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Metamorphoses of morality as “answers” to the “challenges” of history 道德的变形是对历史“挑战”的“回答”
Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2022-20-3-33-42
A. O. Sleptsova
The paper is based on A. Toynbee’s methodology and analyzes the metamorphoses of morality as answers to the challenges of history. The historical period of the emergence of morality is subjected to reflection, when the development of normativity in behavior became a condition for the survival of primitive society. Consideration of the evolution of the morality of Antiquity made it possible to discover the social conditioning of moral ideas.Based on the conclusion of N.S. Rozov about the existence of certain conditions that precede any cultural phenomena, the metamorphoses of the morality of the Renaissance were studied.It was found that the Toynbean concept of “esterification” should be used to reflect the evolution of historical challenges, in particular, the situation faced by modern society, when globalization processes led to new metamorphoses of morality.
本文以汤因比的方法论为基础,分析了道德作为对历史挑战的回答的蜕变。道德产生的历史时期受到反思,行为规范的发展成为原始社会生存的条件。考察古代道德的演变,就有可能发现道德观念的社会条件。根据罗佐夫关于任何文化现象之前存在一定条件的结论,对文艺复兴时期道德的蜕变进行了研究。研究发现,应该使用汤因宾的“酯化”概念来反映历史挑战的演变,特别是现代社会所面临的情况,全球化进程导致了道德的新变形。
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引用次数: 0
Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy of science from the point of view of a contextual realism 库恩科学哲学的语境实在论视角
Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2022-20-3-14-32
I. E. Pris
We establish a connection between T. Kuhn’s philosophy of science and a Wittgensteinian contextual realism, as we understand it, and interpret the basic concepts of the former in terms of the latter. In particular, we interpret the notion of a scientific paradigm in terms of the notion of a form of life. For instance, we speak of Newtonian and quantum mechanics as grammars of the corresponding forms of life. The incommensurability of paradigms is due to the adoption of different norms (grammars). It is not absolute, as grammatical statements can change their status and become factual, and vice versa. Norms themselves evolve. We support Kuhn’s argument against Popper’s falsification principle with our interpretation of an established scientific theory as a Wittgensteinian norm (rule) for measuring reality. The norm is neither true nor false; its falsification makes no sense. We interpret Wittgenstein’s notion of a family resemblance, used by Kuhn, as the presence of a shared explicit or implicit Wittgensteinian rule (norm). We interpret Kuhn’s historical examples, in particular those with the systems of Ptolemy and Copernicus, relativity theory and quantum mechanics, and Kuhn’s view that participants in different paradigms see the world differently and that observation depends on theory, in terms of our thesis that ontology is sensitive to context. We thus resist the relativistic and constructivist interpretations of Kuhn’s position and show why it does not contradict the idea of scientific progress and the principle of correspondence between scientific theories. We also briefly compare Kuhn’s position with those of I. Lakatos, H. Chang (pragmatic realism) and J. MacFarlane (evaluative relativism), and compare our interpretation of Kuhn with his interpretation in terms of a naturalized transcendentalism proposed by M. Massimi.
我们将库恩的科学哲学与我们所理解的维特根斯坦的语境现实主义联系起来,并用后者来解释前者的基本概念。特别地,我们用生命形式的概念来解释科学范式的概念。例如,我们说牛顿力学和量子力学是生命的相应形式的语法。范式的不可通约性是由于采用了不同的规范(语法)。它不是绝对的,因为语法语句可以改变它们的状态,变成事实,反之亦然。规范本身也在进化。我们支持库恩反对波普尔证伪原则的论点,我们将一个既定的科学理论解释为衡量现实的维特根斯坦规范(规则)。规范既非真也非假;它的证伪是没有意义的。我们将库恩所使用的维特根斯坦的家族相似性概念解释为一个共同的显性或隐性维特根斯坦规则(规范)的存在。我们解释库恩的历史例子,特别是那些与托勒密和哥白尼的系统,相对论和量子力学,以及库恩的观点,即不同范式的参与者以不同的方式看待世界,观察依赖于理论,在我们的论文中,本体论对环境敏感。因此,我们抵制对库恩立场的相对论和建构主义解释,并说明为什么它与科学进步的观念和科学理论之间的对应原则并不矛盾。我们还简要地比较了库恩的立场与拉卡托斯、张(实用现实主义)和麦克法兰(评价相对主义)的立场,并将我们对库恩的解释与马西米提出的自然化先验主义的解释进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Epistemic paternalism and akrasia 认识论的家长式作风与自由
Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2022-20-3-5-13
A. Shevchenko
Epistemic paternalism is usually understood as interference in the inquiry of another person without their consent, but for their own good. The epistemic good is often treated in the tradition of “veritism” which means the pursuit of truth. The article argues that one of the options for justifying epistemic paternalism can be epistemic akrasia, that manifests itself either in the acceptance of opposing views, or the inability to draw conclusions from already accepted premises, or the refusal to adhere to higher-order epistemic attitudes. Correcting such behavior requires an expansive interpretation of epistemic paternalism while respecting safeguards that protect such personal values as freedom and autonomy.
认识论的家长式作风通常被理解为在未经他人同意的情况下,为了他人的利益而干涉他人的调查。认识论的善通常被视为传统的“真理主义”,这意味着追求真理。文章认为,为认识论家长式主义辩护的选择之一可能是认识论的不确定性,它要么表现为接受相反的观点,要么表现为无法从已被接受的前提中得出结论,要么表现为拒绝坚持更高阶的认识论态度。纠正这种行为需要对认识论的家长式作风进行广泛的解释,同时尊重保护自由和自治等个人价值观的保障措施。
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引用次数: 0
On the Transit from Positivism to Marxism: «Essays of Materialist Sociology» by E. A. Engel 论从实证主义到马克思主义的过渡——恩格尔《唯物主义社会学论文集》
Pub Date : 2022-11-17 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2022-20-2-181-192
D. P. Mochalov, I. Nevzorova
In the context of philosophical discussions of the 1920s, the authors examine the texts of E. Engel with a view to identifying the relationship between the philosophical views of the author and his methodological principles. The paper traces both the repulsion and interpenetration of the pre-revolutionary positivist attitudes of E. A. Engel with the new Marxist methodology, within the framework of which his works of the Soviet period were written. The key points along which the participants in the controversy and the doctrines they represent were demarcated are assessed. The conclusion is made about the historical futility of Engel’s specific constructions, but the preservation of the general perspective of studying eclectic doc­trines as an inevitable product of transitional eras.
在20世纪20年代哲学讨论的背景下,作者考察了恩格尔的文本,以确定作者的哲学观与其方法论原则之间的关系。本文追溯了恩格斯在革命前的实证主义态度与新马克思主义方法论之间的相互排斥和相互渗透,恩格斯的苏联时期著作就是在新马克思主义方法论的框架内完成的。本文评估了争论的参与者及其所代表的学说的关键点。本文的结论是恩格斯的具体建构在历史上是无用的,但作为过渡时代的必然产物,研究折衷主义学说的总体视角得到了保留。
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引用次数: 0
Hellenistic Philosophy in Contemporary Intellectual Culture 当代知识文化中的希腊化哲学
Pub Date : 2022-11-17 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2022-20-2-155-166
V. Brovkin
The article deals with the place of Hellenistic philosophy in contemporary culture. It is established that the revival of interest in Hellenistic philosophy began at the end of the XX century and was associated with the research of P. Hadot and M. Foucault. The idea of these authors about Hellenistic philosophy as an art of living based on certain spiritual practices has become widespread in modern intellectual circles. It is shown that the philosophical teachings of Hellenism, especially Stoicism and Epicureanism, claim today to be a spiritual guide to life. Modern psychotherapy turns to Stoicism for help in the treatment of psychological disorders. Some ideas of Hellenistic philosophers continue to remain relevant in the field of socio-political relations.
这篇文章论述了希腊哲学在当代文化中的地位。可以确定的是,对希腊哲学的兴趣的复兴始于20世纪末,并与P. Hadot和M. Foucault的研究有关。这些作者认为,希腊哲学是一种基于某些精神实践的生活艺术,这种观点在现代知识分子圈子里很普遍。希腊文化的哲学教义,特别是斯多葛主义和伊壁鸠鲁主义,今天声称是生活的精神指南。现代心理治疗在治疗心理障碍时求助于斯多葛主义。希腊化哲学家的一些思想在社会政治关系领域仍然具有相关性。
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引用次数: 0
Foundation, Options and Forms of Interface Between Synergetics and Socio-Humanities Knowledge (Exemplified by Separatism Processes) 协同学与社会人文知识界面的基础、选择和形式(以分离主义过程为例)
Pub Date : 2022-11-17 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2022-20-2-112-126
E. S. Ermakov
The article deals with the problem of the convergence between social and humanities knowledge and synergetics as a set of methodological principles. N.S. Rozov’s Theoretical History as a Scientific Research Program is taken as a separate field of social and humanities knowledge. It is proposed to consider the correlation of methodological principles of synergetics and theoretical and methodological provisions of Theoretical History by means of the methodological Principle of Complementarity. The heuristics of this correlation and possible forms of its implementation are exemplified by the study of separatism.
本文以一套方法论原则来探讨社会人文知识与协同学的衔接问题。罗佐夫的《作为科学研究项目的理论史》被视为社会和人文知识的一个独立领域。建议通过方法论的互补性原则来考虑协同学的方法论原则与理论史的理论和方法论规定之间的关系。这种关联的启发式及其可能的实现形式可以通过分离主义的研究来举例说明。
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引用次数: 0
Coherence of Socio-Cultural Processes: On the Problem of Methodology 社会文化过程的一致性:关于方法论问题
Pub Date : 2022-11-17 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2022-20-2-103-111
V. Shmakov
The article deals with the problems of methodology for studying the dynamics of socio-cultural processes of local communities in the context of globalization. The purpose of the study is a methodological analysis of the problem of competition, from the point of view of global and local specifics of the development of culture and sociality. Modernization processes generate a paradigm of socio-cultural development that fixes the scale of action, methods and means of interrelation and existence of elements and subsys­tems that influence the formation of evolution models of the socio-cultural space. The emerging models of socio-cultural development have a high degree of dynamism, maintaining a certain level of locality in the sphere of socio-cultural life. The use of the coherence principle makes it possible to ensure the iden­tification of all components and modifications of the socio-cultural system.
本文讨论了在全球化背景下研究当地社区社会文化进程动态的方法论问题。该研究的目的是从全球和地方文化和社会发展的角度对竞争问题进行方法论分析。现代化进程产生了一种社会文化发展范式,它确定了影响社会文化空间演化模式形成的各种要素和子系统的行动规模、相互关系的方法和手段以及存在。新兴的社会文化发展模式具有高度的活力,在社会文化生活领域保持一定程度的地方性。连贯性原则的使用使我们有可能确定社会文化系统的所有组成部分和修改。
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引用次数: 0
Institutional Minimalism as a Trend in the Development of Local Self-Government in Modern Russia 制度极简主义:现代俄罗斯地方自治发展的一种趋势
Pub Date : 2022-11-17 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2022-20-2-127-142
M. Zazulina
The article is devoted to the analysis of the upcoming reform of local self-government initiated by amend­ments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation (2020) and the Draft Federal Law No. 40361-8 «On general principles of the organization of local self-government in a unified system of public author­ity», submitted to the State Duma of the Russian Federation in December 2021. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze trends in the development of the institutional organization of local self-govern­ment, manifested in the context of the development of the new Draft Federal Law. It is shown that a special type of institutional organization is emerging in the sphere of domestic local self-government, which can be defined as institutional minimalism. Its main features are highlighted. It is concluded that the manifes­tations of institutional minimalism are possible only in the conditions of continuation of such trends as the strengthening state control and unification of local self-government, which previously existed, but were further strengthened in connection with the building of a unified system of public power.
本文将分析俄罗斯联邦宪法(2020年)修正案和2021年12月提交给俄罗斯联邦国家杜马的第40361-8号《关于在统一的公共权力体系中组织地方自治的一般原则》联邦法律草案所引发的即将进行的地方自治改革。这项研究的目的是确定和分析地方自治机构组织发展的趋势,这些趋势在制定新的联邦法草案的背景下表现出来。研究表明,在国内地方自治领域出现了一种特殊类型的制度组织,可以将其定义为制度极简主义。突出了它的主要特点。结论是,制度极简主义的表现只有在加强国家控制和统一地方自治等趋势持续的条件下才有可能,这些趋势以前存在,但在建立统一的公共权力体系中得到进一步加强。
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引用次数: 0
Ethnic Identity of Members of the Tuva Diaspora in Abakan 阿巴坎地区散居的图瓦人的种族认同
Pub Date : 2022-11-17 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2022-20-2-143-154
E. Y. Nemkova
The work analyzes the results of a pilot socio-cultural study of the Tuvan diaspora of the city of Abakan, conducted by researchers of the N.F. Katanov Khakass State University. The results of the study describe the social structure of the analyzed ethnic group, the level of interaction between members, the reasons for moving to another national region, as well as the activity of socio-cultural attitudes. In addition, atten­tion is focused on the level of expression of the ethnic identity of representatives of the Tuvan diaspora, which, as a result of the study, is characterized as increased. The author also comes to the conclusion that the ethnic identity of the analyzed group passes into the category of intersubjectivity and is not subjective.
这项工作分析了由N.F.卡塔诺夫哈卡斯州立大学的研究人员对阿巴坎市的图瓦侨民进行的一项试点社会文化研究的结果。研究结果描述了被分析族群的社会结构、成员之间的互动程度、迁移到另一个民族地区的原因,以及社会文化态度的活动。此外,还将注意力集中在图瓦侨民代表的种族特性的表达水平上,由于这项研究,其特点是有所增加。本文还认为,被分析群体的族群认同已进入主体间性范畴,而非主体性范畴。
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引用次数: 0
The Invisible Enemy in Modern Warfare 现代战争中的隐形敌人
Pub Date : 2022-11-17 DOI: 10.25205/2541-7517-2022-20-2-92-102
N. Balakleets
The author uses the conceptual and methodological apparatus of social constructivism, perspectivism and phenomenology to discuss the phenomenon of the invisible enemy in the context of modern warfare. The concept of the invisible enemy is explicated in the works of Vladimir Solovyov, Lev Karsavin, Ernst Jünger, Fyodor Stepun and other authors. The article substantiates the legitimacy of the semantic expan­sion of this concept and the possibility of its application to a number of objects. It reveals such personifica­ tions of the invisible enemy as a victim and a violent actor, a fighter and an intelligence officer, a collective and an individual subject. The relationship between the traditional identity of the combatant («the killing one – the one to be killed») and the anthropological structure «the seeing one – the visible one», which is being destroyed in modern wars, are also exposed. The inversion of the categories «visible» and «invisible» in the context of military activity is substantiated.
作者运用社会建构主义、透视主义和现象学的概念和方法论工具,对现代战争背景下的隐形敌人现象进行了探讨。无形敌人的概念在Vladimir Solovyov、Lev Karsavin、Ernst jnger、Fyodor Stepun等作家的作品中都有阐述。本文论证了这一概念语义扩展的合法性,以及将其应用于若干对象的可能性。它揭示了无形敌人的人格化,如受害者和暴力演员,战士和情报官员,集体和个人主体。战斗者的传统身份(“杀戮者-被杀戮者”)与在现代战争中被摧毁的人类学结构(“看见者-看得见者”)之间的关系也被暴露出来。在军事活动的背景下,“可见”和“不可见”这两个范畴的倒置得到了证实。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Siberian Journal of Philosophy
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