Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2025.108417
Mégane Ackermans, Nienke C. Jonker, Peter J. de Jong
A better understanding of factors contributing to the development and maintenance of obesity is needed in order to generate effective interventions. One factor that may be responsible for making some individuals more vulnerable to overeating and remaining obese is an increased attentional bias (AB) towards food. For individuals with obesity food stimuli may be processed relatively efficiently and require less attentional resources to enter awareness. Once a food stimulus has captured attention, it may be preferentially processed and granted prioritized access to limited cognitive resources. Such capturing of attention is termed temporal AB and heightened temporal AB might undermine attempts to restrict food intake and render individuals vulnerable to overeating and remaining obese. To test whether temporal AB could play a role in the maintenance of adolescent obesity, this study tested whether adolescents with obesity showed a greater temporal AB towards food than adolescents with a healthy weight using a single target Rapid Serial Visual Presentation Task (RSVP). Fifty-one adolescents with obesity and 51 adolescents with a healthy weight matched on age, sex and educational level (79 % female, M age = 16.5) completed the RSVP with food and neutral pictures as distractors. We added pictures of overweight bodies as distractors to explore the relevance of processing priority of body features in adolescents with obesity. We found no difference in temporal AB towards food or overweight bodies between adolescents with obesity and adolescents with a healthy weight. Our findings provided no evidence for the notion that these biases may play a role in the maintenance of adolescent obesity.
{"title":"No heightened temporal attentional bias towards food or overweight bodies in adolescents with obesity","authors":"Mégane Ackermans, Nienke C. Jonker, Peter J. de Jong","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A better understanding of factors contributing to the development and maintenance of obesity is needed in order to generate effective interventions. One factor that may be responsible for making some individuals more vulnerable to overeating and remaining obese is an increased attentional bias (AB) towards food. For individuals with obesity food stimuli may be processed relatively efficiently and require less attentional resources to enter awareness. Once a food stimulus has captured attention, it may be preferentially processed and granted prioritized access to limited cognitive resources. Such capturing of attention is termed temporal AB and heightened temporal AB might undermine attempts to restrict food intake and render individuals vulnerable to overeating and remaining obese. To test whether temporal AB could play a role in the maintenance of adolescent obesity, this study tested whether adolescents with obesity showed a greater temporal AB towards food than adolescents with a healthy weight using a single target Rapid Serial Visual Presentation Task (RSVP). Fifty-one adolescents with obesity and 51 adolescents with a healthy weight matched on age, sex and educational level (79 % female, <em>M</em> age = 16.5) completed the RSVP with food and neutral pictures as distractors. We added pictures of overweight bodies as distractors to explore the relevance of processing priority of body features in adolescents with obesity. We found no difference in temporal AB towards food or overweight bodies between adolescents with obesity and adolescents with a healthy weight. Our findings provided no evidence for the notion that these biases may play a role in the maintenance of adolescent obesity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 108417"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145740324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The adaptation of taste perception to extreme and extraordinary environments remains poorly understood, yet it may offer valuable insights into the physiological processes of ageing and adaptation. This study explores how hypoxia - whether environmental, as experienced at high altitude, or constitutive, as observed in older adults - affects taste function, with implications for nutrition under both extreme and age-related conditions. The research was structured in two parts: i. an investigation of taste perception during a high-altitude. Himalayan expedition, and ii. a cross-sectional comparison of taste sensitivity across age groups. In the first part, 17 healthy adults underwent taste tests at low altitude (Kathmandu, 1450 m), high altitude (Pyramid Lab, 5050 m), and again at low altitude after descent. In the second part, 103 participants were grouped by age (18–40, 41–64, and over 64 years) to assess age-related differences in taste function. Preliminary findings suggest that high-altitude exposure may moderately reduce taste sensitivity, particularly for sweet stimuli, requiring higher concentrations for correct identification. Similarly, ageing appears to impair taste perception, though the effect is not uniform across all taste qualities-salty taste, for instance, remains relatively preserved. These results point to a possible shared mechanism: the role of hypoxia in modulating sensory function. While the hypoxia encountered at high altitude is acute and environmental, older adults may experience a form of chronic, low-grade hypoxia due to physiological ageing. This parallel invite a broader reflection on how the body adapts to oxygen-limited conditions, and how such adaptations might inform nutritional strategies in both extreme environments and geriatric care.
{"title":"Differential response of taste perception to high-altitude exposure and ageing","authors":"Carmen Santangelo , Bruna Lattanzi , Adele Boschetti , Vittore Verratti , Paola Pittia , Tiziana Pietrangelo , Danilo Bondi , Andrea Mazzatenta","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adaptation of taste perception to extreme and extraordinary environments remains poorly understood, yet it may offer valuable insights into the physiological processes of ageing and adaptation. This study explores how hypoxia - whether environmental, as experienced at high altitude, or constitutive, as observed in older adults - affects taste function, with implications for nutrition under both extreme and age-related conditions. The research was structured in two parts: i. an investigation of taste perception during a high-altitude. Himalayan expedition, and ii. a cross-sectional comparison of taste sensitivity across age groups. In the first part, 17 healthy adults underwent taste tests at low altitude (Kathmandu, 1450 m), high altitude (Pyramid Lab, 5050 m), and again at low altitude after descent. In the second part, 103 participants were grouped by age (18–40, 41–64, and over 64 years) to assess age-related differences in taste function. Preliminary findings suggest that high-altitude exposure may moderately reduce taste sensitivity, particularly for sweet stimuli, requiring higher concentrations for correct identification. Similarly, ageing appears to impair taste perception, though the effect is not uniform across all taste qualities-salty taste, for instance, remains relatively preserved. These results point to a possible shared mechanism: the role of hypoxia in modulating sensory function. While the hypoxia encountered at high altitude is acute and environmental, older adults may experience a form of chronic, low-grade hypoxia due to physiological ageing. This parallel invite a broader reflection on how the body adapts to oxygen-limited conditions, and how such adaptations might inform nutritional strategies in both extreme environments and geriatric care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 108414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2025.108413
Deniz Gözde Kılçık , Osman Nejat Akfırat
Emerging adulthood is a period when enduring eating patterns consolidate and guide daily food choices. This cross-sectional study examined whether perceived parenting and early maladaptive schema (EMS) domains were associated with intuitive eating, cognitive restraint, emotional eating, and uncontrolled eating among Turkish emerging adults (N = 446). Participants completed validated measures of intuitive and dysregulated eating, maternal/paternal warmth, overprotection, rejection, and five EMS domains. Hierarchical regressions entered demographics and lifestyle factors (Step 1), parenting (Step 2), and EMS domains (Step 3). Exploratory mediation models tested indirect pathways from parenting to eating through EMS domains while adjusting for the same covariates.
Men reported higher intuitive eating, whereas women reported greater restraint and emotional eating. Dieting history, higher body mass index, and weight dissatisfaction were consistently associated with lower intuitive eating and higher dysregulated patterns. Parenting contributed modestly to model fit, whereas EMS domains accounted for additional, larger variance. Mediation analyses indicated three indirect pathways: higher maternal warmth related to lower Impaired Autonomy/Performance (IAP), which was associated with higher intuitive eating; higher maternal rejection related to higher IAP, which was associated with greater emotional eating; and higher maternal overprotection related to higher IAP and Other-Directedness, which were associated with greater uncontrolled eating.
In final models, maternal warmth related positively to intuitive eating, while IAP—and for uncontrolled eating, Other-Directedness—showed robust links with dysregulated eating. Findings support a layered pattern of associations in which caregiving climates and enduring schemas make separable contributions to appetite-related regulation.
{"title":"Parenting and schema domains as predictors of intuitive and dysregulated eating in emerging adults","authors":"Deniz Gözde Kılçık , Osman Nejat Akfırat","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emerging adulthood is a period when enduring eating patterns consolidate and guide daily food choices. This cross-sectional study examined whether perceived parenting and early maladaptive schema (EMS) domains were associated with intuitive eating, cognitive restraint, emotional eating, and uncontrolled eating among Turkish emerging adults (N = 446). Participants completed validated measures of intuitive and dysregulated eating, maternal/paternal warmth, overprotection, rejection, and five EMS domains. Hierarchical regressions entered demographics and lifestyle factors (Step 1), parenting (Step 2), and EMS domains (Step 3). Exploratory mediation models tested indirect pathways from parenting to eating through EMS domains while adjusting for the same covariates.</div><div>Men reported higher intuitive eating, whereas women reported greater restraint and emotional eating. Dieting history, higher body mass index, and weight dissatisfaction were consistently associated with lower intuitive eating and higher dysregulated patterns. Parenting contributed modestly to model fit, whereas EMS domains accounted for additional, larger variance. Mediation analyses indicated three indirect pathways: higher maternal warmth related to lower Impaired Autonomy/Performance (IAP), which was associated with higher intuitive eating; higher maternal rejection related to higher IAP, which was associated with greater emotional eating; and higher maternal overprotection related to higher IAP and Other-Directedness, which were associated with greater uncontrolled eating.</div><div>In final models, maternal warmth related positively to intuitive eating, while IAP—and for uncontrolled eating, Other-Directedness—showed robust links with dysregulated eating. Findings support a layered pattern of associations in which caregiving climates and enduring schemas make separable contributions to appetite-related regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 108413"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145706707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2025.108411
Chiara Amicabile, Lorenzo Montali
A growing body of research has demonstrated the prevalence of unfavourable attitudes towards individuals who adhere to a vegan diet and has provided empirical evidence to support the existence of an anti-vegan ideology. The present study aims to contribute to extant knowledge by examining the social perception of veganism and vegans in Italy. Italy is a nation characterised by a traditional culture of food that serves as a significant catalyst for collective identification and national pride. However, the country is experiencing significant changes that are precipitating a diversification of dietary habits and a transformation of the cultural identity of its citizens. A structured interview was administered to 156 participants (85 women) aged 19 to 68. A framework analysis of the interview data yielded three overarching themes: 'Veganism as a deficit', 'Veganism as naturalness', and 'Veganism as a threat'. The analysis demonstrated the pervasive negative perceptions of the vegan diet as a deficiency and a potential threat to cultural identity, alongside a concomitant stigmatisation of individuals who adhere to a vegan diet. This stigmatisation is rooted in the normative perspective of carnism, even in a country whose diet is not meat-centric. Notwithstanding this predominantly negative perception, one of the themes presented in this study offers a positive assessment of veganism, centred on its naturalness. The present analysis illuminates and deepens the multifaceted and somewhat contradictory nature of the social perception of veganism within a context characterised by contrasting features and relevant social changes.
{"title":"“A football team with no midfield”: A qualitative analysis of anti-vegan stigma in Italy","authors":"Chiara Amicabile, Lorenzo Montali","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A growing body of research has demonstrated the prevalence of unfavourable attitudes towards individuals who adhere to a vegan diet and has provided empirical evidence to support the existence of an anti-vegan ideology. The present study aims to contribute to extant knowledge by examining the social perception of veganism and vegans in Italy. Italy is a nation characterised by a traditional culture of food that serves as a significant catalyst for collective identification and national pride. However, the country is experiencing significant changes that are precipitating a diversification of dietary habits and a transformation of the cultural identity of its citizens. A structured interview was administered to 156 participants (85 women) aged 19 to 68. A framework analysis of the interview data yielded three overarching themes: 'Veganism as a deficit', 'Veganism as naturalness', and 'Veganism as a threat'. The analysis demonstrated the pervasive negative perceptions of the vegan diet as a deficiency and a potential threat to cultural identity, alongside a concomitant stigmatisation of individuals who adhere to a vegan diet. This stigmatisation is rooted in the normative perspective of carnism, even in a country whose diet is not meat-centric. Notwithstanding this predominantly negative perception, one of the themes presented in this study offers a positive assessment of veganism, centred on its naturalness. The present analysis illuminates and deepens the multifaceted and somewhat contradictory nature of the social perception of veganism within a context characterised by contrasting features and relevant social changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 108411"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145699506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2025.108412
Rebecca L. Elsworth , Elanor C. Hinton , Julian P. Hamilton-Shield , Natalia S. Lawrence , Jeffrey M. Brunstrom
Researchers often use trait-based questionnaires to characterise dietary restraint, but it is unclear how this relates to real-life appetite and eating behaviour. Advances in technology have facilitated the development of ecological momentary assessment (EMA), an approach which captures everyday experiences in real-time. The aim of this study was to use our novel EMA tool (Momentary appetite capture; MAC) to investigate appetite and prospective portion-size selection throughout the day in ‘trait-based’ restrained eaters, and to explore whether ‘state-based’ dietary restraint can be measured using MAC and how this relates to BMI. Ninety-four participants (mean BMI = 22.4, 78 females) received seven text message MAC prompts per day for two consecutive weekdays. Each MAC measured current appetite, portion-size selection, and state-based dietary restraint. For each appetite measure, and each participant, we calculated a daily area-under-the-curve and daily range. For state-based restraint, the percentage of occasions that participants reported not eating a food they were tempted by but trying to avoid was calculated. We found that trait-based dietary restraint (TFEQ-18) was negatively correlated with daily area under the curve for hunger (r(83) = -0.25, p = .022), and prospective portion-size selection (r(83) = -0.27, p = .013), as well as daily range for prospective portion-size selection (r(93) = -0.24, p = .021). Exploratory analysis revealed a negative relationship (ρ = -0.40, p = .003, N = 53) between our MAC state-based measure of dietary restraint and BMI. These findings highlight the utility of MAC to measure fluctuations in appetite and state-based dietary restraint throughout the day. This study also demonstrates the potential to apply this work to understand how real-world dietary restraint impacts BMI.
{"title":"Exploring trait- and state-based dietary restraint using ecological momentary assessment","authors":"Rebecca L. Elsworth , Elanor C. Hinton , Julian P. Hamilton-Shield , Natalia S. Lawrence , Jeffrey M. Brunstrom","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Researchers often use trait-based questionnaires to characterise dietary restraint, but it is unclear how this relates to real-life appetite and eating behaviour. Advances in technology have facilitated the development of ecological momentary assessment (EMA), an approach which captures everyday experiences in real-time. The aim of this study was to use our novel EMA tool (Momentary appetite capture; MAC) to investigate appetite and prospective portion-size selection throughout the day in ‘trait-based’ restrained eaters, and to explore whether ‘state-based’ dietary restraint can be measured using MAC and how this relates to BMI. Ninety-four participants (mean BMI = 22.4, 78 females) received seven text message MAC prompts per day for two consecutive weekdays. Each MAC measured current appetite, portion-size selection, and state-based dietary restraint. For each appetite measure, and each participant, we calculated a daily area-under-the-curve and daily range. For state-based restraint, the percentage of occasions that participants reported not eating a food they were tempted by but trying to avoid was calculated. We found that trait-based dietary restraint (TFEQ-18) was negatively correlated with daily area under the curve for hunger (r(83) = -0.25, p = .022), and prospective portion-size selection (r(83) = -0.27, p = .013), as well as daily range for prospective portion-size selection (r(93) = -0.24, p = .021). Exploratory analysis revealed a negative relationship (ρ = -0.40, p = .003, N = 53) between our MAC state-based measure of dietary restraint and BMI. These findings highlight the utility of MAC to measure fluctuations in appetite and state-based dietary restraint throughout the day. This study also demonstrates the potential to apply this work to understand how real-world dietary restraint impacts BMI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 108412"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145699514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2025.108410
Morten Wendler , Øyvind Sundet , Johannes Volden
Flexitarians are becoming increasingly popular to study in social scientific consumer research and flexitarianism is often seen as a potential solution to the sustainability challenges related to high levels of meat consumption in rich countries. The paper examines popular, historical and scientific understandings of the term, and identifies and discusses three central challenges with how the term flexitarian has been applied in empirical research. First, there is no commonly agreed-upon definition of who counts as a flexitarian. This makes it hard to ascertain shares of flexitarians across populations and difficult to assess the accuracy of existing estimations. Second, there is a tendency to operationalize the term in ways that lead to large internal variations. This often leads to the inclusion of frequent meat eaters in the category, which risks leading to overly optimistic accounts of both the prevalence and the transformative potential of flexitarianism. Third, there has been limited scientific discussion about the issues pertaining to the term ‘flexitarian’, which means that it is still unclear whether ‘flexitarians’ can usefully be viewed as a distinct consumer group. The paper contributes with a systematic discussion of the limitations and challenges associated with the term "flexitarian(ism)" and its use in empirical research. It concludes by discussing potential implications and by providing suggestions for future research.
{"title":"Who do we talk about when we talk about flexitarians?","authors":"Morten Wendler , Øyvind Sundet , Johannes Volden","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexitarians are becoming increasingly popular to study in social scientific consumer research and flexitarianism is often seen as a potential solution to the sustainability challenges related to high levels of meat consumption in rich countries. The paper examines popular, historical and scientific understandings of the term, and identifies and discusses three central challenges with how the term flexitarian has been applied in empirical research. First, there is no commonly agreed-upon definition of who counts as a flexitarian. This makes it hard to ascertain shares of flexitarians across populations and difficult to assess the accuracy of existing estimations. Second, there is a tendency to operationalize the term in ways that lead to large internal variations. This often leads to the inclusion of frequent meat eaters in the category, which risks leading to overly optimistic accounts of both the prevalence and the transformative potential of flexitarianism. Third, there has been limited scientific discussion about the issues pertaining to the term ‘flexitarian’, which means that it is still unclear whether ‘flexitarians’ can usefully be viewed as a distinct consumer group. The paper contributes with a systematic discussion of the limitations and challenges associated with the term \"flexitarian(ism)\" and its use in empirical research. It concludes by discussing potential implications and by providing suggestions for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 108410"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2025.108400
Hope Thilges , Eric M. Phillips , Emily L. Goldberg , Rebecca L. Brock , Katherine M. Kidwell , Amy Lazarus Yaroch , Jennie L. Hill , Kimberly Andrews Espy , Jennifer Mize Nelson , W. Alex Mason , Timothy D. Nelson
Adolescent eating behaviors are often characterized by poor dietary quality. Executive control (EC), also called executive function, a collection of cognitive processes under continued development in adolescence, has been proposed to influence and be affected by adolescent eating behaviors. However, conceptual and methodological limitations have hindered our understanding of the nature of these associations. The current study investigated bidirectional, longitudinal associations between adolescent EC and eating behaviors (i.e., dietary quality, fruit and vegetable intake, added sugar and saturated fat intake) across a one-year interval. As part of a longitudinal study on cognitive development and health, U.S. adolescents (N = 222, 54 % female, ages 14–18; data collected between 2017 and 2024) completed a battery of neuropsychological EC tasks and multiple 24-h dietary recalls during two timepoints in adolescence, approximately one year apart. Structural equation modeling with autoregressive controls was used. Better EC task performance at Time 1 (M age = 15.33, SD = 1.15), as modeled by a unitary latent factor, significantly predicted greater fruit and vegetable intake during the Time 2 assessment (M age = 16.2, SD = .99). No other paths between EC and eating behaviors were significant. Findings suggest adolescent EC may be an important intervention target to increase fruit and vegetable intake.
{"title":"Evaluating bidirectional, longitudinal associations between adolescent executive control and eating behaviors","authors":"Hope Thilges , Eric M. Phillips , Emily L. Goldberg , Rebecca L. Brock , Katherine M. Kidwell , Amy Lazarus Yaroch , Jennie L. Hill , Kimberly Andrews Espy , Jennifer Mize Nelson , W. Alex Mason , Timothy D. Nelson","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adolescent eating behaviors are often characterized by poor dietary quality. <em>Executive control</em> (EC), also called executive function, a collection of cognitive processes under continued development in adolescence, has been proposed to influence and be affected by adolescent eating behaviors. However, conceptual and methodological limitations have hindered our understanding of the nature of these associations. The current study investigated bidirectional, longitudinal associations between adolescent EC and eating behaviors (i.e., dietary quality, fruit and vegetable intake, added sugar and saturated fat intake) across a one-year interval. As part of a longitudinal study on cognitive development and health, U.S. adolescents (<em>N</em> = 222, 54 % female, ages 14–18; data collected between 2017 and 2024) completed a battery of neuropsychological EC tasks and multiple 24-h dietary recalls during two timepoints in adolescence, approximately one year apart. Structural equation modeling with autoregressive controls was used. Better EC task performance at Time 1 (<em>M</em> age = 15.33, <em>SD</em> = 1.15), as modeled by a unitary latent factor, significantly predicted greater fruit and vegetable intake during the Time 2 assessment (<em>M</em> age = 16.2, <em>SD</em> = .99). No other paths between EC and eating behaviors were significant. Findings suggest adolescent EC may be an important intervention target to increase fruit and vegetable intake.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 108400"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145666514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2025.108389
Elisama Costa Lopes , Priscylla Rodrigues Vilella , Paula Ruffoni Moreira , Sarah Warkentin , Alexandre Siqueira Guedes Coelho , Géssica Mercia de Almeida , Matias Noll , Raquel Machado Schincaglia , Karine Anusca Martins
This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the relationship between parental autonomy-supportive food practices and the consumption of fruit and vegetable in children aged 2–12 years. Six electronic databases (PubMed®, EMBASE®, Web of Science™, Scopus™, PsycINFO®, and LILACS®), Google Scholar®, and reference lists were systematically searched for studies published before January 9, 2025. Studies assessing autonomy-supportive food practices (reported by caregivers and/or children) and child consumption of fruit and/or vegetable were included. Data were collected using a standardized form, risk of bias was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Two authors independently conducted all review steps, and a third reviewer resolved disagreements. A random-effects model was applied, and stratified meta-analyses were performed using R software. A total of 53 studies were included. Although individual study results were inconsistent, a correlation-based meta-analysis found weak but significant associations of verbal and visual encouragement to eat (K = 36; r = 0.17, 95 % confidence interval [CI] [0.13, 0.21]) and involvement (K = 13; r = 0.13, 95 % CI [0.09, 0.16]) with children's fruit and vegetable consumption; significance persisted in the regression-based meta-analysis (encouragement to eat: K = 14; β = 0.07, 95 % CI [0.02, 0.12]; involvement: K = 5; β = 0.10, 95 % CI [0.04, 0.16]). Teachable moments, praise, and negotiation showed weak but significant correlations (r ranging from 0.11 to 0.16). Findings suggest that verbal and visual encouragement to eat and involvement are associated with children's fruit and vegetable intake. Teachable moments, praise, and negotiation show weak positive correlations, although all these associations have small effect sizes and are primarily derived from cross-sectional studies in high-income countries.
{"title":"Parental autonomy-supportive food practices and fruit and vegetable consumption in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Elisama Costa Lopes , Priscylla Rodrigues Vilella , Paula Ruffoni Moreira , Sarah Warkentin , Alexandre Siqueira Guedes Coelho , Géssica Mercia de Almeida , Matias Noll , Raquel Machado Schincaglia , Karine Anusca Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the relationship between parental autonomy-supportive food practices and the consumption of fruit and vegetable in children aged 2–12 years. Six electronic databases (PubMed®, EMBASE®, Web of Science™, Scopus™, PsycINFO®, and LILACS®), Google Scholar®, and reference lists were systematically searched for studies published before January 9, 2025. Studies assessing autonomy-supportive food practices (reported by caregivers and/or children) and child consumption of fruit and/or vegetable were included. Data were collected using a standardized form, risk of bias was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Two authors independently conducted all review steps, and a third reviewer resolved disagreements. A random-effects model was applied, and stratified meta-analyses were performed using R software. A total of 53 studies were included. Although individual study results were inconsistent, a correlation-based meta-analysis found weak but significant associations of verbal and visual encouragement to eat (K = 36; r = 0.17, 95 % confidence interval [CI] [0.13, 0.21]) and involvement (K = 13; r = 0.13, 95 % CI [0.09, 0.16]) with children's fruit and vegetable consumption; significance persisted in the regression-based meta-analysis (encouragement to eat: K = 14; β = 0.07, 95 % CI [0.02, 0.12]; involvement: K = 5; β = 0.10, 95 % CI [0.04, 0.16]). Teachable moments, praise, and negotiation showed weak but significant correlations (r ranging from 0.11 to 0.16). Findings suggest that verbal and visual encouragement to eat and involvement are associated with children's fruit and vegetable intake. Teachable moments, praise, and negotiation show weak positive correlations, although all these associations have small effect sizes and are primarily derived from cross-sectional studies in high-income countries.</div></div><div><h3>Systematic review registration</h3><div>PROSPERO registration number CRD42023442680.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 108389"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145627337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2025.108395
Yatong Wen , Yuan Zeng , Xinyu Zhou , Mateusz Gola , Xinwen Dong , Yonghui Li
This study investigates the neural correlates of reward processing deficits in food addiction (FA), focusing on the anticipation and feedback phases under different metabolic states. Fifty-four participants (individuals with FA and healthy controls, HC) completed a food and monetary reward task during hungry and satiated states, with electroencephalography (EEG) recording. We specifically measured two event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with anticipation and feedback of reward: Stimulus-Preceding Negativity (SPN) and Feedback-Related Negativity (FRN). In addition, Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) scores assessed addiction severity. Repeated-measures ANOVA and correlation analyses examined group differences and neural-behavioral associations. Behavioral data showed heightened food reward anticipation in individuals with FA during satiety. Participants with FA exhibited larger SPN for food rewards in the satiated state compared to HC, indicating persistent reward anticipation, while FRN was attenuated across both metabolic states in the FA group, reflecting persistent feedback deficits. Monetary rewards showed no group differences between HC and FA. The FRN amplitude correlated with YFAS scores, linking feedback impairment to addiction severity. These results highlight that FA is characterized by food-specific reward processing deficits, particularly exacerbated in satiety. Impaired FRN emerged as a key ERP marker of these deficits and correlated with addiction severity. These findings underscore the critical role of dysregulated reward feedback processing in FA, offering FRN as a potential target for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
{"title":"Satiety modulates reward processing in food addiction: Evidence from event-related potentials","authors":"Yatong Wen , Yuan Zeng , Xinyu Zhou , Mateusz Gola , Xinwen Dong , Yonghui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the neural correlates of reward processing deficits in food addiction (FA), focusing on the anticipation and feedback phases under different metabolic states. Fifty-four participants (individuals with FA and healthy controls, HC) completed a food and monetary reward task during hungry and satiated states, with electroencephalography (EEG) recording. We specifically measured two event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with anticipation and feedback of reward: Stimulus-Preceding Negativity (SPN) and Feedback-Related Negativity (FRN). In addition, Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) scores assessed addiction severity. Repeated-measures ANOVA and correlation analyses examined group differences and neural-behavioral associations. Behavioral data showed heightened food reward anticipation in individuals with FA during satiety. Participants with FA exhibited larger SPN for food rewards in the satiated state compared to HC, indicating persistent reward anticipation, while FRN was attenuated across both metabolic states in the FA group, reflecting persistent feedback deficits. Monetary rewards showed no group differences between HC and FA. The FRN amplitude correlated with YFAS scores, linking feedback impairment to addiction severity. These results highlight that FA is characterized by food-specific reward processing deficits, particularly exacerbated in satiety. Impaired FRN emerged as a key ERP marker of these deficits and correlated with addiction severity. These findings underscore the critical role of dysregulated reward feedback processing in FA, offering FRN as a potential target for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 108395"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145627352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2025.108392
Femke J. de Gooijer , Guido Camps , Edith J.M. Feskens , Marlou Lasschuijt
Children's vegetable consumption is below recommended levels. Offering children a choice is an easy to implement strategy to increase vegetable intake in children, however, results are inconclusive about the effectiveness to enhance intake. This study investigates the independent and combined effects of two types of choice offerings on vegetable intake in children aged 3–7 years: a variety of snack vegetables (versus no variety) and providing free access (versus parent-initiated eating). The study had a 2x2 cross-over design with two levels of vegetable variety: one vegetable (no-variety) or three vegetables (variety), and two levels of initiation: parent-initiated eating moments (initiated) or child-initiated eating moments (free). In randomized order, 44 children (20 boys, age = 5.7 ± 1.1) received each condition twice. Vegetables were offered as an afternoon snack at the child's home on schooldays, and intake was assessed using pre- and post-consumption weighing of left-overs. Vegetable intake was 58 % higher when a variety was offered (Mean ± SEM, 221 ± 11 g) compared to a single type of vegetables (140 ± 11 g), p < .001. Intake was 14 % higher when children could choose when to eat (192 ± 11 g) versus a parent-initiated snack time (169 ± 11 g), p = .03. No interaction effects were found between conditions. These findings suggest that providing children with variety and free access are effective strategies to enhance vegetable intake, though the effects may be partially attributable to increased portion sizes and longer exposure times inherent to these interventions.
{"title":"The impact of variety and free accessibility of snack vegetables on the intake of 3- to 7-year-old children: A randomized cross-over trial","authors":"Femke J. de Gooijer , Guido Camps , Edith J.M. Feskens , Marlou Lasschuijt","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Children's vegetable consumption is below recommended levels. Offering children a choice is an easy to implement strategy to increase vegetable intake in children, however, results are inconclusive about the effectiveness to enhance intake. This study investigates the independent and combined effects of two types of choice offerings on vegetable intake in children aged 3–7 years: a variety of snack vegetables (versus no variety) and providing free access (versus parent-initiated eating). The study had a 2x2 cross-over design with two levels of vegetable variety: one vegetable (no-variety) or three vegetables (variety), and two levels of initiation: parent-initiated eating moments (initiated) or child-initiated eating moments (free). In randomized order, 44 children (20 boys, age = 5.7 ± 1.1) received each condition twice. Vegetables were offered as an afternoon snack at the child's home on schooldays, and intake was assessed using pre- and post-consumption weighing of left-overs. Vegetable intake was 58 % higher when a variety was offered (Mean ± SEM, 221 ± 11 g) compared to a single type of vegetables (140 ± 11 g), <em>p</em> < .001. Intake was 14 % higher when children could choose when to eat (192 ± 11 g) versus a parent-initiated snack time (169 ± 11 g), <em>p</em> = .03. No interaction effects were found between conditions. These findings suggest that providing children with variety and free access are effective strategies to enhance vegetable intake, though the effects may be partially attributable to increased portion sizes and longer exposure times inherent to these interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 108392"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145615110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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