Pub Date : 2026-02-15Epub Date: 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121727
Mengli Chen , Jariya Kayee , Armin Sorooshian , Grace Betito , Paola Angela Bañaga , Rachel A. Braun , Maria Obiminda Cambaliza , Melliza Templonuevo Cruz , Alexander B. MacDonald , James Bernard Simpas , Connor Stahl , Iravati Ray , Reshmi Das , Zunya Wang , Xianfeng Wang
The global phase-out of leaded gasoline marked a major milestone in pollution control, yet modern uses of lead (Pb) continue to pose significant health risks, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In the Philippines, significant data gaps still exist despite increasing exposure. This study presents to the best of our knowledge, the first Pb isotopic fingerprinting of atmospheric aerosols in Metro Manila, Philippines, covering fine (0.56–1 μm) and coarse (5.6–10 μm) fractions, collected in 2018–2019. Results show that local sources, mainly industrial activities (45–62 %) and fossil fuel combustion (30–45 %), are now the dominant contributors to airborne Pb, while a minor legacy leaded gasoline and geogenic Pb persists (<18 %) through soil resuspension. Stable isotopes show no clear seasonal pattern. Together with 25 fold higher Pb concentration in the fine fraction, these indicate limited transboundary input. Regional comparison highlights overlapping Pb isotopic composition across Southeast Asia, but is distinct from areas farther north due to intensive coal use in China. The consistency between isotopic fingerprinting and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) results demonstrates the value of combining methods for robust source apportionment. These findings demonstrate the continuing importance of isotopic monitoring for distinguishing contemporary and legacy Pb sources and informing targeted air quality management in rapidly developing regions.
{"title":"Lead sources detected in Manila's air after the phase-out of leaded gasoline","authors":"Mengli Chen , Jariya Kayee , Armin Sorooshian , Grace Betito , Paola Angela Bañaga , Rachel A. Braun , Maria Obiminda Cambaliza , Melliza Templonuevo Cruz , Alexander B. MacDonald , James Bernard Simpas , Connor Stahl , Iravati Ray , Reshmi Das , Zunya Wang , Xianfeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global phase-out of leaded gasoline marked a major milestone in pollution control, yet modern uses of lead (Pb) continue to pose significant health risks, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In the Philippines, significant data gaps still exist despite increasing exposure. This study presents to the best of our knowledge, the first Pb isotopic fingerprinting of atmospheric aerosols in Metro Manila, Philippines, covering fine (0.56–1 μm) and coarse (5.6–10 μm) fractions, collected in 2018–2019. Results show that local sources, mainly industrial activities (45–62 %) and fossil fuel combustion (30–45 %), are now the dominant contributors to airborne Pb, while a minor legacy leaded gasoline and geogenic Pb persists (<18 %) through soil resuspension. Stable isotopes show no clear seasonal pattern. Together with 25 fold higher Pb concentration in the fine fraction, these indicate limited transboundary input. Regional comparison highlights overlapping Pb isotopic composition across Southeast Asia, but is distinct from areas farther north due to intensive coal use in China. The consistency between isotopic fingerprinting and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) results demonstrates the value of combining methods for robust source apportionment. These findings demonstrate the continuing importance of isotopic monitoring for distinguishing contemporary and legacy Pb sources and informing targeted air quality management in rapidly developing regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121727"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-15Epub Date: 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121729
Xi Huang , Dina Wang , Qing Zhang , Dayan Wang , Yuelong Shu , Shenglan Xiao
Influenza is a serious respiratory infection that imposes significant public health challenges. However, the precise impact of pollutants on influenza virus activity remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of different air pollutants on the incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI), influenza A (Flu A), and influenza B (Flu B) in China based on nationwide air pollution and influenza data from 554 sentinel hospitals across 30 provinces and municipalities from 2014 to 2017. A Distributed Lag Nonlinear Model (DLNM) was employed to discern the lagged effects of six distinct air pollutants, namely PM2.5, PM10, O3, CO, SO2, and NO2, on the incidence of ILI, Flu A, and Flu B. Our analysis indicated that the relationship between air pollutants and influenza varied among ILI, Flu A, and Flu B, with Flu B being more sensitive to SO2 than Flu A. Elevated levels of air pollutants were generally associated with an increased risk of influenza; however, relative risks declined slightly at extreme concentrations of PM2.5, SO2, and NO2. These results highlight the complex associations between air pollution and influenza.
{"title":"Impact of ambient air pollutants on influenza-like illness, influenza A and influenza B: A nationwide time-series study in China","authors":"Xi Huang , Dina Wang , Qing Zhang , Dayan Wang , Yuelong Shu , Shenglan Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Influenza is a serious respiratory infection that imposes significant public health challenges. However, the precise impact of pollutants on influenza virus activity remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of different air pollutants on the incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI), influenza A (Flu A), and influenza B (Flu B) in China based on nationwide air pollution and influenza data from 554 sentinel hospitals across 30 provinces and municipalities from 2014 to 2017. A Distributed Lag Nonlinear Model (DLNM) was employed to discern the lagged effects of six distinct air pollutants, namely PM2.5, PM10, O<sub>3</sub>, CO, SO<sub>2</sub>, and NO<sub>2</sub>, on the incidence of ILI, Flu A, and Flu B. Our analysis indicated that the relationship between air pollutants and influenza varied among ILI, Flu A, and Flu B, with Flu B being more sensitive to SO<sub>2</sub> than Flu A. Elevated levels of air pollutants were generally associated with an increased risk of influenza; however, relative risks declined slightly at extreme concentrations of PM2.5, SO<sub>2</sub>, and NO<sub>2</sub>. These results highlight the complex associations between air pollution and influenza.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121729"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-15Epub Date: 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121758
Yonggang Xue , Gangzhu Zhang , Liqin Wang , Long Chen , Long Cui , Yu Huang , Junji Cao
Diesel exhaust is key contributor to the atmospheric fine particles and surface ozone (O3) in China. Upgradation and replacement of aged diesel vehicles would be potential pathways for further improvement of air quality in China. The present study was conducted to evaluate the improvement of air quality by upgradation of aged diesel vehicles in less developed city in Northwest China. It was found that concentrations of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in diesel exhaust were up to 10,000 and 100 times of that in atmosphere, respectively. Ethylene, ethane, acetaldehyde, propylene, acetylene, and acetone are typical markers in the diesel exhaust. After upgradation, PM2.5 and VOCs were reduced by 66.8 % and 24.0 %, respectively. The reduction efficiencies of PM2.5 were found to be positive to the loading of fine particles in the diesel exhaust before upgradation. Due to reduction of VOCs, the ozone formation potential and SOA formation potential were estimated to be reduced by 52.0 %–71.0 % and 9.0 %–93.0 %, respectively. The present study indicated high reduction efficiency of PM2.5, VOCs, and NOx would be expected in the repairing and upgradation of the aged and high emission diesel vehicles, and upgradation or replacement of aged diesel vehicles would be one of the most effective ways for further improvement of air quality in the less developed areas.
{"title":"Improvement of air quality from upgradation of aged diesel vehicles: A case study in Northwest China","authors":"Yonggang Xue , Gangzhu Zhang , Liqin Wang , Long Chen , Long Cui , Yu Huang , Junji Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diesel exhaust is key contributor to the atmospheric fine particles and surface ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) in China. Upgradation and replacement of aged diesel vehicles would be potential pathways for further improvement of air quality in China. The present study was conducted to evaluate the improvement of air quality by upgradation of aged diesel vehicles in less developed city in Northwest China. It was found that concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in diesel exhaust were up to 10,000 and 100 times of that in atmosphere, respectively. Ethylene, ethane, acetaldehyde, propylene, acetylene, and acetone are typical markers in the diesel exhaust. After upgradation, PM<sub>2.5</sub> and VOCs were reduced by 66.8 % and 24.0 %, respectively. The reduction efficiencies of PM<sub>2.5</sub> were found to be positive to the loading of fine particles in the diesel exhaust before upgradation. Due to reduction of VOCs, the ozone formation potential and SOA formation potential were estimated to be reduced by 52.0 %–71.0 % and 9.0 %–93.0 %, respectively. The present study indicated high reduction efficiency of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, VOCs, and NOx would be expected in the repairing and upgradation of the aged and high emission diesel vehicles, and upgradation or replacement of aged diesel vehicles would be one of the most effective ways for further improvement of air quality in the less developed areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121758"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ultrafine particles (UFPs, ≤100 nm) are a major component of urban air pollution, influenced by source emission rates (of UFPs and precursors) and meteorological conditions, both of which vary over time. This study evaluates the effect of dispersion normalisation on UFP source apportionment and long-term trends in the urban background of Barcelona (NE Spain) over a 12-year period (2013–2024). Hourly particle number size distributions (PNSD) were normalised using the ventilation coefficient (VC), derived from boundary layer height and wind speed, and analysed with positive matrix factorisation (PMF) for cold (October–March) and warm (April–September) seasons. Seven factors were identified, with road traffic as the dominant contributor. Dispersion corrected (DC) traffic contributions averaged 57 % of particle number concentrations (PNCs), compared with 64 % in the uncorrected (UC) analysis, indicating overestimation of local sources when dispersion is not considered. Photonucleation and Nucleation growth showed higher DC contributions (37 % compared with 31 % for UC), consistent with midday occurrence under favourable mixing conditions. Trend analysis revealed significant decreases in PNCs (−4.4 % yr−1), strongest in the Aitken mode, likely linked to reduced traffic emissions following EURO 5/6 regulations, the introduction of diesel particulate filters (DPFs), and the implementation of Barcelona's low emission zone (LEZ). Traffic-related factors declined by −4.6 % yr−1, with the largest decrease in the diesel-related source. Nucleation growth and Regional-1 also declined, while Photonucleation and Regional-2 showed no clear trend. These findings highlight the value of dispersion normalisation in source apportionment and provide strong evidence of the effectiveness of emission control-policies in reducing traffic-related UFPs.
{"title":"Effect of dispersion normalisation on long-term source apportionment and trends of ultrafine particles in Barcelona (NE Spain)","authors":"Meritxell Garcia-Marlès , Cristina Reche , Noemí Pérez , Andrés Alastuey , Xavier Querol","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrafine particles (UFPs, ≤100 nm) are a major component of urban air pollution, influenced by source emission rates (of UFPs and precursors) and meteorological conditions, both of which vary over time. This study evaluates the effect of dispersion normalisation on UFP source apportionment and long-term trends in the urban background of Barcelona (NE Spain) over a 12-year period (2013–2024). Hourly particle number size distributions (PNSD) were normalised using the ventilation coefficient (VC), derived from boundary layer height and wind speed, and analysed with positive matrix factorisation (PMF) for cold (October–March) and warm (April–September) seasons. Seven factors were identified, with road traffic as the dominant contributor. Dispersion corrected (DC) traffic contributions averaged 57 % of particle number concentrations (PNCs), compared with 64 % in the uncorrected (UC) analysis, indicating overestimation of local sources when dispersion is not considered. Photonucleation and Nucleation growth showed higher DC contributions (37 % compared with 31 % for UC), consistent with midday occurrence under favourable mixing conditions. Trend analysis revealed significant decreases in PNCs (−4.4 % yr<sup>−1</sup>), strongest in the Aitken mode, likely linked to reduced traffic emissions following EURO 5/6 regulations, the introduction of diesel particulate filters (DPFs), and the implementation of Barcelona's low emission zone (LEZ). Traffic-related factors declined by −4.6 % yr<sup>−1</sup>, with the largest decrease in the diesel-related source. Nucleation growth and Regional-1 also declined, while Photonucleation and Regional-2 showed no clear trend. These findings highlight the value of dispersion normalisation in source apportionment and provide strong evidence of the effectiveness of emission control-policies in reducing traffic-related UFPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121752"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-15Epub Date: 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121744
Michael P. Perring , Laurence Jones , Katrina Sharps , Felicity Hayes
The atmospheric pollutants nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (collectively referred to as NOx) remain persistent constituents in the lower atmosphere. Here, we provide a state-of-knowledge overview of their sources, their biochemical and physiological roles in plants, and their consequences for ecosystems, exploring duality in their impacts. Ecosystem exposure to these pollutants is increasing in areas of the globe. Vegetative harm arises from oxidising and acidifying influences on biochemical and metabolic properties following stomatal uptake of NOx with conflicting information on whether NO and NO2 act differentially. Emergent general consequences include altered plant physiology, structure and function, with effects on vegetative growth, flowering and community composition e.g. loss of bryophytes and lichens. There is also evidence of negative effects on insect health and behaviour. Yet, recent evidence points to both NO and NO2 acting as plant signalling molecules and, in some ecosystems, providing a critical source of nutrients to sustain plant growth. The exogenous supply of NO from donor molecules, as well as endogenous NO, can mediate vegetation response to environmental stressors. Ecological responses are modulated by environmental factors (e.g. available nutrients) and other atmospheric constituents such as ozone, carbon dioxide and ammonia. We urgently need studies in realistic environments, including contemporary/future atmospheric conditions, to understand ecosystem consequences arising from atmospheric NOx exposure. Research needs to consider interactions among endogenous NO production in plants, stomatal uptake of NOx, and atmospheric NO to NO2 ratios to estimate risks to vegetation and ecosystems.
{"title":"Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2): A state-of-knowledge review of their roles in, and consequences for, vegetation and ecosystems","authors":"Michael P. Perring , Laurence Jones , Katrina Sharps , Felicity Hayes","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The atmospheric pollutants nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) (collectively referred to as NO<sub>x</sub>) remain persistent constituents in the lower atmosphere. Here, we provide a state-of-knowledge overview of their sources, their biochemical and physiological roles in plants, and their consequences for ecosystems, exploring duality in their impacts. Ecosystem exposure to these pollutants is increasing in areas of the globe. Vegetative harm arises from oxidising and acidifying influences on biochemical and metabolic properties following stomatal uptake of NO<sub>x</sub> with conflicting information on whether NO and NO<sub>2</sub> act differentially. Emergent general consequences include altered plant physiology, structure and function, with effects on vegetative growth, flowering and community composition e.g. loss of bryophytes and lichens. There is also evidence of negative effects on insect health and behaviour. Yet, recent evidence points to both NO and NO<sub>2</sub> acting as plant signalling molecules and, in some ecosystems, providing a critical source of nutrients to sustain plant growth. The exogenous supply of NO from donor molecules, as well as endogenous NO, can mediate vegetation response to environmental stressors. Ecological responses are modulated by environmental factors (e.g. available nutrients) and other atmospheric constituents such as ozone, carbon dioxide and ammonia. We urgently need studies in realistic environments, including contemporary/future atmospheric conditions, to understand ecosystem consequences arising from atmospheric NO<sub>x</sub> exposure. Research needs to consider interactions among endogenous NO production in plants, stomatal uptake of NO<sub>x</sub>, and atmospheric NO to NO<sub>2</sub> ratios to estimate risks to vegetation and ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121744"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-15Epub Date: 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121735
Jinxiang Zhu , Peng Yu , Xu Qiao , Bin Yu , Peng Jia , Jan D. Reinhardt , Shujuan Yang
Background
While long-term exposure to air pollutants may increase the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the relative contributions of different air pollutants and the role of particulate matter (PMx) size remain elusive. We investigated independent and joint effects of long-term exposure to PM of different sizes (PM1, PM2.5, PM10, PM1-2.5, and PM2.5-10) and gaseous pollutants (NO2, SO2, and CO) on NAFLD incidence, as well as the impact of different PM2.5 components.
Methods
This prospective study included 31,105 participants from the Chinese Cohort of Working Adults (CCWA). Newly diagnosed cases of NAFLD were identified through ultrasound-based diagnosis of hepatic steatosis during physical examination. Logistic regression was employed to estimate associations of individual air pollutants and PM2.5 components with NAFLD. Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression assessed the joint effect of air pollutants and their relative contribution to the joint effect. Stratified analyses by demographic, behavioral, and health factors were also conducted.
Results
Each interquartile increase in the exposure to individual air pollutants and PM2.5 components was associated with a higher incidence of NAFLD. PM1-2.5 showed the strongest positive association (OR: 1.21, 95 % CI: 1.15–1.28). Among PM2.5 components, organic matter (OM) had the highest independent effect (OR: 1.19, 95 % CI: 1.12–1.26). Among all included pollutants, PM1-2.5 contributed most (71 %) to the joint effect on the NAFLD incidence at follow-up, followed by PM1 (16 %) and NO2 (13 %); of the PM2.5 components, OM contributed the most (56 %). Effects of air pollutants on the NAFLD incidence were more pronounced in men and smokers.
Conclusion
Long-term exposure to PM1-2.5 within the PM2.5 size range most importantly affects new-onset NAFLD, and within PM2.5 components OM appears to be the most relevant contributor. This study may provide valuable insights into implementing preventive strategies for NAFLD.
{"title":"Impact of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants on NAFLD risk: A prospective cohort study among employed adults in Southwest China","authors":"Jinxiang Zhu , Peng Yu , Xu Qiao , Bin Yu , Peng Jia , Jan D. Reinhardt , Shujuan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>While long-term exposure to air pollutants may increase the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the relative contributions of different air pollutants and the role of particulate matter (PM<sub>x</sub>) size remain elusive. We investigated independent and joint effects of long-term exposure to PM of different sizes (PM<sub>1</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>1-2.5</sub>, and PM<sub>2.5-10</sub>) and gaseous pollutants (NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, and CO) on NAFLD incidence, as well as the impact of different PM<sub>2.5</sub> components.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This prospective study included 31,105 participants from the Chinese Cohort of Working Adults (CCWA). Newly diagnosed cases of NAFLD were identified through ultrasound-based diagnosis of hepatic steatosis during physical examination. Logistic regression was employed to estimate associations of individual air pollutants and PM<sub>2.5</sub> components with NAFLD. Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression assessed the joint effect of air pollutants and their relative contribution to the joint effect. Stratified analyses by demographic, behavioral, and health factors were also conducted.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Each interquartile increase in the exposure to individual air pollutants and PM<sub>2.5</sub> components was associated with a higher incidence of NAFLD. PM<sub>1-2.5</sub> showed the strongest positive association (OR: 1.21, 95 % CI: 1.15–1.28). Among PM<sub>2.5</sub> components, organic matter (OM) had the highest independent effect (OR: 1.19, 95 % CI: 1.12–1.26). Among all included pollutants, PM<sub>1-2.5</sub> contributed most (71 %) to the joint effect on the NAFLD incidence at follow-up, followed by PM<sub>1</sub> (16 %) and NO<sub>2</sub> (13 %); of the PM<sub>2.5</sub> components, OM contributed the most (56 %). Effects of air pollutants on the NAFLD incidence were more pronounced in men and smokers.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Long-term exposure to PM<sub>1-2.5</sub> within the PM<sub>2.5</sub> size range most importantly affects new-onset NAFLD, and within PM<sub>2.5</sub> components OM appears to be the most relevant contributor. This study may provide valuable insights into implementing preventive strategies for NAFLD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121735"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-15Epub Date: 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121717
Felipe Aranda , Lina Castro , Tomás R. Bolaño-Ortiz , Felipe McCracken
Black Carbon (BC), generated mainly by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, reduces snow albedo by increasing solar radiation absorption, which enhances surface warming and accelerates snow ablation. This effect is particularly relevant in snow-dominated basins near emission sources. However, limited atmospheric and depositional BC measurements restrict the assessment of its spatial and temporal variability in mountain catchments. This study estimates past (2006–2022) and future (2023–2035) atmospheric BC levels in the Juncalillo River basin, Central Andes of Chile. BC concentrations in snow (BCCS) were inferred using an asymptotic radiative transfer model (ART) and subsequently used to estimate atmospheric BC through a statistical model. Future BC was projected under two contrasting scenarios: (1) climate change conditions using the IPSL-CM5A-MR GCM with Quantile Delta Mapping, and (2) increased vehicular traffic on the CH-60 road (primary emission source in the basin). BCCS ranged from 160 to 520 ng g−1, with 11–20 % higher values within 1 km of the road. Atmospheric BC in 2006–2022 averaged 0.12 μg m−3 at the basin scale, with a non-significant increasing trend. Climate change projections suggest reduced BC (mean 0.10 μg m−3) with a significant negative trend, whereas the traffic-based scenario predicts an increase to 0.21 μg m−3 and a significant positive trend. These contrasting outcomes highlight the need to explicitly consider BC emission sources when evaluating future cryosphere changes in mountain basins.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal variation of black carbon in snow surface and atmosphere in an upper basin of central Chilean Andes: A retrospective analysis and future projections","authors":"Felipe Aranda , Lina Castro , Tomás R. Bolaño-Ortiz , Felipe McCracken","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Black Carbon (BC), generated mainly by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, reduces snow albedo by increasing solar radiation absorption, which enhances surface warming and accelerates snow ablation. This effect is particularly relevant in snow-dominated basins near emission sources. However, limited atmospheric and depositional BC measurements restrict the assessment of its spatial and temporal variability in mountain catchments. This study estimates past (2006–2022) and future (2023–2035) atmospheric BC levels in the Juncalillo River basin, Central Andes of Chile. BC concentrations in snow (BCCS) were inferred using an asymptotic radiative transfer model (ART) and subsequently used to estimate atmospheric BC through a statistical model. Future BC was projected under two contrasting scenarios: (1) climate change conditions using the IPSL-CM5A-MR GCM with Quantile Delta Mapping, and (2) increased vehicular traffic on the CH-60 road (primary emission source in the basin). BCCS ranged from 160 to 520 ng g<sup>−1</sup>, with 11–20 % higher values within 1 km of the road. Atmospheric BC in 2006–2022 averaged 0.12 μg m<sup>−3</sup> at the basin scale, with a non-significant increasing trend. Climate change projections suggest reduced BC (mean 0.10 μg m<sup>−3</sup>) with a significant negative trend, whereas the traffic-based scenario predicts an increase to 0.21 μg m<sup>−3</sup> and a significant positive trend. These contrasting outcomes highlight the need to explicitly consider BC emission sources when evaluating future cryosphere changes in mountain basins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121717"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-15Epub Date: 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121730
Chakradhar Rao Tandule , Mukunda M. Gogoi , Shiba Shankar Gouda , S. Suresh Babu
Accurate, high-frequency monitoring of aerosols is essential for understanding their dynamic behaviour, regional transport pathways, environmental and climatic impacts. Geostationary satellites are particularly well-suited for this purpose. In this study, we utilized INSAT-3DR satellite observations to retrieve high-quality sub-hourly aerosol optical depth (AOD) using a data-driven approach guided by a physically meaningful and interpretable machine learning framework. For this, we constructed a novel fused AOD product by integrating ground-based and satellite-based observations through hybrid statistical approach. The fused AOD showed a strong correlation coefficient (r ∼ 0.95) and low root mean square error (RMSE ∼ 0.06) with ground-based observations. Making use of this fused AOD as the target variable, an XGBoost machine learning model is trained with features derived from INSAT-3DR visible and infrared channels. The resulting model demonstrates strong performance in retrieving AOD from INSAT-3DR (r ∼ 0.839 and RMSE ∼ 0.081; relative to fused AOD), effectively capturing the regional distribution of aerosol hotspots, sub-hourly variability, and key pollution events, indicating robust generalization across diverse aerosol regimes and surface types. Furthermore, INSAT-3DR AOD exhibits strong temporal consistency with the ground-based observations at sub-hourly and seasonal scales with site-specific RMSE generally within 0.10. These findings establish INSAT-3DR as a valuable platform for continuous aerosol monitoring and present a transferable framework for future geostationary missions aimed at environmental and climate applications.
{"title":"Retrieval of aerosol optical depth from INSAT-3DR for accurate geostationary monitoring of regional and temporal aerosol dynamics","authors":"Chakradhar Rao Tandule , Mukunda M. Gogoi , Shiba Shankar Gouda , S. Suresh Babu","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate, high-frequency monitoring of aerosols is essential for understanding their dynamic behaviour, regional transport pathways, environmental and climatic impacts. Geostationary satellites are particularly well-suited for this purpose. In this study, we utilized INSAT-3DR satellite observations to retrieve high-quality sub-hourly aerosol optical depth (AOD) using a data-driven approach guided by a physically meaningful and interpretable machine learning framework. For this, we constructed a novel fused AOD product by integrating ground-based and satellite-based observations through hybrid statistical approach. The fused AOD showed a strong correlation coefficient (r ∼ 0.95) and low root mean square error (RMSE ∼ 0.06) with ground-based observations. Making use of this fused AOD as the target variable, an XGBoost machine learning model is trained with features derived from INSAT-3DR visible and infrared channels. The resulting model demonstrates strong performance in retrieving AOD from INSAT-3DR (r ∼ 0.839 and RMSE ∼ 0.081; relative to fused AOD), effectively capturing the regional distribution of aerosol hotspots, sub-hourly variability, and key pollution events, indicating robust generalization across diverse aerosol regimes and surface types. Furthermore, INSAT-3DR AOD exhibits strong temporal consistency with the ground-based observations at sub-hourly and seasonal scales with site-specific RMSE generally within 0.10. These findings establish INSAT-3DR as a valuable platform for continuous aerosol monitoring and present a transferable framework for future geostationary missions aimed at environmental and climate applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121730"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145734460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) is a key parameter for characterizing the radiative forcing of atmospheric aerosols, yet some inconsistencies remain among different satellite products. In this study, Level-2 (L2) instantaneous and Level-3 (L3) monthly AOD products from Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) were evaluated using observations from eight AERONET sites across East Asia for the period 2012–2023. We further analyzed the spatial distribution patterns and long-term climatological characteristics of AOD in this region. The results show that VIIRS generally exhibits the best overall performance for both L2 and L3 AOD products relative to AERONET, characterized by high correlation coefficients (R = 0.853 and 0.881), large fractions of retrievals within the expected error (75.34 % and 70.27 %), and comparatively low root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE). Nevertheless, the retrieval accuracy still exhibits pronounced regional variations among these satellite products. In desert regions, MISR performs the best with the highest fractions of retrievals within the expected error (65.14 % and 72.86 %), followed by MODIS, while the VIIRS L3 product shows notable overestimation. The consistency between L2 instantaneous retrievals and L3 monthly aggregates also varies considerably across surface types and among the three sensors. Despite these differences, the three satellite products display broadly consistent spatial patterns and temporal evolutions, commonly identifying similar high-AOD regions. On the interannual scale, all products reveal a persistent decline in AOD from central to eastern China (VIIRS: −0.021 a−1, MODIS: −0.023 a−1, MISR: −0.013 a−1) and an increasing trend over the Indian subcontinent (VIIRS: 0.006 a−1, MODIS: 0.008 a−1, MISR: 0.004 a−1). To further elucidate the climatological behavior of AOD and identify the meteorological factors most strongly associated with its long-term variations, a method combining principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) is applied. The results indicate that over land, the AOD climatology and its interannual variability are most strongly associated with boundary layer height, whereas over ocean, AOD is influenced by a more complex combination of meteorological factors.
{"title":"Aerosol optical depth in East Asia from VIIRS, MODIS, and MISR: Evaluation, variability, and meteorological associations","authors":"Jianming Gong , Xiaofeng Xu , Zixu Xiong , Huiling Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) is a key parameter for characterizing the radiative forcing of atmospheric aerosols, yet some inconsistencies remain among different satellite products. In this study, Level-2 (L2) instantaneous and Level-3 (L3) monthly AOD products from Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) were evaluated using observations from eight AERONET sites across East Asia for the period 2012–2023. We further analyzed the spatial distribution patterns and long-term climatological characteristics of AOD in this region. The results show that VIIRS generally exhibits the best overall performance for both L2 and L3 AOD products relative to AERONET, characterized by high correlation coefficients (R = 0.853 and 0.881), large fractions of retrievals within the expected error (75.34 % and 70.27 %), and comparatively low root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE). Nevertheless, the retrieval accuracy still exhibits pronounced regional variations among these satellite products. In desert regions, MISR performs the best with the highest fractions of retrievals within the expected error (65.14 % and 72.86 %), followed by MODIS, while the VIIRS L3 product shows notable overestimation. The consistency between L2 instantaneous retrievals and L3 monthly aggregates also varies considerably across surface types and among the three sensors. Despite these differences, the three satellite products display broadly consistent spatial patterns and temporal evolutions, commonly identifying similar high-AOD regions. On the interannual scale, all products reveal a persistent decline in AOD from central to eastern China (VIIRS: −0.021 a<sup>−1</sup>, MODIS: −0.023 a<sup>−1</sup>, MISR: −0.013 a<sup>−1</sup>) and an increasing trend over the Indian subcontinent (VIIRS: 0.006 a<sup>−1</sup>, MODIS: 0.008 a<sup>−1</sup>, MISR: 0.004 a<sup>−1</sup>). To further elucidate the climatological behavior of AOD and identify the meteorological factors most strongly associated with its long-term variations, a method combining principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) is applied. The results indicate that over land, the AOD climatology and its interannual variability are most strongly associated with boundary layer height, whereas over ocean, AOD is influenced by a more complex combination of meteorological factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121760"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-15Epub Date: 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121732
Yingru Gong , Jiahui Zhou , Haisheng Wu , Yueyue Zhu , Chengzhi Xing , Xinqi Wang , Chao Zhang , Danni Wang , Yuhui Wan , Xuehuan Gao , Yanlong Xu , Qinghua Xu , Jinping Ou
Objective
Although the benefits of green and blue spaces on human health are widely recognized, their modifying effect on the association between particulate matter (PM) exposure and the mortality risk of myocardial infarction (MI) remains insufficiently documented.
Methods
A time-stratified case-crossover design was applied to analyze PM exposure and 13,629 MI-related deaths in Anhui Province from 2019 to 2023. Conditional logistic regression combined with natural cubic splines was used to estimate exposure–response relationships. Modification effects were evaluated for green spaces within 500–5000 m buffers and for different blue spaces.
Results
For every interquartile-range increase in PM2.5 and PM10 exposure during the lag period of 0–1 days, the odds ratios (OR) of MI mortality were 1.14 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.11, 1.18) and 1.09 (95 % CI: 1.06, 1.13). Significant effect modification was observed only for green space within the 3000 m buffer (P < 0.05), with ORs of 1.10 (95 % CI: 1.05, 1.15) and 1.18 (95 % CI: 1.14, 1.23) in the high and low green space groups. PM10-related risk was lower in the high blue space group than in the low blue space group (OR: 1.06 vs 1.13), with marginal statistical significance was detected (P = 0.063). Stronger PM–MI associations were observed in the cold season and among individuals aged ≥65 years (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Green space, particularly within 3000 m of the residence, may mitigate PM-related MI mortality risk, whereas the modifying effect of blue space was not significant.
{"title":"Moderating effects of residential green and blue spaces on particulate matter related myocardial infarction mortality: A multicity time-stratified case-crossover study","authors":"Yingru Gong , Jiahui Zhou , Haisheng Wu , Yueyue Zhu , Chengzhi Xing , Xinqi Wang , Chao Zhang , Danni Wang , Yuhui Wan , Xuehuan Gao , Yanlong Xu , Qinghua Xu , Jinping Ou","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Although the benefits of green and blue spaces on human health are widely recognized, their modifying effect on the association between particulate matter (PM) exposure and the mortality risk of myocardial infarction (MI) remains insufficiently documented.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A time-stratified case-crossover design was applied to analyze PM exposure and 13,629 MI-related deaths in Anhui Province from 2019 to 2023. Conditional logistic regression combined with natural cubic splines was used to estimate exposure–response relationships. Modification effects were evaluated for green spaces within 500–5000 m buffers and for different blue spaces.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>For every interquartile-range increase in PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> exposure during the lag period of 0–1 days, the odds ratios (OR) of MI mortality were 1.14 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.11, 1.18) and 1.09 (95 % CI: 1.06, 1.13). Significant effect modification was observed only for green space within the 3000 m buffer (<em>P</em> < 0.05), with ORs of 1.10 (95 % CI: 1.05, 1.15) and 1.18 (95 % CI: 1.14, 1.23) in the high and low green space groups. PM<sub>10</sub>-related risk was lower in the high blue space group than in the low blue space group (OR: 1.06 vs 1.13), with marginal statistical significance was detected (<em>P</em> = 0.063). Stronger PM–MI associations were observed in the cold season and among individuals aged ≥65 years (<em>P</em> < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Green space, particularly within 3000 m of the residence, may mitigate PM-related MI mortality risk, whereas the modifying effect of blue space was not significant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121732"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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