Pub Date : 2013-11-15DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829751
H. Kim, H. Akerstedt, F. Carrió, P. Moreno, T. Masike, R. Reed, C. Sandrock, V. Schettino, A. Shalyugin, C. Solans, J. Souza, R. Suter, G. Usai, A. Valero
The stand-alone test-bench deployed in the past for the verification of the Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) front-end electronics is reaching the end of its life cycle. A new version of the test-bench has been designed and built with the aim of improving the portability and exploring new technologies for future versions of the TileCal read-out electronics. An FPGA-based motherboard with an embedded hardware processor and a few dedicated daughter-boards are used to implement all the functionalities needed to interface with the front-end electronics (TTC, G-Link, CANbus) and to verify the functionalities using electronic signals and LED pulses. The new device is portable and performs well, allowing validation of the data transmission under realistic conditions. We discuss the system implementation and all the tests required to gain full confidence in the operation of the front-end electronics of the TileCal in the ATLAS detector.
{"title":"Design of a portable test facility for the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter front-end electronics verification","authors":"H. Kim, H. Akerstedt, F. Carrió, P. Moreno, T. Masike, R. Reed, C. Sandrock, V. Schettino, A. Shalyugin, C. Solans, J. Souza, R. Suter, G. Usai, A. Valero","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829751","url":null,"abstract":"The stand-alone test-bench deployed in the past for the verification of the Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) front-end electronics is reaching the end of its life cycle. A new version of the test-bench has been designed and built with the aim of improving the portability and exploring new technologies for future versions of the TileCal read-out electronics. An FPGA-based motherboard with an embedded hardware processor and a few dedicated daughter-boards are used to implement all the functionalities needed to interface with the front-end electronics (TTC, G-Link, CANbus) and to verify the functionalities using electronic signals and LED pulses. The new device is portable and performs well, allowing validation of the data transmission under realistic conditions. We discuss the system implementation and all the tests required to gain full confidence in the operation of the front-end electronics of the TileCal in the ATLAS detector.","PeriodicalId":246351,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2013 NSS/MIC)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116001427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-15DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829555
R. Caputo, B. Bauss, V. Büscher, R. Degele, P. Kiese, S. Maldaner, A. Reiss, U. Schäfer, E. Simioni, S. Tapprogge, P. Urrejola
The ATLAS experiment is located at the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland. It is designed to measure decay properties of highly energetic particles produced in the protons collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC has a beam collision frequency of 40 MHz, and thus requires a trigger system to efficiently select events, thereby reducing the storage rate to a manageable level of about 400 Hz. Event triggering is therefore one of the extraordinary challenges faced by the ATLAS detector. The Level-1 Trigger is the first rate-reducing step in the ATLAS Trigger, with an output rate of 75 kHz and decision latency of less than 2.5 μs. It is primarily composed of the Calorimeter Trigger, Muon Trigger, the Central Trigger Processor (CTP). Due to the increase in the LHC instantaneous luminosity up to 3×1034 cm-2 s-1 from 2015 onwards, a new element will be included in the Level-1 Trigger scheme: the Topological Processor (L1Topo). The L1Topo receives data in a specialized format from the calorimeters and muon detectors to be processed by specific topological algorithms. Those algorithms sit in high-end FPGAs which perform geometrical cuts, correlations and calculate complex observables such as the invariant mass. The outputs of such topological algorithms are sent to the CTP. Since the Level-1 trigger is a fixed latency pipelined system, the main requirements for the L1Topo are a large input bandwidth (≈1Tb/s), optical connectivity and low processing latency on the real-time data path. This presentation focuses on the design of the L1Topo final production module and the tests results on L1Topo prototypes. Such tests are aimed at characterizing high-speed links (signal integrity, bit error rate, margin analysis and latency) and the logic resource utilization of algorithms.
{"title":"Upgrade of the ATLAS Level-1 trigger with an FPGA based Topological Processor","authors":"R. Caputo, B. Bauss, V. Büscher, R. Degele, P. Kiese, S. Maldaner, A. Reiss, U. Schäfer, E. Simioni, S. Tapprogge, P. Urrejola","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829555","url":null,"abstract":"The ATLAS experiment is located at the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland. It is designed to measure decay properties of highly energetic particles produced in the protons collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC has a beam collision frequency of 40 MHz, and thus requires a trigger system to efficiently select events, thereby reducing the storage rate to a manageable level of about 400 Hz. Event triggering is therefore one of the extraordinary challenges faced by the ATLAS detector. The Level-1 Trigger is the first rate-reducing step in the ATLAS Trigger, with an output rate of 75 kHz and decision latency of less than 2.5 μs. It is primarily composed of the Calorimeter Trigger, Muon Trigger, the Central Trigger Processor (CTP). Due to the increase in the LHC instantaneous luminosity up to 3×1034 cm-2 s-1 from 2015 onwards, a new element will be included in the Level-1 Trigger scheme: the Topological Processor (L1Topo). The L1Topo receives data in a specialized format from the calorimeters and muon detectors to be processed by specific topological algorithms. Those algorithms sit in high-end FPGAs which perform geometrical cuts, correlations and calculate complex observables such as the invariant mass. The outputs of such topological algorithms are sent to the CTP. Since the Level-1 trigger is a fixed latency pipelined system, the main requirements for the L1Topo are a large input bandwidth (≈1Tb/s), optical connectivity and low processing latency on the real-time data path. This presentation focuses on the design of the L1Topo final production module and the tests results on L1Topo prototypes. Such tests are aimed at characterizing high-speed links (signal integrity, bit error rate, margin analysis and latency) and the logic resource utilization of algorithms.","PeriodicalId":246351,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2013 NSS/MIC)","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130222116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-15DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829752
D. Calabró, R. Cipriani, S. Citraro, S. Donati, P. Giannetti, A. Lanza, P. Luciano, D. Magalotti, M. Piendibene
The Associative Memory (AM) system, a major component of the FastTracker (FTK) processor, is designed to perform pattern matching using the information from the silicon tracking detectors of the ATLAS experiment. It finds track candidates at low resolution that are sent to the track fitting stage. The system has to support challenging data traffic, handled by a group of modern low-cost FPGAs, the Xilinx Artix 7 chips, which have Low-Power Gigabit Transceivers (GTPs). Each GTP is a combined transmitter and receiver capable of operating at data rates up to 7 Gb/s. The paper reports on the design and initial tests of the most recent version of the AM system, based on the new AM chip design which uses serialized I/O. An estimation of the power consumption of the final system is also provided and the cooling system design is described. The first cooling test results are reported.
{"title":"The Associative Memory Boards for the FTK processor at ATLAS","authors":"D. Calabró, R. Cipriani, S. Citraro, S. Donati, P. Giannetti, A. Lanza, P. Luciano, D. Magalotti, M. Piendibene","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829752","url":null,"abstract":"The Associative Memory (AM) system, a major component of the FastTracker (FTK) processor, is designed to perform pattern matching using the information from the silicon tracking detectors of the ATLAS experiment. It finds track candidates at low resolution that are sent to the track fitting stage. The system has to support challenging data traffic, handled by a group of modern low-cost FPGAs, the Xilinx Artix 7 chips, which have Low-Power Gigabit Transceivers (GTPs). Each GTP is a combined transmitter and receiver capable of operating at data rates up to 7 Gb/s. The paper reports on the design and initial tests of the most recent version of the AM system, based on the new AM chip design which uses serialized I/O. An estimation of the power consumption of the final system is also provided and the cooling system design is described. The first cooling test results are reported.","PeriodicalId":246351,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2013 NSS/MIC)","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131588199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-15DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829530
G. Warren, M. Dion, B. Miller, G. Tatishvili
Interferences in both decay counting and mass counting techniques limit their application for some environmental monitoring applications. For example, 238U interferes with 238Pu in mass spectrometry measurements, while in conventional alpha spectroscopy measurements it is nearly impossible to separate 238Pu from 241Am and 239Pu from 240Pu. These interferences are typically resolved by using chemical separation and/or different measurement techniques for different isotopes. We are investigating radiation detector concepts to simultaneously assay these four isotopes with minimal sample preparation by exploiting radiation signatures measured in coincidence with the predominate alpha decays of these isotopes. Particles in coincidence with the alpha decay include conversion electrons, gamma rays, x-rays, and Auger electrons. Each decay has a unique energy distribution enabling the separation of the isotopes. We are exploring two basic detector concepts to achieve these goals: a silicon-based design and a gas-detector design. The silicon system provides the potential for higher energy resolution at the cost of lower efficiency compared to a gas detector. In this paper, we will describe our evaluation of the different detector concepts, which will include estimations of potential detection efficiency, ability to resolve the isotopes, sample preparation and equipment requirements.
{"title":"Alpha coincidence detection for the assay of actinides","authors":"G. Warren, M. Dion, B. Miller, G. Tatishvili","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829530","url":null,"abstract":"Interferences in both decay counting and mass counting techniques limit their application for some environmental monitoring applications. For example, 238U interferes with 238Pu in mass spectrometry measurements, while in conventional alpha spectroscopy measurements it is nearly impossible to separate 238Pu from 241Am and 239Pu from 240Pu. These interferences are typically resolved by using chemical separation and/or different measurement techniques for different isotopes. We are investigating radiation detector concepts to simultaneously assay these four isotopes with minimal sample preparation by exploiting radiation signatures measured in coincidence with the predominate alpha decays of these isotopes. Particles in coincidence with the alpha decay include conversion electrons, gamma rays, x-rays, and Auger electrons. Each decay has a unique energy distribution enabling the separation of the isotopes. We are exploring two basic detector concepts to achieve these goals: a silicon-based design and a gas-detector design. The silicon system provides the potential for higher energy resolution at the cost of lower efficiency compared to a gas detector. In this paper, we will describe our evaluation of the different detector concepts, which will include estimations of potential detection efficiency, ability to resolve the isotopes, sample preparation and equipment requirements.","PeriodicalId":246351,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2013 NSS/MIC)","volume":"106 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130645525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-14DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829740
C. Sotiropoulou, A. Annovi, M. Beretta, P. Luciano, S. Nikolaidis, G. Volpi
A multi-core FPGA-based 2D-clustering algorithm for real-time image processing is presented. The algorithm uses a moving window technique adjustable to the cluster size in order to minimize the FPGA resources required for cluster identification. The window size is generic and application dependent (size/shape of clusters in the input images). A key element of this algorithm is the possibility to instantiate multiple clustering cores working on different windows that can be used in parallel to increase performance exploiting more resources on the FPGA device. In addition to the offered parallelism, the algorithm is executed in a pipeline, thus allowing the cluster readout to be performed in parallel with the cluster identification and the data pre-processing. The algorithm is developed for the Fast Tracker processor for the trigger upgrade of the ATLAS experiment but is easily adjustable to other image processing applications which require real-time pixel clustering.
{"title":"A multi-core FPGA-based clustering algorithm for real-time image processing","authors":"C. Sotiropoulou, A. Annovi, M. Beretta, P. Luciano, S. Nikolaidis, G. Volpi","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829740","url":null,"abstract":"A multi-core FPGA-based 2D-clustering algorithm for real-time image processing is presented. The algorithm uses a moving window technique adjustable to the cluster size in order to minimize the FPGA resources required for cluster identification. The window size is generic and application dependent (size/shape of clusters in the input images). A key element of this algorithm is the possibility to instantiate multiple clustering cores working on different windows that can be used in parallel to increase performance exploiting more resources on the FPGA device. In addition to the offered parallelism, the algorithm is executed in a pipeline, thus allowing the cluster readout to be performed in parallel with the cluster identification and the data pre-processing. The algorithm is developed for the Fast Tracker processor for the trigger upgrade of the ATLAS experiment but is easily adjustable to other image processing applications which require real-time pixel clustering.","PeriodicalId":246351,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2013 NSS/MIC)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115674820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-12DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829510
D. Barney
The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the LHC is a hermetic, fine grained, homogeneous calorimeter, comprising 75,848 lead tungstate scintillating crystals. We describe its construction and operation, and its role in the discovery and elaboration of the standard model Higgs boson. We discuss the challenges of operating a crystal calorimeter at a hadron collider, particularly in terms of calibration in the harsh radiation environment. The ECAL was designed to operate for a minimum of ten years at the LHC, with instantaneous/integrated luminosities of 1034 cm-2s-1 and 500 fb-1 respectively. The high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is expected to be operational from about 2024 to 2035 and provide instantaneous/integrated luminosities of around 5 × 1034 cm-2s-1 and 3000 fb-1. We give an overview of the evolution of the ECAL thought to be necessary to maintain its performance throughout LHC and HL-LHC operation.
{"title":"The CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter its performance and role in the discovery of a Higgs boson and perspectives for the future","authors":"D. Barney","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829510","url":null,"abstract":"The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the LHC is a hermetic, fine grained, homogeneous calorimeter, comprising 75,848 lead tungstate scintillating crystals. We describe its construction and operation, and its role in the discovery and elaboration of the standard model Higgs boson. We discuss the challenges of operating a crystal calorimeter at a hadron collider, particularly in terms of calibration in the harsh radiation environment. The ECAL was designed to operate for a minimum of ten years at the LHC, with instantaneous/integrated luminosities of 1034 cm-2s-1 and 500 fb-1 respectively. The high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is expected to be operational from about 2024 to 2035 and provide instantaneous/integrated luminosities of around 5 × 1034 cm-2s-1 and 3000 fb-1. We give an overview of the evolution of the ECAL thought to be necessary to maintain its performance throughout LHC and HL-LHC operation.","PeriodicalId":246351,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2013 NSS/MIC)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126758658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-12DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829444
Jinyuan Wu, Stephanie Wang, Kevin Zhang
A novel clock distribution technique, the Cable Automatic sKew Elimination (CAKE) clocking scheme has been developed and presented in this paper. In this scheme, clock pulses are driven into a cable and reflected from the high impedance receiving end. At the driving end, a cake-shaped waveform is seen and with 1/4 of the full pulse amplitude threshold, the output logic pulse width from a comparator carries cable delay information. Using a time-to-digital converter (TDC), the cable delay variation due to temperature change can be monitored and compensated for. The philosophy behind the CAKE clocking scheme is to keep the receiving end as simple as possible while implement extra circuitry in the transmitting end. Another clocking technique based on the same philosophy is the trapezoidal clocking scheme that we developed in our previous work. Demo tests of both the CAKE clocking and the trapezoidal clocking schemes are presented in this paper.
{"title":"The CAKE clocking and the trapezoidal clocking schemes: Principles and demo tests","authors":"Jinyuan Wu, Stephanie Wang, Kevin Zhang","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829444","url":null,"abstract":"A novel clock distribution technique, the Cable Automatic sKew Elimination (CAKE) clocking scheme has been developed and presented in this paper. In this scheme, clock pulses are driven into a cable and reflected from the high impedance receiving end. At the driving end, a cake-shaped waveform is seen and with 1/4 of the full pulse amplitude threshold, the output logic pulse width from a comparator carries cable delay information. Using a time-to-digital converter (TDC), the cable delay variation due to temperature change can be monitored and compensated for. The philosophy behind the CAKE clocking scheme is to keep the receiving end as simple as possible while implement extra circuitry in the transmitting end. Another clocking technique based on the same philosophy is the trapezoidal clocking scheme that we developed in our previous work. Demo tests of both the CAKE clocking and the trapezoidal clocking schemes are presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":246351,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2013 NSS/MIC)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132241017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-08DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829543
T. Poehlsen
At an instantaneous luminosity of 5 × 1034 cm-2 s-1, the high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is expected to deliver a total of 3 000 fb-1 of collisions, hereby increasing the discovery potential of the LHC experiments significantly. However, the radiation dose of the tracking systems will be severe, requiring new radiation hard sensors for the CMS tracker. The CMS tracker collaboration has initiated a large material investigation and irradiation campaign to identify the silicon material and design that fulfils all requirements for detectors for the HL-LHC. Focussing on the upgrade of the outer tracker region, pad sensors as well as fully functional strip sensors have been implemented on silicon wafers with different material properties and thicknesses. The samples were irradiated with a mixture of neutrons and protons corresponding to fluences as expected for the positions of detector layers in the future tracker. Different proton energies were used for irradiations to investigate the energy dependence of the defect generation in oxygen rich material. The measurements performed on the structures include electrical sensor characterization, measurement of the collected charge injected with a beta source or laser light and bulk defect characterization. Measurements are performed at different annealing times. In this paper, results from the ongoing campaign are presented which led to the decision to take p-type silicon sensors for the CMS strip tracker.
{"title":"Radiation hard silicon sensors for the CMS tracker upgrade","authors":"T. Poehlsen","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829543","url":null,"abstract":"At an instantaneous luminosity of 5 × 1034 cm-2 s-1, the high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is expected to deliver a total of 3 000 fb-1 of collisions, hereby increasing the discovery potential of the LHC experiments significantly. However, the radiation dose of the tracking systems will be severe, requiring new radiation hard sensors for the CMS tracker. The CMS tracker collaboration has initiated a large material investigation and irradiation campaign to identify the silicon material and design that fulfils all requirements for detectors for the HL-LHC. Focussing on the upgrade of the outer tracker region, pad sensors as well as fully functional strip sensors have been implemented on silicon wafers with different material properties and thicknesses. The samples were irradiated with a mixture of neutrons and protons corresponding to fluences as expected for the positions of detector layers in the future tracker. Different proton energies were used for irradiations to investigate the energy dependence of the defect generation in oxygen rich material. The measurements performed on the structures include electrical sensor characterization, measurement of the collected charge injected with a beta source or laser light and bulk defect characterization. Measurements are performed at different annealing times. In this paper, results from the ongoing campaign are presented which led to the decision to take p-type silicon sensors for the CMS strip tracker.","PeriodicalId":246351,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2013 NSS/MIC)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116589462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-07DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829433
P. Maj, P. Grybos, R. Szczygiel, P. Kmon, A. Drozd, Grzegorz Deptuch
We present a prototype chip built in a 40 nm CMOS process for readout of a pixel detector. The prototype chip has a matrix of 18×24 pixels with a pixel pitch of 100 μm. It can operate in both: the single photon counting (SPC) mode and the C8P1 mode. In the SPC mode using the high gain setting the measured ENC is 84 e- rms (for the peaking time of 48 ns), the gain is 79.7 μV/e-, while the effective offset spread is 24 e- rms. In the C8P1 mode, the chip reconstructs full charge deposited in the detector, despite the charge sharing, and it points to a pixel with the largest charge deposition. The chip architecture and preliminary measurements are reported.
{"title":"A pixel readout chip in 40 nm CMOS process for high count rate imaging systems with minimization of charge sharing effects","authors":"P. Maj, P. Grybos, R. Szczygiel, P. Kmon, A. Drozd, Grzegorz Deptuch","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829433","url":null,"abstract":"We present a prototype chip built in a 40 nm CMOS process for readout of a pixel detector. The prototype chip has a matrix of 18×24 pixels with a pixel pitch of 100 μm. It can operate in both: the single photon counting (SPC) mode and the C8P1 mode. In the SPC mode using the high gain setting the measured ENC is 84 e- rms (for the peaking time of 48 ns), the gain is 79.7 μV/e-, while the effective offset spread is 24 e- rms. In the C8P1 mode, the chip reconstructs full charge deposited in the detector, despite the charge sharing, and it points to a pixel with the largest charge deposition. The chip architecture and preliminary measurements are reported.","PeriodicalId":246351,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2013 NSS/MIC)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129595355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-02DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829561
M. Dion, B. Miller, G. Tatishvili, G. Warren
The high-energy side of peaks in alpha spectra, e.g. 241Am, as measured with a silicon detector has structure caused mainly by alpha-conversion electron and to some extent alpha-gamma coincidences. We compare GEANT4 simulation results to 241Am alpha spectroscopy measurements with a passivated implanted planar silicon detector. A discrepancy between the measurements and simulations suggest that the GEANT4 photon evaporation database for 237Np (daughter of 241Am decay) does not accurately describe the conversion electron spectrum and therefore was found to have discrepancies with experimental measurements. We describe how to improve the agreement between GEANT4 and alpha spectroscopy for actinides of interest by including experimental measurements of conversion electron spectroscopy into the photon evaporation database.
{"title":"Alpha coincidence spectroscopy studied with GEANT4","authors":"M. Dion, B. Miller, G. Tatishvili, G. Warren","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829561","url":null,"abstract":"The high-energy side of peaks in alpha spectra, e.g. 241Am, as measured with a silicon detector has structure caused mainly by alpha-conversion electron and to some extent alpha-gamma coincidences. We compare GEANT4 simulation results to 241Am alpha spectroscopy measurements with a passivated implanted planar silicon detector. A discrepancy between the measurements and simulations suggest that the GEANT4 photon evaporation database for 237Np (daughter of 241Am decay) does not accurately describe the conversion electron spectrum and therefore was found to have discrepancies with experimental measurements. We describe how to improve the agreement between GEANT4 and alpha spectroscopy for actinides of interest by including experimental measurements of conversion electron spectroscopy into the photon evaporation database.","PeriodicalId":246351,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2013 NSS/MIC)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128453599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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