Appetite最新文献

Sex - and its associated gonadal hormones - matters for binge eating (BE). On average, females report higher BE than males. Estradiol generally suppresses appetite whereas progesterone opposes estradiol's action such that their combined presence represents a high-risk hormonal milieu for BE. Testosterone is thought to be associated with increased BE in females but appears protective in males. Hormonal contraceptives (HCs) provide a naturalistic means to study the relation between gonadal hormones and BE, as HCs vary in formulations and delivery. Oral contraceptive (OC) use has been linked to greater BE-related appetitive processes (e.g., food intake); however, the association with BE itself has not been studied, and research has overlooked hormonal variation across OCs. No study has systematically examined BE and hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs), which differ in formulation and delivery from other HCs. We explored hormone-BE links in 401 human females (181 naturally cycling (NC); 152 OC users; 53 IUD users) and 159 males aged 18-44 years. ANCOVA tested differences in Binge Eating Scale (BES) summary scores across sex and HC groups (NC, OC, and IUD). Hierarchical linear regressions examined relations between OC hormone activities and BES summary scores. Analyses controlled for BMI and age. In this sample, females reported higher BE than males, but BE did not differ across HC groups or vary with OC hormonal activities. Null results may reflect true group-level similarities in BE or individual differences in vulnerability to hormonal exposures. Further research should replicate and extend these findings to other samples and using other methodologies.

The US food environment includes many packaged snack foods, which are sometimes marketed in ways that make them seem healthier than they are, suggesting they are deceptive to consumers. In this study, deception refers to marketing cues that may mislead children to think foods are healthier than nutritionally comparable alternatives. We examined two types of deceptive marketing strategies that are often geared toward children: (1) deceptive product-related characteristics of the foods (e.g., naming conventions and healthy reputations), and (2) deceptive packaging characteristics (e.g., designs featuring fruits and vegetables, highlighting certain nutrition information). Using a conceptual framework based on Shepherd's (1985) model, this study explored how types of deceptive product-related and packaging characteristics of snack foods influence children's health evaluations. Children (aged 6-8 years; N = 31) participated in a food matching task. Target foods (e.g., snack foods with deceptive characteristics) were presented alongside clearly healthy and unhealthy snack foods, and children indicated (1) the perceived health of target foods in relation to healthy and unhealthy foods and (2) their willingness to try target foods. Results showed that children's health evaluations were influenced by both deceptive product-related and packaging characteristics, believing that target foods were more like healthy foods. Children were most willing to try unpackaged foods and foods in fruit/vegetable packaging compared to target foods presented in deceptive packaging. Overall, these findings extend previous research by demonstrating that multiple marketing cues shape children's health evaluations. These findings suggest potential implications for packaging design and front-of-package labeling guidelines for snack foods.

Background: Poor dietary quality and weekday-weekend differences in eating patterns during pregnancy link to adverse outcomes. Mindfulness, a practice of non-judgmental awareness of present experience, associates with higher dietary quality, potentially through reduced depressive symptoms. This study examined whether dispositional mindfulness relates to dietary quality in pregnant individuals with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI)≥25, and whether depressive symptoms mediate this relationship.

Methods: Participants (N=308; M_age±SD=31.02±4.9 years; M_BMI±SD=32.8±6.07 kg/m²; M_{weeks gestation}±SD=13.6±2.7 weeks) from a perinatal lifestyle intervention trial self-reported mindfulness (Mindful Attention Awareness Scale [MAAS]) and depressive symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS]) at baseline. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2020 was derived from a dietary recall on one weekday and one weekend day. MAAS and EPDS effects on HEI scores were analyzed in three separate models (HEI weekday, weekend, and average) using R's mediation package with bias-corrected bootstrapped confidence intervals (BootCI; k=1,000). Models covaried for age, weeks of gestation, racial identity, education, income, and pre-pregnancy BMI.

Results: HEI scores were higher on weekdays than weekends (t(307)=2.48, p=.01; M_weekday=47.14±14.34; M_weekend=44.8±13.05). Higher MAAS scores predicted higher weekend (β=0.13, p=.02) but not weekday (β=0.01, p=.84) or average (β=0.07, p=.20) HEI scores. Higher MAAS scores associated with higher weekend HEI scores through lower EPDS scores (average causal mediation effect=0.747, BootCI=0.07-1.53, p=.04).

Conclusions: Findings suggest dispositional mindfulness relates to weekend dietary quality among pregnant individuals with pre-pregnancy BMI≥25 and may help maintain dietary patterns through lowered depressive symptoms.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common risk factors for a range of maladaptive physical and psychological health outcomes, including eating disorder (ED) psychopathology. However, most research to date has focused on traditional, thinness-oriented ED psychopathology in Western samples, overlooking the potential influence of ACEs on diverse eating-related outcomes, particularly in non-Western contexts (e.g., China). This study examined associations between ACEs and various eating-related outcomes, including thinness- and muscularity-oriented ED psychopathology, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), food addiction symptoms, and intuitive eating among Chinese adult men and women. Using both variable- and person-centered approaches, links of various ACE subtypes and eating-related outcomes were examined by gender in a sample of 800 Chinese adults (400 men and 400 women). Regression analyses (variable-centered) revealed that specific ACE subtypes (e.g., emotional neglect) were uniquely associated with higher ED psychopathology and reduced intuitive eating. Latent class analysis (LCA; person-centered) identified four ACE patterns in both men and women (i.e., High ACEs, Trauma and Family Disruption, Abusive Environment, and Low ACEs), which differed significantly across various eating outcomes. Notably, individuals in the High ACEs class consistently exhibited the highest levels of ED psychopathology and the lowest levels of intuitive eating. The results of variable- and person-centered approaches suggested the importance of addressing the potential impacts of certain subtypes of ACEs as well as the specific combinations of ACEs on eating behaviors, underscoring potential implications for designing tailored interventions aimed at mitigating the long-term impact of ACEs on eating behaviors.

Nigeria is projected to become the world's fourth most populous country within the 21st century. A rapidly expanding working-age population promises economic growth, which will increase meat consumption and place significant pressure on environmental systems, animal welfare, and public health. Cultured meat (CM) is one suggested solution to relieve these pressures. Therefore, an online survey was conducted, obtaining data from 701 Nigerian consumers. Results suggest a market potential among well-educated and high-income urban consumers, with widespread interest in and intentions to try CM. However, reluctance remains toward regular consumption of CM and replacing farmed meat. Structural equation modelling showed that CM acceptance (i.e., composite score of willingness to try, purchase, eat regularly and replace farmed meat with CM) is positively predicted by individual interest, social norms and perceived motives, but negatively predicted by perceived barriers, food disgust sensitivity, food technology neophobia and income. Among all perceived barriers, disgust toward CM had the strongest negative influence on acceptance, whereas environmental benefits of CM had the strongest positive effect among all perceived motives. These and further new insights into the Nigerian market can support the development of targeted marketing and educational campaigns to promote the acceptance of CM.

Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a gut-derived peptide hormone with anorexigenic properties that reduce food intake and increase energy expenditure. This study investigated the effect of a single bout of moderate-intensity running on OXM concentrations and whether OXM response were associated with appetite perceptions and energy intake. Twenty healthy adults (10 men, 10 women; age: 25 ± 4 years; BMI: 22.2 ± 2.0 kg m^-2) completed two randomised crossover trials: (1) 60-min treadmill running at 70% of peak oxygen uptake, and (2) rest control. Plasma OXM concentrations were measured at baseline (0 min), immediately post-exercise/rest, and every 30 min until 210 min. Appetite ratings were assessed throughout. Energy intake was measured from an ad libitum meal provided at 120 min. Linear mixed-effect models were used to examine the main effect of trial, time, and their interaction. OXM concentrations increased after the meal in both trials (p < 0.001), with no main effect of trial (p = 0.413) or trial-by-time interaction (p = 0.748). Pre-lunch OXM time-averaged incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was higher following exercise compared with control (0-120 min, mean difference = 16 pg mL^-1·min, p = 0.006), whereas no difference was observed across the full sampling period (0-210 min; p = 0.265). Exercise increased fullness at 60 min (mean difference = 13 mm, p = 0.019) and reduced relative energy intake compared with control (mean difference = 2056 kJ, p < 0.001). No associations were observed between OXM iAUC and appetite perceptions or energy intake (p ≥ 0.098). Moderate-intensity running did not alter OXM concentrations. Changes in OXM were not associated with appetite perceptions or energy intake, suggesting that OXM may not play a central role in exercise-induced appetite regulation. Research across different exercise modes, intensities, and durations is warranted.

Although food is often described as a 'social surrogate', that is a non-human social target, little is known about how individual differences in the need to belong interact with contexts that satisfy more or less belongingness needs to shape food intake. This experiment addressed this question by examining consumption across three contexts: a control condition (bogus taste test of three ice cream flavors), a social food condition (ice cream explicitly linked to belongingness), and a social inclusion condition (social inclusion episode prior to the social food manipulation and taste test). Moreover, as previous research has shown that effects on actual and perceived intake can differ, both were investigated in the present experiment. A total of 283 participants were randomly assigned to one of these conditions, and both perceived and actual ice cream intake were measured as dependent variables. Two separate 3 × 2 ANCOVAs were conducted, one for actual intake and one for perceived intake, with condition (control, social food, social inclusion) and need to belong (low vs. high) as between-subjects factors. Results revealed the following pattern. First, no differences between low- vs. high-need individuals in the control condition were found. Second, participants high in need to belong reported and consumed more when food was tied to belongingness, an effect that disappeared following prior social inclusion. Third, participants low in need to belong showed an increased intake after social inclusion compared to the neutral situation, but no difference between the control and social food conditions. These findings suggest that food can function as a social surrogate, but this depends on the interplay between individual differences and situational factors.

Background: Novel and potentially sustainable alternative proteins, such as cultivated meat, face many barriers when entering the consumer market, yet these are less well explored with children and their parents.

Aims: Across two exploratory online cross-sectional studies, we aimed to investigate the factors influencing the likelihood of trying and regularly consuming cultivated meat, with a focus on parents, their children, and the family.

Methods: Study 1 recruited UK parents of children 6-10 years of age (n = 475) and Study 2 recruited UK parents of children 11-15 years of age (n = 453). Studies included questionnaires relating to parents and children, including measures of eating behaviour, neophobia, and child temperament.

Results: Using a backward stepwise regression approach, across both studies, familiarity with cultivated meat, acceptance of new technologies and processes, and attitudes towards cultivated meat positively predicted how likely parents were to provide, try and regularly consume cultivated meat, for themselves, their children, and their family. Acceptance of cultivated meat, and attitudes towards conventional beef, generally predicted these outcomes also, whereas eating behaviour and temperament were selective predictors. Of note, child neophobia and child food fussiness were not significant predictors of provision.

Conclusion: Together, these exploratory findings are useful for theory development, and speculatively suggest that familiarity with cultivated meat, acceptance of new technologies and processes, and attitudes towards cultivated meat could be used to enhance the acceptance of cultivated meat, e.g., communicating key benefits of cultivated meat to the consumer, to enhance positive attitudes.