和实质性两个论点。就前者而言,将 J. 瓦尔的哲学局限于上述两个框架缩小了其研究的真正视野。就后者而言,J. Wahl 哲学中的 "不快乐意识 "除了对黑格尔思想的悲剧性宗教诠释之外,还包含着对黑格尔 "一元论 "的多元批判,是 J. Wahl 自己的 "形而上学经验主义 "哲学项目的一部分。该书认为,对 J. Wahl 的全部著作进行研究将有助于更透彻地了解 20 世纪法国哲学史,特别是 "法国新黑格尔主义 "以及法德两国关于现象学和存在主义的争论。
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引用次数: 0
The false belief: its epistemic and normative characteristics 错误信念:其认识论和规范论特征
Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2023-21-2-5-16
A. A. Shevchenko
The article considers lying as an epistemic attitude, analyzes its structural and substantive characteristics. In particular, it considers the pragmatic consequences of using false beliefs, primarily in scientific practice. It is shown that in a number of cases false epistemic attitudes can play a positive role, mainly as temporary hypothetical or counterfactual assumptions, as well as positive illusions. The paper also analyzes two alternative approaches towards false beliefs: “knowledge-first epistemology” of T. Williamson and “action-first epistemology” in line with epistemic pragmatism. It considers the potential of the latter approach and, in particular, the way of reconciling two seemingly conflicting normative frameworks – for beliefs and for actions. This, in turn, opens the way for building a complex normative system with different “directions of fit” between beliefs and actions on one side and the world on the other.
文章将说谎视为一种认识态度,分析了其结构和实质特征。文章特别探讨了主要在科学实践中使用虚假信念的实际后果。文章指出,在许多情况下,虚假的认识态度可以发挥积极作用,主要是作为暂时的假设或反事实假设,以及积极的幻想。本文还分析了对待虚假信念的两种替代方法:威廉姆森(T. Williamson)的 "知识第一认识论 "和符合认识论实用主义的 "行动第一认识论"。它考虑了后一种方法的潜力,特别是如何调和两种看似冲突的规范框架--信念和行动。这反过来又为建立一个复杂的规范体系开辟了道路,该体系在信念和行动与世界之间具有不同的 "契合方向"。
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引用次数: 0
Historical science and the visual turn: features of perception 历史科学与视觉转向:感知的特征
Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2023-21-2-26-35
V. G. Korzh
The paper analyzes a complex of methodological problems associated with the visual turn in modern historical science, as well as the peculiarities of the perception of the historical past and the organization of history teaching in modern culture and in the system of historical education. The analysis evaluates the prospects of already existing approaches in philosophy in the development of problems of the visual. The ideas of Maurice Merleau-Ponty on the phenomenology of perception, with his emphasis on the “physical presence” of a body in the process of perception, are proposed as a significant source for the reflection on the visual. The involvement of visual elements in the historical narrative, as shown in the article, complicates the methodology and practice of source criticism, while at the same time allowing historical science to make its contribution to understanding the image as such.
本文分析了现代历史科学中与视觉转向相关的一系列方法论问题,以及现代文化和历史教育体系中对历史过去的认知和历史教学组织的特殊性。分析评估了现有哲学方法在发展视觉问题方面的前景。莫里斯-梅洛-庞蒂(Maurice Merleau-Ponty)关于感知现象学的思想,强调身体在感知过程中的 "物理存在",被认为是对视觉进行思考的重要来源。正如文章所述,视觉元素在历史叙事中的参与使来源批评的方法和实践变得更加复杂,同时也使历史科学能够为理解图像本身做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
A pragmatic turn in the philosophy of language in the context of problems of preservation and development of minority languages 从少数民族语言的保护和发展问题看语言哲学的实用主义转向
Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2023-21-2-17-25
M. N. Chistanov
By the beginning of the twenty-first century essentialism is giving way to the constructivist paradigm in the field of social sciences and humanities. However, linguistic essentialism survived all the shocks and received a classical form in the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativism. The application of this hypothesis to the analysis of linguistic communities puts majority and minority languages in different positions: it makes strong languages even stronger, and simply kills small ones. The task of preserving minority languages in programs built using this methodology turns out to be impossible. In our humble opinion, two research paradigms are more adequate for the purpose. One of them is associated with the pragmatic turn in the analytical philosophy of language and represents a transition from the analysis of the structure of the language itself to the analysis of the conditions of communication, taking into account all the sociocultural components of this process. The second methodology is Erving Goff man’s concept of social face and performative behavior.
二十一世纪初,在社会科学和人文科学领域,本质主义正在让位于建构主义范式。然而,语言本质论经受住了各种冲击,并在萨皮尔-沃尔夫的语言相对主义假说中获得了经典形式。将这一假说应用于语言社区的分析,使多数语言和少数语言处于不同的地位:它使强势语言更加强势,而简单地扼杀小语种。在用这种方法编制的程序中保护少数民族语言是不可能完成的任务。我们认为,有两种研究范式更适合这一目的。其中之一与语言分析哲学中的语用学转向有关,代表着从分析语言本身的结构到分析交流条件的过渡,同时考虑到这一过程中的所有社会文化因素。第二种方法论是埃尔文-戈夫曼(Erving Goff man)的 "社会面孔 "和 "表演行为 "概念。
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引用次数: 0
The role of socio-philosophical theories in ideas about the integration and disintegration of societies (based on T. J. Bernard’s approach) 社会哲学理论在社会整合和社会解体思想中的作用(基于T. J. Bernard的方法)
Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2023-21-1-79-89
O. Persidskaya
The article is devoted to the revision of the validity of opposing the concepts of social integration as a consensus and social disintegration as a conflict. The methodological basis is the rethinking of the back-ground assumptions of influential socio-philosophical theories proposed by T. J. Bernard. It is shown that along with the understanding of social integration as order and consolidation, and disintegration as conflict and deviation, there are also other interpretations in the structure of socio-philosophical thought. In some of these interpretations, social integration characterizes ideal, not real, societies and is not related to social practice, while in others, social integration immanently includes a disintegration process.
本文致力于修正反对社会整合作为共识和社会解体作为冲突的概念的有效性。方法论基础是对T. J.伯纳德提出的有影响的社会哲学理论的背景假设的重新思考。研究表明,除了将社会整合理解为秩序和巩固,将社会解体理解为冲突和偏离之外,社会哲学思想结构中还存在其他解释。在其中一些解释中,社会融合是理想社会的特征,而不是现实社会,与社会实践无关,而在另一些解释中,社会融合内在地包括一个解体过程。
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引用次数: 0
AI in medicine: recommendations for social and humanitarian expertise 医学中的人工智能:对社会和人道主义专业知识的建议
Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2023-21-1-51-63
E. Bryzgalina, A. Gumarova, E. Shkomova
The article presents specific recommendations for the examination of AI systems in medicine developed by the authors. The recommendations based on the problems, risks and limitations of the use of AI identified in scientific and philosophical publications of 2019-2022. It is proposed to carry out ethical expertise of projects of medical AI, by analogy with the review of projects of experimental activities in biomedicine; to conduct an ethical review of AI systems at the stage of preparation for their development followed by monitoring the testing of the created system; to focus on bioethical principles during the examination of AI systems for medical purposes.
本文对作者开发的医学人工智能系统的检查提出了具体建议。这些建议基于2019-2022年科学和哲学出版物中确定的人工智能使用的问题、风险和局限性。建议仿照生物医学实验活动项目的评审,开展医学人工智能项目的伦理专业知识;在人工智能系统的开发准备阶段对其进行道德审查,然后监测所创建系统的测试;在检查用于医疗目的的人工智能系统时,重点关注生物伦理原则。
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引用次数: 0
What is not mentioned in the famous article by Edmund Gettier 埃德蒙·盖蒂埃那篇著名的文章中没有提到什么
Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2023-21-1-105-126
N. Golovko
The paper aims to unfold the «internal» content of Gettier’s argument as a skeptical argument against knowledge in terms of answering the question: «why he could be right when he says what he says». Our initial hypothesis is that E. Gettier does not say anything about the «accidentality of the fact that Smith has 10 coins in his pocket», but he uses the words «entailment» and «deduction», which substantiates the «truth of the conclusion», and on the basis of which he attributes «knowledge» to Smith. The article comes out at a certain time, E. Gettier uses the rhetoric of necessary and sufficient conditions, with regard to justification an analogue of the closure principle is given, there are exactly two examples – all this lead to the assumption that E. Gettier’s «justification» in the form he speaks about it in the staging part of the article – is a logical relationship between beliefs that are interconnected by the relationship of entailment and are fixed in the same way in the person’s belief system. Much of the evidence on pages two and three is an illustration of why this «logical interpretation» of reasoning doesn’t work. Contrary to most popular points of view, E. Gettier managed to show only that the implementation of formal relations between beliefs does not allow one to get to «knowledge» in the form in which he defines it. In particular, such a reading makes it possible to block various attempts to propose a «fourth condition». It must meet the task set – to restore confidence that the fulfillment of the formal relations between beliefs can help to get to «knowledge». However, within the framework of the linguistic turn paradigm, in which E. Gettier works, this is impossible, because in general, it simply lacks adequate means of discussing the persuasiveness of the inference. In this sense, «knowledge» is, by definition, a fuzzy concept that brings us back to «classical notions» in which the persuasiveness of an argument implies not only validity, but also soundness, relevance, and usefulness.
本文旨在通过回答“为什么他说他所说的是正确的”这个问题,来揭示格蒂埃论证作为一种反对知识的怀疑论论证的“内在”内容。我们最初的假设是,E. getier没有说任何关于“史密斯口袋里有10枚硬币这一事实的偶然性”,但他使用了“蕴涵”和“演绎”这两个词,这证实了“结论的真实性”,并在此基础上将“知识”归因于史密斯。文章发表于某一时期,E. Gettier使用了必要和充分条件的修辞,在正当性方面给出了闭包原则的类比;正好有两个例子——所有这些都导致了一个假设,即E. getier的“证明”,以他在文章的阶段部分中所谈到的形式——是信仰之间的逻辑关系,这些信仰通过蕴涵关系相互联系,并以同样的方式固定在人的信仰体系中。第二页和第三页的大部分证据都说明了为什么这种推理的“逻辑解释”不起作用。与大多数流行的观点相反,E. Gettier只是设法表明,信仰之间的形式关系的实现并不允许人们以他所定义的形式获得“知识”。特别是,这样的解读可以阻止提出“第四个条件”的各种尝试。它必须满足设定的任务——恢复信心,即信念之间的形式关系的实现有助于获得“知识”。然而,在E. Gettier工作的语言转向范式的框架内,这是不可能的,因为总的来说,它只是缺乏足够的手段来讨论推理的说服力。在这个意义上,“知识”的定义是一个模糊的概念,它把我们带回到“经典概念”,其中论证的说服力不仅意味着有效性,还意味着合理性、相关性和有用性。
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引用次数: 0
Interpassivity and psychoanalytic theory: Transformation of the Meaning under Influence of discourse of Authenticity and Ideology Theory 互动性与精神分析理论:本真论与意识形态论话语影响下的意义转换
Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2023-21-1-64-78
I. Kudryashov
The concept of interpassivity plays an important role in understanding the interaction of contemporary human and media; this explains the growth of its usage in the last two decades. However, popularization leads to a transformation in the understanding of this concept or its confusion with others. In our opinion, it is important to preserve the original meaning of this issue. An analysis of the main elements of the concept by R. Pfaller and S. Zizek demonstrates the heuristic value of such “conservatism”, which limits the shift in thematic emphasis. The influence of other concepts (authenticity and alienation) leads to a simplification of the interpassivity, since in this case this concept no longer draws our attention to those aspects that are poorly distinguishable in the optics of humanistic discourse and social criticism. On the contrary, the preservation of the original interpretation makes it possible to include issues of pleasure, unconscious fantasies and beliefs in the consideration of a number of problems of human relations with contemporary media.
互动的概念对理解当代人类与媒介的互动具有重要意义;这解释了它在过去二十年中使用的增长。然而,大众化导致了对这一概念的理解的转变或与其他概念的混淆。在我们看来,重要的是保持这个问题的原意。普法勒(R. Pfaller)和齐泽克(S. Zizek)对这一概念的主要元素的分析表明,这种“保守主义”的启发式价值限制了主题重点的转移。其他概念(真实性和异化)的影响导致了互动性的简化,因为在这种情况下,这个概念不再吸引我们注意那些在人文话语和社会批评的光学中难以区分的方面。相反,对原始解释的保留使得在考虑人类与当代媒体关系的一些问题时,有可能包括快乐、无意识幻想和信仰等问题。
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引用次数: 0
Reliable Companion to the Faculty: the 20th Anniversary of the Siberian Journal of Philosophy 教师的可靠伙伴:《西伯利亚哲学杂志》创刊20周年
Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2023-21-1-5-12
V. Diev
The paper gives an overview of the main stages of the development of «The Siberian Journal of Philosophy». It is shown how the journal is permanently linked with the history of the Philosophy Faculty of Novosibirsk State University. The role of Academician Yu. L. Ershov in the development of professional philosophical education at NSU is revealed and explained. The Summer Philosophical Schools held by the Faculty and the Siberian Philosophical Seminar’s are noted as a main factors that formed the philosophical community around the NSU. Today, the journal acts as an organizer of interaction within the professional community and represents the face of the university in the media space of Russian philosophy. The author believes that for twenty years the journal has earned authority and has become a notable phenomenon in the life of the philosophical community not only in Siberia, but throughout the country.
本文概述了《西伯利亚哲学杂志》发展的主要阶段。它展示了该杂志如何与新西伯利亚国立大学哲学系的历史永久联系在一起。于院士的角色。L. Ershov在新大专业哲学教育发展中的启示和解释。由学院举办的夏季哲学学校和西伯利亚哲学研讨会被认为是形成新国立大学哲学社区的主要因素。今天,该杂志作为专业社区内互动的组织者,代表了俄罗斯哲学媒体空间中大学的面貌。作者认为,二十年来,该杂志不仅在西伯利亚,而且在全国哲学界的生活中已经赢得了权威,成为一个值得注意的现象。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Siberian Journal of Philosophy
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