Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf190
A. Butlers, G. Spalva, Ieva Līcīte, Dana Purviņa
Implementation of climate change mitigation measures in forestry has a key role to successfully fulfil the climate change policy goals of Land use, land use change and forest sector set by the Paris Agreement to fully offset total GHG emissions in the country by CO2 removals in 2050. GHG emissions from organic soils in forest land have significant impact on total emissions of Latvia, however, high emissions also indicate the potential of climate change mitigation measures. This study aims to evaluate CO2 emissions from drained and naturally wet nutrient-rich forest soils to improve knowledge of forest management practice impact on GHG emissions. The study is conducted in 21 drained (Myrtillosa turf.mel. and Oxalidosa turf. mel.) and 10 naturally wet (Dryopterioso–caricosa and Filipendulosa) forest sites with nutrient-rich organic soils for 12 consecutive months. Soil total CO2 emissions were measured by closed manual non-transparent chamber method. The groundwater level, soil and air temperature were measured to evaluate factors affecting CO2 emission. Empirical data collected within the scope of the study showed high correlation (r = 0.85) between CO2 emissions and temperature, however, the groundwater level depth had no considerable impact on emissions. Total soil CO2 emissions from drained nutrient-rich organic soils ranged from 5.44 t ± 0.1 tC·ha·yr in black alder stands to 9.76 ± 2.47 tC·ha·yr in clearcut areas (average 7.35 ± 0.89 tC·ha·yr), while CO2 emissions from forest sites with naturally wet soil ranged from 5.73 ± 2.23 tC·ha·yr in spruce stands to 10.41 ± 4.33 tC·ha·yr in clearcut areas (average 7.02 ± 0.96 tC·ha·yr). The study results demonstrate that drainage does not have significant effect on CO2 emissions.
{"title":"Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from naturally wet and drained nutrient-rich organic forests soils","authors":"A. Butlers, G. Spalva, Ieva Līcīte, Dana Purviņa","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf190","url":null,"abstract":"Implementation of climate change mitigation measures in forestry has a key role to successfully fulfil the climate change policy goals of Land use, land use change and forest sector set by the Paris Agreement to fully offset total GHG emissions in the country by CO2 removals in 2050. GHG emissions from organic soils in forest land have significant impact on total emissions of Latvia, however, high emissions also indicate the potential of climate change mitigation measures. This study aims to evaluate CO2 emissions from drained and naturally wet nutrient-rich forest soils to improve knowledge of forest management practice impact on GHG emissions. The study is conducted in 21 drained (Myrtillosa turf.mel. and Oxalidosa turf. mel.) and 10 naturally wet (Dryopterioso–caricosa and Filipendulosa) forest sites with nutrient-rich organic soils for 12 consecutive months. Soil total CO2 emissions were measured by closed manual non-transparent chamber method. The groundwater level, soil and air temperature were measured to evaluate factors affecting CO2 emission. Empirical data collected within the scope of the study showed high correlation (r = 0.85) between CO2 emissions and temperature, however, the groundwater level depth had no considerable impact on emissions. Total soil CO2 emissions from drained nutrient-rich organic soils ranged from 5.44 t ± 0.1 tC·ha·yr in black alder stands to 9.76 ± 2.47 tC·ha·yr in clearcut areas (average 7.35 ± 0.89 tC·ha·yr), while CO2 emissions from forest sites with naturally wet soil ranged from 5.73 ± 2.23 tC·ha·yr in spruce stands to 10.41 ± 4.33 tC·ha·yr in clearcut areas (average 7.02 ± 0.96 tC·ha·yr). The study results demonstrate that drainage does not have significant effect on CO2 emissions.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123621840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf101
Matiss Erins, Z. Markovičs
The current research aims to augment a platform with complex passive multi-level fatigue and workability evaluation and the monitoring system for integration into professional safety and telehealth domains. The monitoring and decision-making system offers a comprehensive evaluation of human fatigue based on estimating mental and physical types of human fatigue. The aggregated component values express the fuzzy logicbased decision about the overall fatigue level in the system output. The current paper offers a decision-making approach for a rule-based expert system in unordinary situations of fatigue and drowsiness as an additional decision block. Evaluating unordinary situations uses electroencephalography parameters of a wearable device in combination with information from pre-work questionnaires. The unordinary situation model evaluates the presence of 5 additional conditions: insomnia, last sleep, microsleep, daytime sleepiness, and boredom sleepiness. The system performs additional control tasks to trigger alerts based on the new decisions during the monitoring session. The feedback, such as decisions, alerts, and recommendations, is received through a smartphone or wearable equipment. The system addition described in this work uses recommendations for the system user to express the level of fatigue and the proposed alerting expert decision model outputs immediate alerts, thus preventing drivers or operators from falling asleep. The proposed system aims to benefit in areas of work schedule planning and dangerous, responsible work.
{"title":"Unordinary situation assessment of human fatigue and drowsiness in expert decision-making systems","authors":"Matiss Erins, Z. Markovičs","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf101","url":null,"abstract":"The current research aims to augment a platform with complex passive multi-level fatigue and workability evaluation and the monitoring system for integration into professional safety and telehealth domains. The monitoring and decision-making system offers a comprehensive evaluation of human fatigue based on estimating mental and physical types of human fatigue. The aggregated component values express the fuzzy logicbased decision about the overall fatigue level in the system output. The current paper offers a decision-making approach for a rule-based expert system in unordinary situations of fatigue and drowsiness as an additional decision block. Evaluating unordinary situations uses electroencephalography parameters of a wearable device in combination with information from pre-work questionnaires. The unordinary situation model evaluates the presence of 5 additional conditions: insomnia, last sleep, microsleep, daytime sleepiness, and boredom sleepiness. The system performs additional control tasks to trigger alerts based on the new decisions during the monitoring session. The feedback, such as decisions, alerts, and recommendations, is received through a smartphone or wearable equipment. The system addition described in this work uses recommendations for the system user to express the level of fatigue and the proposed alerting expert decision model outputs immediate alerts, thus preventing drivers or operators from falling asleep. The proposed system aims to benefit in areas of work schedule planning and dangerous, responsible work.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122590042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf288
Z. Ruzhylo, A. Novitskii, D. Milko, V. Bulgakov, I. Beloev, A. Rucins
. Raising the reliability of machines for preparation and distribution of feed in animal husbandry is an urgent scientific and practical task. The purpose of the work is to develop a mathematical model of reliability of a technical system “Man-Machine” (using as an example machines for preparation and distribution animal feed) in order to identify the influence of its main components upon the dynamic characteristics with a gradual loss of its initial parameters. The model is described by Holmogorov’s stochastic differential balance equations of probabilities of states and transitions. The system of equations was solved in Laplace transformations. The probabilities of states in the form of transitions from originals to images were found according to Cramer’s rule. Under extreme conditions at the start of the operation and under the conditions of a settled pseudo-static mode during long-term operation of the systems, a readiness function was obtained that corresponds to the physical essence of the systems’ operable state. With an increase in the time of operation of the “man-machine” system its readiness for work under the conditions of “aging” of the equipment and increasing the operators’ fatigue decreases asymptotically, approaching its finishing value. It has been established that the optimal value of the probability of failure-free operation within the range of 0.92-0.98 corresponds to 350 - 500 hours of operation of the device for preparation and distributing feed. The probability of non-failure operation of the “human operator” has a higher value compared to the probability of non-failure operation of the “machine”. Within the indicated operating time the probability of failure-free operation is respectively: for the “machine” - 0.84-0.89; for the “human operator” -0.93-0.98.
{"title":"Mathematical model for reliability assessment of device for preparation and distribution of animal feed as “man-machine”","authors":"Z. Ruzhylo, A. Novitskii, D. Milko, V. Bulgakov, I. Beloev, A. Rucins","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf288","url":null,"abstract":". Raising the reliability of machines for preparation and distribution of feed in animal husbandry is an urgent scientific and practical task. The purpose of the work is to develop a mathematical model of reliability of a technical system “Man-Machine” (using as an example machines for preparation and distribution animal feed) in order to identify the influence of its main components upon the dynamic characteristics with a gradual loss of its initial parameters. The model is described by Holmogorov’s stochastic differential balance equations of probabilities of states and transitions. The system of equations was solved in Laplace transformations. The probabilities of states in the form of transitions from originals to images were found according to Cramer’s rule. Under extreme conditions at the start of the operation and under the conditions of a settled pseudo-static mode during long-term operation of the systems, a readiness function was obtained that corresponds to the physical essence of the systems’ operable state. With an increase in the time of operation of the “man-machine” system its readiness for work under the conditions of “aging” of the equipment and increasing the operators’ fatigue decreases asymptotically, approaching its finishing value. It has been established that the optimal value of the probability of failure-free operation within the range of 0.92-0.98 corresponds to 350 - 500 hours of operation of the device for preparation and distributing feed. The probability of non-failure operation of the “human operator” has a higher value compared to the probability of non-failure operation of the “machine”. Within the indicated operating time the probability of failure-free operation is respectively: for the “machine” - 0.84-0.89; for the “human operator” -0.93-0.98.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124983563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf055
Atanas Z. Atanasov, Iliyan Georgiev, I. Hristakov, P. Hristov
An approach for evaluation of apiaries’ location in flat-hilly regions by using a mathematical model is presented. The study was conducted in 2021 based on the assessment of the existing bee forage resources as Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), Linden (Tilia cordata), Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Rapeseed (Brassica napus), Lavender (Lavandula) and the number of bee colonies kept in three different regions in the North-eastern part of Bulgaria. We use the mathematical model designed to estimate the potential location where hives can be placed, comparable to a coefficient characterizing the extent to which this place is desired to be created. The evaluation coefficient named ρi , preferably in a given place, the sum of the “values” of all feeding places in relation to the given apiary place are taken in consideration. Possible solutions are illustrated with numerical values giving assessment of potential distribution sites for cases without overpopulation of the area with bee colonies and for areas with overpopulation. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is reported in two directions. On the one hand, the benefit for beekeepers in their selection of suitable places for apiaries guaranteeing optimal nutrition of bee colonies. The correct assessment of the location will provide pollen and nectar for bees, reduction of harmful effects of overpopulation with bee colonies and high yields of bee products. On the other hand, the benefit for farmers growing flowering agricultural crops in the respective area is expressed in guaranteeing better pollination of crops, which is a prerequisite for higher yields.
{"title":"Application of mathematical model for apiaries location evaluation","authors":"Atanas Z. Atanasov, Iliyan Georgiev, I. Hristakov, P. Hristov","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf055","url":null,"abstract":"An approach for evaluation of apiaries’ location in flat-hilly regions by using a mathematical model is presented. The study was conducted in 2021 based on the assessment of the existing bee forage resources as Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), Linden (Tilia cordata), Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Rapeseed (Brassica napus), Lavender (Lavandula) and the number of bee colonies kept in three different regions in the North-eastern part of Bulgaria. We use the mathematical model designed to estimate the potential location where hives can be placed, comparable to a coefficient characterizing the extent to which this place is desired to be created. The evaluation coefficient named ρi , preferably in a given place, the sum of the “values” of all feeding places in relation to the given apiary place are taken in consideration. Possible solutions are illustrated with numerical values giving assessment of potential distribution sites for cases without overpopulation of the area with bee colonies and for areas with overpopulation. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is reported in two directions. On the one hand, the benefit for beekeepers in their selection of suitable places for apiaries guaranteeing optimal nutrition of bee colonies. The correct assessment of the location will provide pollen and nectar for bees, reduction of harmful effects of overpopulation with bee colonies and high yields of bee products. On the other hand, the benefit for farmers growing flowering agricultural crops in the respective area is expressed in guaranteeing better pollination of crops, which is a prerequisite for higher yields.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123809006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf154
S. Yermakov, Taras Hutsol, V. Devin, Serhiy Oleksiyko, Pavlo Potapskyi
The article presents the results of pedagogical research on the impact of the inclusion of cognitive information in educational classes in the study of general technical disciplines on the example of teaching technical mechanics at the College of Agricultural Engineering. The main purpose of the work is to study the impact of involvement in the explanation of cognitive information on the effectiveness of theoretical classes and the quality of knowledge acquisition by students. The study was conducted in the educational process of studying the discipline Technical Mechanics in parallel groups. Before the research in the control and experimental groups, the level of residual knowledge on previous topics of the course and partly on related disciplines was measured. Methodological materials were developed for the experimental group with the inclusion of cognitive information, which to some extent relates to the topics studied. Whereas in the control group teaching took place in strict accordance with traditional teaching materials. As a result of the study it was found that the involvement of cognitive digressions in technical mechanics increased the overall activity of perception and assimilation of educational material, which is expressed in better improvement of both qualitative and quantitative results in the final test in the experimental group compared to control. The results of the study showed that in the groups in which “interesting” explanations were used compared to the initial data of the level of residual knowledge, the efficiency of learning increased by 96.4%, while in the control group this figure was only 25.6%. Thus, the study confirmed the hypothesis that the cognitive presentation of technical sciences may contribute to a more attentive mastery of the subject and, consequently, better learning of the material.
{"title":"Effectiveness of cognitive digressions in classes of general technical disciplines in institutions of higher education of agro-technical direction","authors":"S. Yermakov, Taras Hutsol, V. Devin, Serhiy Oleksiyko, Pavlo Potapskyi","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf154","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of pedagogical research on the impact of the inclusion of cognitive information in educational classes in the study of general technical disciplines on the example of teaching technical mechanics at the College of Agricultural Engineering. The main purpose of the work is to study the impact of involvement in the explanation of cognitive information on the effectiveness of theoretical classes and the quality of knowledge acquisition by students. The study was conducted in the educational process of studying the discipline Technical Mechanics in parallel groups. Before the research in the control and experimental groups, the level of residual knowledge on previous topics of the course and partly on related disciplines was measured. Methodological materials were developed for the experimental group with the inclusion of cognitive information, which to some extent relates to the topics studied. Whereas in the control group teaching took place in strict accordance with traditional teaching materials. As a result of the study it was found that the involvement of cognitive digressions in technical mechanics increased the overall activity of perception and assimilation of educational material, which is expressed in better improvement of both qualitative and quantitative results in the final test in the experimental group compared to control. The results of the study showed that in the groups in which “interesting” explanations were used compared to the initial data of the level of residual knowledge, the efficiency of learning increased by 96.4%, while in the control group this figure was only 25.6%. Thus, the study confirmed the hypothesis that the cognitive presentation of technical sciences may contribute to a more attentive mastery of the subject and, consequently, better learning of the material.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123840372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf107
S. Rancane, A. Kārkliņš, D. Lazdiņa
. In order to achieve the goals, set within the EU Green Course, it is necessary to increase the share of renewable resources, as well as to change the resource use habits, including greater emphasis on the re-use of plant nutrients. Taking into consideration political objectives, it can be expected that energy production from plant biomass obtained from agricultural land will increase in the near future. Perennial grasses are more perspective for bioenergy production in temperate climate conditions, taking into account their growing conditions, productivity, biomass quality, and productive longevity. In order to facilitate the achievement of these objectives, a research was carried out to study the possibilities of the cultivation of reed canary grass (RCG) ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) and festulolium (× Festulolium ) by using the waste products from bioenergy production – biogas fermentation digestate and wood ash – as fertilisers. A field experiment was set up where an equivalent amount of plant nutrients (100 N; 80 P 2 O 5 ; 160 K 2 O, kg·ha -1 ) by different fertilisers was provided, compensating for the missing elements with mineral fertilisers. Two mowing regimes for grass harvesting were used: two-cut and one-cut. The results obtained showed that in this way, partial re-use of plant nutrients can be ensured: waste products provided a significant increase in grass dry matter yield (DMY) for both species. Furthermore, harvest analyses showed that when mowing at plant senescence, part of nutrients had already been transformed from the above-ground parts to the roots, ensuring plant nutrient re-use in the following seasons. Nutrient removal by yield using the two-cut mowing regime, especially for RCG, was significantly higher, compared to the one-cut regime. The highest removal was obtained for potassium: in the two-cut mowing regime, the removal with RCG was two times higher (202.3 kg·ha -1 K 2 O) compared with the one-cut regime (92.5 kg·ha -1 K 2 O). Similar tendencies were observed also for nitrogen and phosphorus, showing the ability of grasses to efficiently transfer the plant nutrients from aboveground biomass to roots during plant senescence, especially for RCG.
{"title":"Circulation of plant nutrients in bioenergy production","authors":"S. Rancane, A. Kārkliņš, D. Lazdiņa","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf107","url":null,"abstract":". In order to achieve the goals, set within the EU Green Course, it is necessary to increase the share of renewable resources, as well as to change the resource use habits, including greater emphasis on the re-use of plant nutrients. Taking into consideration political objectives, it can be expected that energy production from plant biomass obtained from agricultural land will increase in the near future. Perennial grasses are more perspective for bioenergy production in temperate climate conditions, taking into account their growing conditions, productivity, biomass quality, and productive longevity. In order to facilitate the achievement of these objectives, a research was carried out to study the possibilities of the cultivation of reed canary grass (RCG) ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) and festulolium (× Festulolium ) by using the waste products from bioenergy production – biogas fermentation digestate and wood ash – as fertilisers. A field experiment was set up where an equivalent amount of plant nutrients (100 N; 80 P 2 O 5 ; 160 K 2 O, kg·ha -1 ) by different fertilisers was provided, compensating for the missing elements with mineral fertilisers. Two mowing regimes for grass harvesting were used: two-cut and one-cut. The results obtained showed that in this way, partial re-use of plant nutrients can be ensured: waste products provided a significant increase in grass dry matter yield (DMY) for both species. Furthermore, harvest analyses showed that when mowing at plant senescence, part of nutrients had already been transformed from the above-ground parts to the roots, ensuring plant nutrient re-use in the following seasons. Nutrient removal by yield using the two-cut mowing regime, especially for RCG, was significantly higher, compared to the one-cut regime. The highest removal was obtained for potassium: in the two-cut mowing regime, the removal with RCG was two times higher (202.3 kg·ha -1 K 2 O) compared with the one-cut regime (92.5 kg·ha -1 K 2 O). Similar tendencies were observed also for nitrogen and phosphorus, showing the ability of grasses to efficiently transfer the plant nutrients from aboveground biomass to roots during plant senescence, especially for RCG.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"289 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131485245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf050
V. Bratishko, S. Shulga, O. Tigunova, V. Khmelovskyi
The task of finding the rational parameters of plant raw material processing to increase the production of biofuel efficiency does not lose its importance. Experimental studies on ultrasonic cavitation treatment of plant raw materials in the technology of obtaining a promising second-generation biofuel (biobutanol) were conducted. Rapeseed straw was used as a characteristic crop. The study used an ultrasonic cavitation unit with a capacity of 4.93 litres and emitters with a total power of 720 W and an ultrasonic frequency of 28 kHz. The ultrasound intensity was 2.2 W·cm. The weighted average particle size of rapeseed straw was 0.78 mm. The dry matter content in the aqueous suspension was 10%. As a result of the study, it is established that the layer of suspension in the working chamber of the ultrasonic cavitator has a significant impact on the efficiency of biobutanol production. The effectiveness of this factor increases with increasing the duration of ultrasonic treatment. Compared with the control, the specific content of biobutanol was 1.22 ± 0.04 g·l and 1.24 ± 0.03 g·l for the treated layer of 0.03 and 0.12 m, respectively. Fermentation of the untreated material allowed to obtain 0.73 ± 0.04 g·l of butanol. However, for the duration of processing at the level of 25 minutes, there was a significant increase in the amount of the obtained biobutanol for the effective layer of suspension in the cavitation chamber at the level of 0.03 m (up to 1.57 ± 0.09 g·l) at almost unchanged values for the layer of 0.12 m. These trends were confirmed in the treatment of the suspension with 5% dry matter content, where for the effective layer of the suspension of 0.12 m butanol yield was 1.63 ± 0.06 g·l increasing to 2.44 ± 0.09 g·l for the layer of 0.03 m. The yield of butanol after fermentation of untreated rapeseed straw biomass with 5% dry matter content was 0.24 ± 0.02 g·l.
{"title":"Effective suspension layer in ultrasonic treatment of plant bioresources","authors":"V. Bratishko, S. Shulga, O. Tigunova, V. Khmelovskyi","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf050","url":null,"abstract":"The task of finding the rational parameters of plant raw material processing to increase the production of biofuel efficiency does not lose its importance. Experimental studies on ultrasonic cavitation treatment of plant raw materials in the technology of obtaining a promising second-generation biofuel (biobutanol) were conducted. Rapeseed straw was used as a characteristic crop. The study used an ultrasonic cavitation unit with a capacity of 4.93 litres and emitters with a total power of 720 W and an ultrasonic frequency of 28 kHz. The ultrasound intensity was 2.2 W·cm. The weighted average particle size of rapeseed straw was 0.78 mm. The dry matter content in the aqueous suspension was 10%. As a result of the study, it is established that the layer of suspension in the working chamber of the ultrasonic cavitator has a significant impact on the efficiency of biobutanol production. The effectiveness of this factor increases with increasing the duration of ultrasonic treatment. Compared with the control, the specific content of biobutanol was 1.22 ± 0.04 g·l and 1.24 ± 0.03 g·l for the treated layer of 0.03 and 0.12 m, respectively. Fermentation of the untreated material allowed to obtain 0.73 ± 0.04 g·l of butanol. However, for the duration of processing at the level of 25 minutes, there was a significant increase in the amount of the obtained biobutanol for the effective layer of suspension in the cavitation chamber at the level of 0.03 m (up to 1.57 ± 0.09 g·l) at almost unchanged values for the layer of 0.12 m. These trends were confirmed in the treatment of the suspension with 5% dry matter content, where for the effective layer of the suspension of 0.12 m butanol yield was 1.63 ± 0.06 g·l increasing to 2.44 ± 0.09 g·l for the layer of 0.03 m. The yield of butanol after fermentation of untreated rapeseed straw biomass with 5% dry matter content was 0.24 ± 0.02 g·l.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126335957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf072
O. Marus, G. Golub, Yaroslav Yarosh, N. Karpiuk
The effectiveness of Trichogramma that is used in the production of environmentally safe products is also determined by the quality of grain moth eggs used in its production. A portion of 300 g of grain moth eggs was divided in half, one part of which was passed through the electric separator, and the other used as a control. The level of regeneration of grain moth caterpillars, the level of grain contamination by grain moth caterpillars, and the total fecundity of grain moth females were determined. The influence of the electrostatic field on the fractional composition of grain moth eggs was also determined. To study the levels of regeneration of grain moth caterpillars and of grain contamination by grain moth caterpillars, experimental and control portions of grain moth eggs were placed in 100 kg of barley, respectively. The total fecundity of grain moth females was determined by the daily collection of eggs and the summation of their total weight after finishing the process of production of grain moth eggs. To determine the fractional composition of grain moth eggs, 100 eggs were selected from each portion to determine their volume. The results of the studies showed that the level of regeneration of grain moth caterpillars for eggs treated by the electric separator was 91%, and for the control – 93%, the level of grain contamination by grain moth caterpillars for eggs treated by the electric separator was 93%, and for the control – 95%. It was also found that the total fecundity of grain moth females was 1,028 g for eggs treated by the electric separator, and for the control – 1010 g, and the number of large eggs in the portion treated by the electric separator was 39%, and for the control – 29%. Thus, when the electric separator is used, the levels of regeneration of grain moth caterpillars and of grain contamination by grain moth caterpillars are within the experimental error, while the total fecundity of grain moth females and egg size improved.
{"title":"Estimation of electrostatic field influence on quality indicators of grain moth eggs for production Trichogramma","authors":"O. Marus, G. Golub, Yaroslav Yarosh, N. Karpiuk","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf072","url":null,"abstract":"The effectiveness of Trichogramma that is used in the production of environmentally safe products is also determined by the quality of grain moth eggs used in its production. A portion of 300 g of grain moth eggs was divided in half, one part of which was passed through the electric separator, and the other used as a control. The level of regeneration of grain moth caterpillars, the level of grain contamination by grain moth caterpillars, and the total fecundity of grain moth females were determined. The influence of the electrostatic field on the fractional composition of grain moth eggs was also determined. To study the levels of regeneration of grain moth caterpillars and of grain contamination by grain moth caterpillars, experimental and control portions of grain moth eggs were placed in 100 kg of barley, respectively. The total fecundity of grain moth females was determined by the daily collection of eggs and the summation of their total weight after finishing the process of production of grain moth eggs. To determine the fractional composition of grain moth eggs, 100 eggs were selected from each portion to determine their volume. The results of the studies showed that the level of regeneration of grain moth caterpillars for eggs treated by the electric separator was 91%, and for the control – 93%, the level of grain contamination by grain moth caterpillars for eggs treated by the electric separator was 93%, and for the control – 95%. It was also found that the total fecundity of grain moth females was 1,028 g for eggs treated by the electric separator, and for the control – 1010 g, and the number of large eggs in the portion treated by the electric separator was 39%, and for the control – 29%. Thus, when the electric separator is used, the levels of regeneration of grain moth caterpillars and of grain contamination by grain moth caterpillars are within the experimental error, while the total fecundity of grain moth females and egg size improved.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134232412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf010
Hui Yu, Wenkai Wang, Yuchuan Wang
{"title":"Experimental research on suction beneath pile foundation being pulled out from cohesive soil bed","authors":"Hui Yu, Wenkai Wang, Yuchuan Wang","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129831502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf199
O. Vronskis, A. Kakitis, I. Nulle, M. Šmits
Common reed (Phragmites australis) is a grass which has spread nearly all over the globe. It is common in many kinds of wet habitats. Common reed is a very tall grass, reaching at best the height of four meters on the coasts of the Baltic Sea. In the wintertime the straw becomes a hard, yellowish stem, which makes it possible to exploit the reed also in construction. Reed material has been exploited in many ways around the Baltic Sea for centuries. In construction, reed has been used for roof materials and heat insulation. People are increasingly focusing on sustainable development and the use of natural materials instead of plastics. The reed stem is like a natural pipe. It is already used in the production of cocktail straws. However, there is a much wider range of uses, such as toy components etc. Such applications require that the reed stem is not flattened after cutting. Likewise, the end of the stem must be free of sharp edges and smooth. In previous studies, non-destructive cutting of reeds using abrasive discs was evaluated. In order to create a device for non-destructive cutting of reeds, it is necessary to know the allowable strength of the reed stalk. This paper analyses the reed straw fastening device and evaluates the transverse strength of reed stalks of different diameters. The tests were performed on reeds with a diameter of 6 to 10 mm. The developed reed straw gripping mechanism ensures non-destructive fixing of the straw during reed cutting, if the compressive force generated by the elastic clamps does not exceed the transverse compressive strength of the straw. The highest strength was found for reeds with a diameter of 9 mm, it reached 56.14 N. As the stem diameter increased to 10 mm, the compressive strength decreased slightly to 54.2 N.
{"title":"Evaluation of the transverse strength of reed stalks","authors":"O. Vronskis, A. Kakitis, I. Nulle, M. Šmits","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf199","url":null,"abstract":"Common reed (Phragmites australis) is a grass which has spread nearly all over the globe. It is common in many kinds of wet habitats. Common reed is a very tall grass, reaching at best the height of four meters on the coasts of the Baltic Sea. In the wintertime the straw becomes a hard, yellowish stem, which makes it possible to exploit the reed also in construction. Reed material has been exploited in many ways around the Baltic Sea for centuries. In construction, reed has been used for roof materials and heat insulation. People are increasingly focusing on sustainable development and the use of natural materials instead of plastics. The reed stem is like a natural pipe. It is already used in the production of cocktail straws. However, there is a much wider range of uses, such as toy components etc. Such applications require that the reed stem is not flattened after cutting. Likewise, the end of the stem must be free of sharp edges and smooth. In previous studies, non-destructive cutting of reeds using abrasive discs was evaluated. In order to create a device for non-destructive cutting of reeds, it is necessary to know the allowable strength of the reed stalk. This paper analyses the reed straw fastening device and evaluates the transverse strength of reed stalks of different diameters. The tests were performed on reeds with a diameter of 6 to 10 mm. The developed reed straw gripping mechanism ensures non-destructive fixing of the straw during reed cutting, if the compressive force generated by the elastic clamps does not exceed the transverse compressive strength of the straw. The highest strength was found for reeds with a diameter of 9 mm, it reached 56.14 N. As the stem diameter increased to 10 mm, the compressive strength decreased slightly to 54.2 N.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133448046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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