Atmospheric Environment最新文献

{"title":"Tracing local and long-range aerosol emission areas using multi-method and multi-site analyses in central Europe","authors":"Shubhi Arora ,&nbsp;Laurent Poulain ,&nbsp;Radek Lhotka ,&nbsp;Jaroslav Schwarz ,&nbsp;Petr Vodička ,&nbsp;Saliou Mbengue ,&nbsp;Naděžda Zíková ,&nbsp;Jakub Ondráček ,&nbsp;Petra Pokorná ,&nbsp;Vladimír Ždímal ,&nbsp;Hartmut Herrmann","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Atmospheric aerosols significantly influence air quality, climate and human health, making detailed source attribution and transport characterization essential. This study integrates multiple advanced techniques-air mass cluster analysis, Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) analysis and Conditional Bivariate Probability Function (CBPF) analysis; to investigate aerosol emission sources and transport pathways at three Central European measurement stations: Melpitz (MEL, Germany), Frýdlant (FRY, Czech Republic) and Košetice (NAOK, Czech Republic). Online measurements of non-refractory submicron aerosols (NR-PM₁) using aerosol mass spectrometer, combined with equivalent black carbon (eBC) and brown carbon (BrC) data from aethalometers, enabled detailed characterization of aerosol composition and sources during winter (February–March 2021) and summer (July–August 2021) campaigns. In winter, the highest PM₁ mass concentrations were recorded at NAOK (13.2 μg/m³), followed by FRY (6.4 μg/m³) and MEL (6.3 μg/m³), with organic aerosol (OA) and nitrate as major components. Diurnal trends revealed strong nighttime enhancements, especially at NAOK, indicating residential heating influence. Cluster analysis identified eastern continental air masses as dominant contributors to elevated PM levels at all sites. CWT analysis showed significant source regions for eBC, BrC and secondary inorganic aerosols in Poland and the Czech Republic, particularly for MEL and FRY. In contrast, CBPF analysis indicated local sources as the primary contributors to high OA, eBC, and BrC levels at NAOK, especially under low wind conditions (&lt;2 m/s), suggesting biomass burning and residential heating as key sources. During summer, PM₁ concentrations were more uniform across sites, with slightly higher values at MEL (8.6 μg/m³) compared to NAOK (7.3 μg/m³) and FRY (6.5 μg/m³). Enhanced biogenic emissions and photochemical activity led to increased organic fractions, with NAOK exhibiting the highest proportion (75 % of PM₁ mass). This study demonstrates the advantages of integrating multiple analytical techniques to distinguish between local and long-range sources, assess seasonal variability, and characterize long-range transport patterns, providing key insights for air quality management in Central Europe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121733"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size distribution of dithiothreitol oxidative potential of atmospheric aerosols at an urban site","authors":"M. Alfosea-Simón,&nbsp;N. Galindo,&nbsp;N. Gómez-Sánchez,&nbsp;J. Gil-Moltó,&nbsp;Á. Clemente,&nbsp;J.F. Nicolás,&nbsp;J. Crespo,&nbsp;E. Yubero","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>PM₁ and PM₁₀ samples were collected at a downtown site in Elche, Spain, for one year. The oxidative potential (OP) of the samples was determined by the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, along with the chemical composition, in order to identify the key components affecting OP of fine and coarse PM. The water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) content, which comprises many constituents identified as redox-active species in previous works, was measured for the first time at the sampling site. More than 70 % of WSOC was associated with submicron particles since it came mainly from biomass burning during winter and was formed by atmospheric photochemical reactions during the summer season. Average volume-normalised OP was very similar in the submicron and coarse fractions (0.21 and 0.17 nmol min⁻¹ m⁻³, respectively), with values twice as high in winter than in summer. However, the intrinsic OP (OP of PM per unit mass) was notably higher in PM₁ than in PM_10–1 (28 and 14 pmol min⁻¹ μg⁻¹), indicating that submicron particles have a higher potential to generate reactive oxygen species and are potentially more hazardous. During winter PM₁ OP was strongly associated with biomass burning species, including WSOC, due to the emissions of redox-active organic components from this source, and also with traffic tracers related to both exhaust and non-exhaust emissions. In contrast, during the warm season, the results of the correlation analysis point to relevant contributions from secondary organic aerosols and road dust resuspension. On the other hand, the DTT activity measured in PM_10–1 was related to chemical species derived from exhaust and non-exhaust traffic emissions during winter and to marine species during the summer months.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121756"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An assessment of a CO2 transport model simulations using surface, aircraft and satellite data (2015–2021)","authors":"Chiranjit Das ,&nbsp;Ravi Kumar Kunchala ,&nbsp;Prabir K. Patra ,&nbsp;Naveen Chandra ,&nbsp;Kentaro Ishijima ,&nbsp;Toshinobu Machida","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Estimation of accurate CO₂ fluxes remains challenging because of limited high-quality data and inaccuracies in atmospheric chemistry-transport models (ACTMs). While satellite observations of total-columns (XCO₂) have improved global data coverage, integration of co-located CO₂ observations from multiple platforms and consistent methodologies are yet to be fully developed for altitude-wise model evaluations. In our study, we used MIROC4-ACTM simulations, surface and aircraft observations (ATom, Amazon, and CONTRAIL projects - considered as ground truth), and Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) XCO₂ covering 2015–2021. MIROC4-ACTM and ATom profiles show mean differences of −0.1 ± 0.48 and 0.01 ± 0.3 ppm over land and ocean, respectively (p &lt; 0.05), and those are −0.34 ± 1.07 and −0.2 ± 0.51 ppm for OCO-2 XCO₂ sampled at ATom profile locations. Height-wise analysis shows that CO₂ differences are concentrated in the lower troposphere (0–2 km), where model simulation are strongly influenced by surface fluxes. In Amazon, MIROC4-ACTM inversion does not have CO₂ observation sites and limited vertical coverage of aircraft profiles right above the forest canopy (∼0.15 km) to 4.4 km, leading to poor ACTM–OCO-2 (−0.88 ± 1.02 ppm) and ACTM-aircraft (−0.105 ± 2.58 ppm) agreements mainly due to lower troposphere. Over the airports in Asian megacities (i.e., emission hotspots), the model shows a higher difference with CONTRAIL (−1.06 ± 0.58 ppm) than OCO-2 (−0.15 ± 0.53 ppm). The larger ACTM–CONTRAIL difference reflects ACTM's coarse resolution (approx. 2.8° × 2.8°), which limits its ability to resolve smaller scale urban fossil fuel emissions, while the smaller ACTM–OCO-2 difference likely also results from OCO-2's limited sensitivity below the boundary layer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"368 ","pages":"Article 121754"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local industrial δ18O signatures refine carbon monoxide source apportionment and prevent overestimation of primary emissions in a typical industrial city","authors":"Kai Xie ,&nbsp;Yulong Yan ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Dong ,&nbsp;Lin Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon monoxide (CO) is a trace gas that affects atmospheric oxidative capacity and climate change, making accurate source apportionment crucial. Here, for the first time, we identified the isotopic signatures (δ¹⁸O) of industrial-related CO sources in Changzhi of Northern China. And total 21 ambient CO samples were collected from July 17 to July 21, 2023 with the duration of 2 h. These signatures were integrated with the Stable Isotope Analysis in R (MixSIAR) model to apportion CO sources. During the observation period, the average CO mixing ratio was 0.73 ± 0.26 ppm, which exceeded the summer average levels in both China and globally. Industrial-related sources exhibited distinct δ¹⁸O enrichment (24.5 ± 1.0 ‰ for steel industry to 29.2 ± 0.1 ‰ for heavy-duty diesel trucks). They are clearly separated from existed δ¹⁸O signatures from secondary formation and vehicle sources, thus providing essential reference data for isotopic source apportionment. The δ¹⁸O values of ambient CO varied by 3.5 ‰ overall, while diurnal fluctuations were minor (approximately 0.3 ‰), indicating relative stability on diurnal scale. Incorporating industrial-related isotopic signatures into MixSIAR, contribution of primary emissions decreased from 73.6 % to 56.0 %. These results indicate only based on existed source spectra (non-methane hydrocarbons oxidation and light-duty vehicle emissions) substantially overestimate the contribution of primary sources. These findings fill a knowledge gap concerning the isotopic signatures of industrial CO emissions and emphasize the importance of incorporating localized isotopic signatures into source apportionment. This work also provides basis for developing targeted mitigation strategies in industrial cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121755"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PM10 and PM2.5 bound PAHs and associated health risks from Northeast India-first report from shifting cultivation sites","authors":"Mebaaibok L. Nonglait,&nbsp;Nicholas Khundrakpam,&nbsp;Pratibha Deka","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the hilly areas of Northeast India, extensive forest cover is cleared and burned to prepare the land for shifting cultivation. A monitoring campaign was undertaken in shifting cultivation areas of West Garo Hills District of Meghalaya in Northeast India to assess the contribution of biomass burning to particulate matter (PM) bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The study was conducted across three stages viz., pre-burning, burning, and post-burning, corresponding to the timing of the burning activities of shifting cultivation. During the burning stage of shifting cultivation, there was a substantial rise in atmospheric total PAHs levels. PM₁₀ bound PAH averaged at 1098 ± 482 ng m⁻³ and PM_2.5 bound PAH at 854 ± 330 ng m⁻³, marking an increment of 16–17 times, respectively, compared to the pre-burning stage. Subsequent rainfall events reduced total PAHs levels during the post-burning stage by 30 and 25 times, respectively for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 bound PAHs compared to the burning stage. Diagnostic ratios of specific PAH isomers suggested biomass burning as the major contributor to PM loading in the study area. Other sources include long-range transport of vehicle emissions, soil, and dust from surface mineral. Multiple Pathway Particle Dosimetry model indicated that inhaling smoke from biomass burning in the area increased PM deposition in the alveolar region by 9–10 times compared to non-burning stage. The study highlights shifting cultivation as a significant source of PAHs in the study site along with their health risk on the exposed population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121753"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of dispersion normalisation on long-term source apportionment and trends of ultrafine particles in Barcelona (NE Spain)","authors":"Meritxell Garcia-Marlès ,&nbsp;Cristina Reche ,&nbsp;Noemí Pérez ,&nbsp;Andrés Alastuey ,&nbsp;Xavier Querol","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrafine particles (UFPs, ≤100 nm) are a major component of urban air pollution, influenced by source emission rates (of UFPs and precursors) and meteorological conditions, both of which vary over time. This study evaluates the effect of dispersion normalisation on UFP source apportionment and long-term trends in the urban background of Barcelona (NE Spain) over a 12-year period (2013–2024). Hourly particle number size distributions (PNSD) were normalised using the ventilation coefficient (VC), derived from boundary layer height and wind speed, and analysed with positive matrix factorisation (PMF) for cold (October–March) and warm (April–September) seasons. Seven factors were identified, with road traffic as the dominant contributor. Dispersion corrected (DC) traffic contributions averaged 57 % of particle number concentrations (PNCs), compared with 64 % in the uncorrected (UC) analysis, indicating overestimation of local sources when dispersion is not considered. Photonucleation and Nucleation growth showed higher DC contributions (37 % compared with 31 % for UC), consistent with midday occurrence under favourable mixing conditions. Trend analysis revealed significant decreases in PNCs (−4.4 % yr⁻¹), strongest in the Aitken mode, likely linked to reduced traffic emissions following EURO 5/6 regulations, the introduction of diesel particulate filters (DPFs), and the implementation of Barcelona's low emission zone (LEZ). Traffic-related factors declined by −4.6 % yr⁻¹, with the largest decrease in the diesel-related source. Nucleation growth and Regional-1 also declined, while Photonucleation and Regional-2 showed no clear trend. These findings highlight the value of dispersion normalisation in source apportionment and provide strong evidence of the effectiveness of emission control-policies in reducing traffic-related UFPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121752"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of fine particulate matter and its chemical constituents with outpatient visits for pediatric seizures","authors":"Tianqi Wang ,&nbsp;Shiyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenchun Yang ,&nbsp;Peng-Chou Tsai ,&nbsp;Christine Ladd-Acosta ,&nbsp;Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Junfeng (Jim) Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Growing epidemiological evidence has reported neurological effects of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), showing stronger effects of certain PM_2.5 constituents. Among the neurologic outcomes examined so far, pediatric seizure has been rarely assessed. We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study using pediatric seizure outpatient data from a children's hospital in Shanghai. Individual-level daily concentration of PM_2.5 and its chemical components (black carbon, organic matter, nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium) were estimated with a satellite-based spatiotemporal model. A conditional logistic regression with distributed lag model (DLM) was applied to estimate the associations of PM_2.5 and components with pediatric seizure risk over 14 days preceding to the onset date. Quantile-based g-computation (qgcomp) approach was used to assess the joint effect of a mixture of PM_2.5 components. Analyses were further stratified by sex, age, onset with/without fever, and onset with/without epilepsy. A positive association between PM_2.5 or each of the components, except organic matter, and pediatric seizure onset was observed with lag windows ranging from 0 to 7 days up to 0–14 days. In the multi-pollutant model, per interquartile range (IQR) increase in exposure to the mixture of all five PM_2.5 components were associated with a odds ratio (OR) of 1.03 (95 % CI: 0.95, 2.57). Black carbon and nitrate contributed the most to the positive association, accounting for 47 % and 42 %, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed a larger effect size in children under 5 years old, males, children with concomitant seizure and fever, and children without epilepsy, respectively. Short-term (daily average) exposure to PM_2.5 may be a risk factor for the onset of pediatric seizure. Black carbon and nitrate were the two most important constituents contributing to the PM_2.5 effect. In addition, younger children, males, and children with seizure and fever co-occurring, and children without epilepsy appeared more susceptible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121751"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between indoor VOCs exposure and lung function in adult asthma patients and the mediating effect of metabolites","authors":"Miao Yu ,&nbsp;Dongxia Jiang ,&nbsp;Ying Shang ,&nbsp;Zhengxiong Li ,&nbsp;Chun Chang ,&nbsp;Shaodan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The health effects of combined exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on lung function in adults with asthma remain unclear, and the underlying metabolic mechanisms are incompletely understood. In this panel study, 53 adult asthma patients underwent repeated home visits where indoor air samples were collected for VOC measurement, lung function was assessed, and exhaled breath condensate samples were obtained for untargeted metabolomic analysis. We used linear mixed effects models to evaluate associations between individual VOCs and lung function parameters. VOCs exhibiting significant individual effects were further analyzed using quantile g-computation and Bayesian kernel machine regression models to assess combined exposure effects and identify key contributors. Metabolic pathways were explored through mediation analysis. The linear mixed effects models identified 11 VOC components significantly and negatively associated with lung function: methacrolein, acetone, butyl acetate, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, n-hexane, octane, and hexadecane. The quantile g-computation model revealed a significant negative joint effect of these VOCs on lung function, with ethylbenzene and methacrolein contributing most substantially. These findings were corroborated by the Bayesian kernel machine regression model, supporting the robustness of the results. Mediation analysis demonstrated that proline, glycine, putrescine, and phenylethanolamine mediated the effect of trichloroethylene on reduced percent predicted peak expiratory flow, accounting for 31.0 %–41.6 % of the total effect. In conclusion, combined exposure to indoor VOCs adversely affects lung function in adults with asthma, mediated in part by specific metabolites. These findings underscore the importance of addressing indoor air quality in asthma management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121749"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive risk assessment of non-dioxin-like and dioxin-like PCBs in indoor and outdoor dust from Hefei, China","authors":"Mengchen Shen ,&nbsp;Li Zhou ,&nbsp;Guijian Liu ,&nbsp;Ruijia Liu ,&nbsp;Hao Yin ,&nbsp;Yanyun Hu ,&nbsp;Muhammad Arif ,&nbsp;Qing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Airborne contamination by non-dioxin-like (NDL) and dioxin-like (DL) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is a prevalent and significant issue affecting industrial cities worldwide and is a potential health hazard for humans and wildlife. This study investigates the contamination and health risks of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in indoor and outdoor dust from Hefei, China. The mean concentrations of ΣNDL-PCBs were 56.27 ng/g and 7.47 ng/g for indoor and outdoor dust, respectively, while ΣDL-PCBs averaged 98.81 ng/g in indoor dust and 92.86 ng/g in outdoor dust. A probabilistic health risk assessment was conducted for different age groups. The results revealed distinct PCB distribution patterns, with PCBs primarily concentrated in finer particle sizes (26–62 μm) indoors compared to outdoors (&gt;62 μm). The health risk assessment is based on a probabilistic human health risk assessment model developed by Monte Carlo simulation methodology for five different age groups, highlighting the acceptable noncarcinogenic health effects indicated by the hazard index (HI) values. The Monte Carlo simulation was conducted with 10,000 iterations, and the 95 % confidence interval was used to express the uncertainty of the risk estimates. Exposure parameters, such as the dust intake rate, body weight, and exposure parameter, were incorporated as probabilistic inputs based on established literature or survey data. However, concerning indoor dust, the study raises concerns regarding infants' exposure to DL-PCBs and NDL-PCBs, with a total cancer risk (TCR) probability close to 5 % and exceeding the acceptable risk level of 1.00E-6 as defined by the US EPA. DL-PCBs consistently demonstrated higher hazard index and TCR values than NDL-PCBs across all scenarios. These findings highlight health concern for infants and underscore the need for targeted strategies to mitigate PCB contamination and reduce exposure, particularly in indoor environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121740"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional pollutant dispersion in tree-lined urban canyons: Combined wind-tunnel and LES analysis","authors":"Sofia Fellini ,&nbsp;Dipanjan Majumdar ,&nbsp;Pietro Salizzoni ,&nbsp;Maarten van Reeuwijk","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vegetation is increasingly used in urban areas to improve microclimate and reduce pollutant exposure, yet its effect on pollutant dispersion within street canyons remains complex. This study combines high-resolution wind tunnel experiments and Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) using uDALES to provide a detailed three-dimensional characterization of airflow and pollutant concentration along the canyon.</div><div>Special attention is given to the consistent scaling of velocity and scalar fields, using friction velocity and canyon geometry as reference quantities, and to the role of tree drag length in aligning the aerodynamic resistance of physical and numerical vegetation. The simulations reproduce key mean-flow structures, including large-scale recirculations, but tend to underestimate turbulent kinetic energy and local scalar fluxes.</div><div>By jointly analyzing high-resolution wind-tunnel experiments and LES, we (i) confirm the spanwise and longitudinal concentration patterns observed experimentally, (ii) assess their sensitivity to the modeled tree drag, (iii) provide the first detailed experimental–numerical comparison of rooftop mean and turbulent mass fluxes, showing that bulk canyon ventilation exhibits no systematic dependence on tree number or drag intensity, and (iv) identify the specific strengths and limitations of each approach. This integrated analysis offers novel insights into the interplay between trees, turbulence, and boundary-layer forcing, informing strategies for modeling urban ventilation and pollutant dispersion in tree-lined streets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 121748"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}