Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf023
I. Plume, V. Dubrovskis, Matiss Klavins
The aim of the study is to improve anaerobic fermentation (AF) of lignocellulose biomass by mechanical pre-treatment of willow biomass and by addition of used cooking rapeseed oil, trace element selenium and by application a low-voltage electric field during the AF process in batch mode at temperature 38 °C. Experimental setup includes 2 bioreactors of 0.75 L volume filled with 0.5 l inoculums (control) and 22 bioreactors filled with 0.50 L inoculums, 12 g milled or pelletised willow biomass, with added rapeseed oil (1 mL or 2 mL) or selenium (15 μg) in different groups of bioreactors. One group of bioreactors was equipped with electrodes for application of low-voltage (1.00 V) electric field. AF process was provided for a 28-day period until gases emission ceases. Methane yield from unpelletized willow biomass was 0.13 L·gDOM and was 0.4 L·gDOM with 2 mL rapeseed oil added. Methane yield from willow pellets was in the range from 0.22 L·gDOM without additives to 0.361 L·gDOM for the combination of willow pellets with 2 mL rapeseed oil and selenium 15 μg under influence of 1.0 V low voltage electric field. Addition of the trace element 15 μg selenium in pelletised willow substrate plus 1 mL oil gave specific methane yield 0.29 L·gDOM or higher by 48%, compared to pelletized willow biomass plus 1 mL oil without selenium. Methane formation was higher from biomass with average particle size 3 mm compared to biomass with average particle size 9 mm. Using the electric field in the substrate provides an additional amount of methane with energy, which is 32% more than the energy consumed.
{"title":"Improvement of anaerobic fermentation of mechanically pretreated lignocellulosic biomass","authors":"I. Plume, V. Dubrovskis, Matiss Klavins","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf023","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study is to improve anaerobic fermentation (AF) of lignocellulose biomass by mechanical pre-treatment of willow biomass and by addition of used cooking rapeseed oil, trace element selenium and by application a low-voltage electric field during the AF process in batch mode at temperature 38 °C. Experimental setup includes 2 bioreactors of 0.75 L volume filled with 0.5 l inoculums (control) and 22 bioreactors filled with 0.50 L inoculums, 12 g milled or pelletised willow biomass, with added rapeseed oil (1 mL or 2 mL) or selenium (15 μg) in different groups of bioreactors. One group of bioreactors was equipped with electrodes for application of low-voltage (1.00 V) electric field. AF process was provided for a 28-day period until gases emission ceases. Methane yield from unpelletized willow biomass was 0.13 L·gDOM and was 0.4 L·gDOM with 2 mL rapeseed oil added. Methane yield from willow pellets was in the range from 0.22 L·gDOM without additives to 0.361 L·gDOM for the combination of willow pellets with 2 mL rapeseed oil and selenium 15 μg under influence of 1.0 V low voltage electric field. Addition of the trace element 15 μg selenium in pelletised willow substrate plus 1 mL oil gave specific methane yield 0.29 L·gDOM or higher by 48%, compared to pelletized willow biomass plus 1 mL oil without selenium. Methane formation was higher from biomass with average particle size 3 mm compared to biomass with average particle size 9 mm. Using the electric field in the substrate provides an additional amount of methane with energy, which is 32% more than the energy consumed.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117328198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf289
J. Kubás, Michal Ballay, Katarína Zábovská
The article focuses on electromobility issues and the necessary infrastructure development in the European Union. As the transport system has been described in the past as unsustainable and in many respects moving away from sustainability, the current trend is electromobility, which develops annually. In this context, the key knowledge is that, according to expert studies, in 2050 only a very small proportion of cars will be powered in the way we know it today, by means of a petrol or diesel engine. This statement also follows from the national strategies for the development of electric cars in individual states, which estimate the number of electric cars in the future. It is also very important to estimate and assess the state of the infrastructure for electric cars, which form charging stations designed for recharging the storage of electric energy, electric vehicle. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive approach and analyse the gradual development of infrastructure in the individual Member States of the European Union, which is one of the most important tools necessary for growth of electromobility. The authors of the article assess the current state of infrastructure for electric cars, based on the total number of charging stations in each Member State of the European Union and the average annual percentage change. These indicators, based on the European Union average, divide the Member States into categories which indicate the rate of infrastructure development, taking into account the number of electric vehicles in the Member State concerned. Efficiency is identified and the sequence of implementation into the road infrastructure.
{"title":"Analysis of infrastructure development in the European Union in the field of electromobility","authors":"J. Kubás, Michal Ballay, Katarína Zábovská","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf289","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on electromobility issues and the necessary infrastructure development in the European Union. As the transport system has been described in the past as unsustainable and in many respects moving away from sustainability, the current trend is electromobility, which develops annually. In this context, the key knowledge is that, according to expert studies, in 2050 only a very small proportion of cars will be powered in the way we know it today, by means of a petrol or diesel engine. This statement also follows from the national strategies for the development of electric cars in individual states, which estimate the number of electric cars in the future. It is also very important to estimate and assess the state of the infrastructure for electric cars, which form charging stations designed for recharging the storage of electric energy, electric vehicle. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive approach and analyse the gradual development of infrastructure in the individual Member States of the European Union, which is one of the most important tools necessary for growth of electromobility. The authors of the article assess the current state of infrastructure for electric cars, based on the total number of charging stations in each Member State of the European Union and the average annual percentage change. These indicators, based on the European Union average, divide the Member States into categories which indicate the rate of infrastructure development, taking into account the number of electric vehicles in the Member State concerned. Efficiency is identified and the sequence of implementation into the road infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129494380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf261
N. Sergejeva, J. Kasperiūnienė
. COVID-19 has changed the pedagogical work of university lecturers. All lecturers have been forced to learn quickly and to find new educational solutions for distance learning. The biggest challenges were in organizing and conducting laboratory work remotely and in motivating students to participate actively in the learning process. During the online teaching period, university lecturers have gained new knowledge, skills and tried various pedagogical solutions. These include the use of different software applications, creation of short video lectures, the use of pre-prepared video and audio instructions, and many more. In this paper, a qualitative content analysis was used to study the case of teaching with technologies to engineering students at universities in Latvia and Lithuania. The study discloses the challenges faced by university lecturers in preparing video materials, organizing laboratory work, and assessing student performance. Recommendations based on the research findings have been provided. These recommendations could be useful not only for university lecturers who teach engineering subjects but also for science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics pedagogues and vocational education trainers and educators.
{"title":"Distance teaching experiences of engineering lecturers at Latvian and Lithuanian universities during COVID-19 lockdown","authors":"N. Sergejeva, J. Kasperiūnienė","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf261","url":null,"abstract":". COVID-19 has changed the pedagogical work of university lecturers. All lecturers have been forced to learn quickly and to find new educational solutions for distance learning. The biggest challenges were in organizing and conducting laboratory work remotely and in motivating students to participate actively in the learning process. During the online teaching period, university lecturers have gained new knowledge, skills and tried various pedagogical solutions. These include the use of different software applications, creation of short video lectures, the use of pre-prepared video and audio instructions, and many more. In this paper, a qualitative content analysis was used to study the case of teaching with technologies to engineering students at universities in Latvia and Lithuania. The study discloses the challenges faced by university lecturers in preparing video materials, organizing laboratory work, and assessing student performance. Recommendations based on the research findings have been provided. These recommendations could be useful not only for university lecturers who teach engineering subjects but also for science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics pedagogues and vocational education trainers and educators.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129613004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf271
Michal Ballay, E. Sventeková, Ľudmila Macurová, Ladislav Imrich
The article deals with the issue of safety at level crossings. The incidence of accidents at level crossings is relatively low, due to the fact, that it is the only point of direct physical contact between otherwise relatively isolated modes of transport. From a mathematical and statistical point of view, the occurrence of accidents at level crossings can be considered as rare, unevenly distributed phenomena. The occurrence of an accident must therefore be understood as the result of a complex of various types and actions, with very serious consequences the number of dead and seriously injured. Unscheduled event has the potential to cause adverse effects. It is therefore necessary to subject these objects to a thorough analysis in terms of technical and legislative aspects, as well as to take into account the human factor issues, because the errors and mistakes of the road users cannot be ruled out. The article assesses in detail the safety at railway crossings in the Slovak Republic and in the European Union. A special part of the article is devoted to the identification of the causes of accidents at railway crossings. The authors of the article also had at their disposal an accident at the railway crossing, which will be analyzed in terms of causes and consequences. This part of the article uses a software tool, where the interaction between the vehicle and the train is determined by means of a mathematical-graphical analysis. The moment of collision as well as the position of the means of transport after the collision are examined.
{"title":"Identifying causes of accidents at level crossings","authors":"Michal Ballay, E. Sventeková, Ľudmila Macurová, Ladislav Imrich","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf271","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the issue of safety at level crossings. The incidence of accidents at level crossings is relatively low, due to the fact, that it is the only point of direct physical contact between otherwise relatively isolated modes of transport. From a mathematical and statistical point of view, the occurrence of accidents at level crossings can be considered as rare, unevenly distributed phenomena. The occurrence of an accident must therefore be understood as the result of a complex of various types and actions, with very serious consequences the number of dead and seriously injured. Unscheduled event has the potential to cause adverse effects. It is therefore necessary to subject these objects to a thorough analysis in terms of technical and legislative aspects, as well as to take into account the human factor issues, because the errors and mistakes of the road users cannot be ruled out. The article assesses in detail the safety at railway crossings in the Slovak Republic and in the European Union. A special part of the article is devoted to the identification of the causes of accidents at railway crossings. The authors of the article also had at their disposal an accident at the railway crossing, which will be analyzed in terms of causes and consequences. This part of the article uses a software tool, where the interaction between the vehicle and the train is determined by means of a mathematical-graphical analysis. The moment of collision as well as the position of the means of transport after the collision are examined.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130089252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf248
Raitis Meļņiks, Irina Sietiņa, A. Lazdiņš
The aim of the study is to develop a methodology for assessment of the area and properties of buffer zones around drainage ditches and areas surrounding protective belts around natural streams, for transformation into “biomass factories”. In Latvia and neighboring countries, these buffer zones have significant biofuel production, as well as climate change mitigation and nutrient retention potential. A GIS based algorithm using various data sources to obtain information about conditions and land use in buffer zones has been created. Spatial data about drainage diches and surrounding areas are obtained from the Latvian Rural Support Service, Corine land cover, State Forest Service and Latvian Geospatial Information Agency. In this study 15-meter buffers are defined for soil scarification, planting, tending, harvesting and biomass production for energy and other appliances. Using the methodology elaborated within this study, 706797 features of buffer polygons (buffer sides) were identified, each labelled with a unique number. Each polygon is labelled with a number that determines from which ditch line the buffer is derived. Total area of the generated buffers – 167532 ha. The data obtained can make a significant contribution to assessing the potential of buffer zones suitable for establishment of shelter belts.
{"title":"Methodology for assessment of area and properties of farmlands suitable for establishment of shelter belts","authors":"Raitis Meļņiks, Irina Sietiņa, A. Lazdiņš","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf248","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study is to develop a methodology for assessment of the area and properties of buffer zones around drainage ditches and areas surrounding protective belts around natural streams, for transformation into “biomass factories”. In Latvia and neighboring countries, these buffer zones have significant biofuel production, as well as climate change mitigation and nutrient retention potential. A GIS based algorithm using various data sources to obtain information about conditions and land use in buffer zones has been created. Spatial data about drainage diches and surrounding areas are obtained from the Latvian Rural Support Service, Corine land cover, State Forest Service and Latvian Geospatial Information Agency. In this study 15-meter buffers are defined for soil scarification, planting, tending, harvesting and biomass production for energy and other appliances. Using the methodology elaborated within this study, 706797 features of buffer polygons (buffer sides) were identified, each labelled with a unique number. Each polygon is labelled with a number that determines from which ditch line the buffer is derived. Total area of the generated buffers – 167532 ha. The data obtained can make a significant contribution to assessing the potential of buffer zones suitable for establishment of shelter belts.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130818779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf188
Rainers Blums, J. Zvirgzdins, I. Geipele
Nowadays cities and society have become close elements that interact and depend on each other on a daily basis. The current trend is for people to move more to live in cities and in this way, such global challenges as overcrowding and urbanization are gaining significance. Such problems as urbanization, population growth, rural depopulation, resource depletion, air, water and soil pollution characterise the damage which modern society has done to the planet’s environmental dimension. These issues need to be tackled and the situation needs to be improved to ensure sustainable development, which will ensure the possibility of future generations fulfilling their needs. One of the most significant problems in urban environment and its development processes is the poor efficiency of using the resources. This research is aimed at identifying sustainable development strategy options in urban environment. The authors have used the literature review methodology. The results show that there is an increasing number of cities which are being developed with active support and participation of local communities. Renewable energy, new technologies and smart solutions are being increasingly used in daily urban life. The key dimensions of sustainable development are environmental, economic and social. Thus, in the context of sustainable development, people need to plan their urban development in such a way that their needs are met while making mindful use of the available natural, financial and human resources and reducing their environmental impact. According to the new paradigm of sustainable development, general economic and social development is established, primarily considering environmental aspects. The authors of the paper have provided proposals for sustainable development strategy options in urban environment.
{"title":"Sustainable development strategy options in urban environment","authors":"Rainers Blums, J. Zvirgzdins, I. Geipele","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf188","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays cities and society have become close elements that interact and depend on each other on a daily basis. The current trend is for people to move more to live in cities and in this way, such global challenges as overcrowding and urbanization are gaining significance. Such problems as urbanization, population growth, rural depopulation, resource depletion, air, water and soil pollution characterise the damage which modern society has done to the planet’s environmental dimension. These issues need to be tackled and the situation needs to be improved to ensure sustainable development, which will ensure the possibility of future generations fulfilling their needs. One of the most significant problems in urban environment and its development processes is the poor efficiency of using the resources. This research is aimed at identifying sustainable development strategy options in urban environment. The authors have used the literature review methodology. The results show that there is an increasing number of cities which are being developed with active support and participation of local communities. Renewable energy, new technologies and smart solutions are being increasingly used in daily urban life. The key dimensions of sustainable development are environmental, economic and social. Thus, in the context of sustainable development, people need to plan their urban development in such a way that their needs are met while making mindful use of the available natural, financial and human resources and reducing their environmental impact. According to the new paradigm of sustainable development, general economic and social development is established, primarily considering environmental aspects. The authors of the paper have provided proposals for sustainable development strategy options in urban environment.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130288577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf279
I. Rogovskii, L. Titova, I. Sivak, L. Berezova, A. Vyhovskyi
The article presents the results of experimental studies of the technological operation of tillage in the technology of growing cereals. The authors proved that one of the solutions in soil-saving agriculture is the introduction of parquet-type working bodies for deep loosening. It is proved that the technological process of tillage by working bodies of the parquet type is performed by asymmetric racks and paws, made as separate, sequentially placed broken planes. The influence of the relative position of the working bodies was studied in two variants: frontal with pairwise counter asymmetry; chess arrangement of working bodies. As a result of the experimental research, it is established that in the first variant the energy intensity of the process with the increase of the unit speed by 5.5 km·h increased by 22%, in the second variant – by 14.5%. The authors found that in the second variant at the speed of the unit 8 km·h traction resistance is reduced by 3.5%, and at the speed of 10 km·h 1 the advantage increases to 5.8% compared to the first variant. The article notes that the factor of pinching the soil mass in the space between the paws and their intensive loosening in the frontal performance of the working bodies of the parquet type adds 5% of energy consumption. The authors proved that according to the indicators of slipping by rational modes of tillage in the technology of growing cereals in the unit with a tractor that develops a traction force of 30-40 kN tillage can be carried out at speeds up to 10 km·h. Under such conditions, the productivity of cultivation will be 3.1 ha·h.
{"title":"Technological effectiveness of tillage unit with working bodies of parquet type in technologies of cultivation of grain crops","authors":"I. Rogovskii, L. Titova, I. Sivak, L. Berezova, A. Vyhovskyi","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf279","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of experimental studies of the technological operation of tillage in the technology of growing cereals. The authors proved that one of the solutions in soil-saving agriculture is the introduction of parquet-type working bodies for deep loosening. It is proved that the technological process of tillage by working bodies of the parquet type is performed by asymmetric racks and paws, made as separate, sequentially placed broken planes. The influence of the relative position of the working bodies was studied in two variants: frontal with pairwise counter asymmetry; chess arrangement of working bodies. As a result of the experimental research, it is established that in the first variant the energy intensity of the process with the increase of the unit speed by 5.5 km·h increased by 22%, in the second variant – by 14.5%. The authors found that in the second variant at the speed of the unit 8 km·h traction resistance is reduced by 3.5%, and at the speed of 10 km·h 1 the advantage increases to 5.8% compared to the first variant. The article notes that the factor of pinching the soil mass in the space between the paws and their intensive loosening in the frontal performance of the working bodies of the parquet type adds 5% of energy consumption. The authors proved that according to the indicators of slipping by rational modes of tillage in the technology of growing cereals in the unit with a tractor that develops a traction force of 30-40 kN tillage can be carried out at speeds up to 10 km·h. Under such conditions, the productivity of cultivation will be 3.1 ha·h.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125599792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf230
Jordane Champion, A. Lazdiņš, G. Spalva
Wood ash contains most of the nutrients necessary for development of plants, as well as soil microorganisms. It is well studied that application of wood ash improves forest growth in peatlands and significantly increases biomass production in the forest floor; however, there is limited knowledge on the shortterm impact on the soil GHG (CO2, N2O, CH4) fluxes after application of wood ash, specifically, if different doses of the wood ash are applied. The scope of the study is to determine short term (2 months) effect of application of 2, 5 and 10 tons·ha of hardened and fresh wood ash in peat from abandoned peatland – southern part of Kaigu mire (former raised bog). The study is implemented in controlled conditions (temperature and moisture) in a greenhouse. Peat from abandoned peatland is filled into 50 cm deep plastic boxes (area 50 x 70 cm) simulating 50 cm deep peat layer. The same amount of water is added regularly in all boxes to ensure that moisture level in peat remains close to natural conditions at the beginning of the experiment in control boxes. GHG fluxes are measured using Gasmet DX4040 FTIR analyser and opaque chambers. Measurement period 30 min. Measurements are repeated at least once per week. According to the study results directly after application of fresh wood ash peat acts as net sink of CO2 due to consumption of CO2 in chemical reactions; however, already in the second week after the application CO2 emissions from soil increase, while carbon losses from treated boxes in average were smaller by 59% in comparison to control boxes. No significant effect of wood ash is found on CH4 and N2O emissions and no significant difference was found between hardened and fresh wood ash.
{"title":"Short term impact of application of different doses of wood ash on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from peat","authors":"Jordane Champion, A. Lazdiņš, G. Spalva","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf230","url":null,"abstract":"Wood ash contains most of the nutrients necessary for development of plants, as well as soil microorganisms. It is well studied that application of wood ash improves forest growth in peatlands and significantly increases biomass production in the forest floor; however, there is limited knowledge on the shortterm impact on the soil GHG (CO2, N2O, CH4) fluxes after application of wood ash, specifically, if different doses of the wood ash are applied. The scope of the study is to determine short term (2 months) effect of application of 2, 5 and 10 tons·ha of hardened and fresh wood ash in peat from abandoned peatland – southern part of Kaigu mire (former raised bog). The study is implemented in controlled conditions (temperature and moisture) in a greenhouse. Peat from abandoned peatland is filled into 50 cm deep plastic boxes (area 50 x 70 cm) simulating 50 cm deep peat layer. The same amount of water is added regularly in all boxes to ensure that moisture level in peat remains close to natural conditions at the beginning of the experiment in control boxes. GHG fluxes are measured using Gasmet DX4040 FTIR analyser and opaque chambers. Measurement period 30 min. Measurements are repeated at least once per week. According to the study results directly after application of fresh wood ash peat acts as net sink of CO2 due to consumption of CO2 in chemical reactions; however, already in the second week after the application CO2 emissions from soil increase, while carbon losses from treated boxes in average were smaller by 59% in comparison to control boxes. No significant effect of wood ash is found on CH4 and N2O emissions and no significant difference was found between hardened and fresh wood ash.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122454037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf041
Soledad Torres Calderon, N. B. Pampa-Quispe, Milda A. Cruz Huaranga
The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of H2S adsorption by activated carbon obtained from the regeneration of sludge from an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB). The H2S adsorption system was carried out in the Chemistry laboratory of the Universidad Peruana Unión, the inflow of the fixed bed towers was 4 L·min and 36 g of adsorbent media (6 different Active Carbon (AC), depending on Pyrolization temperatures (PT) and [M] KOH), AC at PT 700 oC/1M, AC PT 500 oC/4M, AC PT 500 oC/1M, AC PT 700 oC/4Mand AC PT 600 oC/2.5 M the last with two repetitions. The adsorption of H2S was determined by the volumetric oxidation-reduction method. The parameter of the greatest influence for the adsorption of H2S was PT at 99 and 90% CI respectively, demonstrated by 22 and 32 factorial designs; satisfactory elimination efficiencies of H2S were obtained and reached 94% during a retention time of 20 minutes of activated carbon at PT 700 oC and [1M] KOH. For the response surface prediction simulation, the optimized parameters for the removal of H2S approximately greater than 96% was at PT of 635 oC and activating agent of [2.6 M] KOH. Therefore, the adsorption of H2S by activated carbons for sludge is a new, viable and sustainable alternative for the environment.
本研究的目的是确定由上流式厌氧污泥毯(UASB)再生污泥获得的活性炭对H2S的吸附效率。H2S吸附系统在秘鲁大学Unión化学实验室进行，固定床塔入水量为4 L·min，吸附剂为36 g(6种不同的活性炭，根据热解温度(PT)和[M] KOH)， AC温度为700 oC/1M, AC PT 500 oC/4M, AC PT 500 oC/1M, AC PT 700 oC/4和AC PT 600 oC/2.5 M，最后进行两次重复。采用体积氧化还原法测定其对H2S的吸附。22因子和32因子设计表明，PT对H2S吸附的影响最大，CI分别为99和90%;在PT 700℃和[1M] KOH条件下，活性炭停留20分钟，H2S去除率达到94%。在响应面预测模拟中，温度为635℃，活化剂为[2.6 M] KOH时，H2S去除率约大于96%。因此，污泥用活性炭吸附H2S是一种新的、可行的、可持续的环境替代方法。
{"title":"Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide by activated carbon produced by regeneration of sludge from upflow anaerobic sludge blanket","authors":"Soledad Torres Calderon, N. B. Pampa-Quispe, Milda A. Cruz Huaranga","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf041","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of H2S adsorption by activated carbon obtained from the regeneration of sludge from an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB). The H2S adsorption system was carried out in the Chemistry laboratory of the Universidad Peruana Unión, the inflow of the fixed bed towers was 4 L·min and 36 g of adsorbent media (6 different Active Carbon (AC), depending on Pyrolization temperatures (PT) and [M] KOH), AC at PT 700 oC/1M, AC PT 500 oC/4M, AC PT 500 oC/1M, AC PT 700 oC/4Mand AC PT 600 oC/2.5 M the last with two repetitions. The adsorption of H2S was determined by the volumetric oxidation-reduction method. The parameter of the greatest influence for the adsorption of H2S was PT at 99 and 90% CI respectively, demonstrated by 22 and 32 factorial designs; satisfactory elimination efficiencies of H2S were obtained and reached 94% during a retention time of 20 minutes of activated carbon at PT 700 oC and [1M] KOH. For the response surface prediction simulation, the optimized parameters for the removal of H2S approximately greater than 96% was at PT of 635 oC and activating agent of [2.6 M] KOH. Therefore, the adsorption of H2S by activated carbons for sludge is a new, viable and sustainable alternative for the environment.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123000665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf025
Huai Mengdi, Xu Haoqing, Jin Guolong, Lv Yiyan, L. Yun, Zhou Aizhao, C. Yue
It is common for industrial wastes such as slag, steel slag and fly ash to replace cement in plastic concrete. GS solidified material is prepared by mixing the three in a certain proportion. What is the basic performance of GS solidified material plastic concrete? In view of this problem, the mix proportion design is carried out, based on the unconfined compressive strength test and improved flexible wall permeability test. The basic properties of GS solidified plastic concrete were studied. The results show that the fluidity increases with the increase of the water binder ratio and decreases with the increase of the bentonite content. The unconfined compressive strength and permeability coefficient decreases with the increase of the bentonite content, but the decrease is not obvious. The unconfined compressive strength increases with the decrease of the water binder ratio or the increase of age, at the age of 14 days the increase is large, and at the age of 28 and 60 days, the increase decreases with the increase of the bentonite content. The permeability coefficient decreases with the decrease of the water binder ratio. When the water binder ratio decreases from 1.9 to 1.7, the permeability coefficient improves greatly, from less than 10 cm·s to 10 cm·s. There is an inflection point between 13 and 18 days, before that, the permeability coefficient decreases rapidly, and then tends to be flat. When the water binder ratio is greater than or equal to 1.9, the permeability coefficient decreases slowly without the inflection point.
{"title":"Experimental study on basic properties of plastic concrete with GS solidified material","authors":"Huai Mengdi, Xu Haoqing, Jin Guolong, Lv Yiyan, L. Yun, Zhou Aizhao, C. Yue","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf025","url":null,"abstract":"It is common for industrial wastes such as slag, steel slag and fly ash to replace cement in plastic concrete. GS solidified material is prepared by mixing the three in a certain proportion. What is the basic performance of GS solidified material plastic concrete? In view of this problem, the mix proportion design is carried out, based on the unconfined compressive strength test and improved flexible wall permeability test. The basic properties of GS solidified plastic concrete were studied. The results show that the fluidity increases with the increase of the water binder ratio and decreases with the increase of the bentonite content. The unconfined compressive strength and permeability coefficient decreases with the increase of the bentonite content, but the decrease is not obvious. The unconfined compressive strength increases with the decrease of the water binder ratio or the increase of age, at the age of 14 days the increase is large, and at the age of 28 and 60 days, the increase decreases with the increase of the bentonite content. The permeability coefficient decreases with the decrease of the water binder ratio. When the water binder ratio decreases from 1.9 to 1.7, the permeability coefficient improves greatly, from less than 10 cm·s to 10 cm·s. There is an inflection point between 13 and 18 days, before that, the permeability coefficient decreases rapidly, and then tends to be flat. When the water binder ratio is greater than or equal to 1.9, the permeability coefficient decreases slowly without the inflection point.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122474389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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