The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of reproductive hormones in seminal plasma on the quality of the spermatozoa in men seeking infertility treatment. Of the 383 volunteers recruited, 123 had normal sperm parameters and 260 had either a single or a combination of sperm abnormalities as per WHO criteria. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Prolactin (PRL), Testosterone (T) and Estradiol (E2) levels in serum and semen of these men were determined using an immunometric chemiluminisance assay. Of the serum hormones, FSH, LH were significantly higher (p<0.001 for both) and T levels were significantly lower (p< 0.01) in men with abnormal semen compared with the men with normal semen parameters. Serum PRL and E2 in both the groups did not show any significant difference. With regard to semen hormones FSH, LH and T levels in men with normal and abnormal semen did not show any significant difference. In contrast, men with abnormal semen had significantly higher levels of semen PRL (p<0.001) and E2 (p<0.01) compared with those in men with normal semen. Moreover, semen PRL showed a significant negative correlation with sperm motility (r = -0.398; p<0.001), morphology (r = -0.32; p<0.01) and viability (r = -0.328; p<0.01). Further, a positive correlation between PRL and semen volume was observed in both semen normal and abnormal groups (r = 0.21; p<0.05). Semen E2 in the abnormal group also showed a significant negative relationship with sperm motility (r = ^).305; p < 0.01). In conclusion, in men with abnormal semen parameters both PRL and E2 in seminal plasma have a negative impact on sperm motility. It was also evident that semen PRL has a negative impact on sperm morphology and viability.
{"title":"Reproductive hormones in seminal plasma; it's effect on semen quality","authors":"S. Wijeratna, H. Seneviratne, WD Ratnasooriya","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V48I2.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V48I2.122","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of reproductive hormones in seminal plasma on the quality of the spermatozoa in men seeking infertility treatment. Of the 383 volunteers recruited, 123 had normal sperm parameters and 260 had either a single or a combination of sperm abnormalities as per WHO criteria. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Prolactin (PRL), Testosterone (T) and Estradiol (E2) levels in serum and semen of these men were determined using an immunometric chemiluminisance assay. Of the serum hormones, FSH, LH were significantly higher (p<0.001 for both) and T levels were significantly lower (p< 0.01) in men with abnormal semen compared with the men with normal semen parameters. Serum PRL and E2 in both the groups did not show any significant difference. With regard to semen hormones FSH, LH and T levels in men with normal and abnormal semen did not show any significant difference. In contrast, men with abnormal semen had significantly higher levels of semen PRL (p<0.001) and E2 (p<0.01) compared with those in men with normal semen. Moreover, semen PRL showed a significant negative correlation with sperm motility (r = -0.398; p<0.001), morphology (r = -0.32; p<0.01) and viability (r = -0.328; p<0.01). Further, a positive correlation between PRL and semen volume was observed in both semen normal and abnormal groups (r = 0.21; p<0.05). Semen E2 in the abnormal group also showed a significant negative relationship with sperm motility (r = ^).305; p < 0.01). In conclusion, in men with abnormal semen parameters both PRL and E2 in seminal plasma have a negative impact on sperm motility. It was also evident that semen PRL has a negative impact on sperm morphology and viability.","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123578206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nutrition Throughout the Lifecycle by Professor T.W.Wickramanayake","authors":"N. Warnasuriya","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V50I1.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V50I1.119","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"153 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132464102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rl Ilhalamulla, S. Fernando, K. Weerasena, J. Cross, A. Dissanaike, C. Fonseka
Raw snails and slugs are rare ly, if ever, consumed in Sri Lanka. [f such mollusks are in fected with the 3rd stage larvae of the lungworm parasite Pnrnstrongyills (=AlIgiostrollgy/IIS), human in fect ion can occur and a number of such cases have been encountered in this country. We now report w hat we believe is the 5th such infection. All these cases have been from the eye, iI"Iciuding the anterior chmnber, the vitreous and the re ti na. In the present case the worm was in the vitreous.
{"title":"A further case of Parastrongyliasis (= Angiostrongyliasis ) from the eye of a patient in Sri Lanka","authors":"Rl Ilhalamulla, S. Fernando, K. Weerasena, J. Cross, A. Dissanaike, C. Fonseka","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V50I1.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V50I1.118","url":null,"abstract":"Raw snails and slugs are rare ly, if ever, consumed in Sri Lanka. [f such mollusks are in fected with the 3rd stage larvae of the lungworm parasite Pnrnstrongyills (=AlIgiostrollgy/IIS), human in fect ion can occur and a number of such cases have been encountered in this country. We now report w hat we believe is the 5th such infection. All these cases have been from the eye, iI\"Iciuding the anterior chmnber, the vitreous and the re ti na. In the present case the worm was in the vitreous.","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133655571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of prenatal exposure to ginger on pregnancy outcome and postnatal development of Sprague Dawley rats was studied. Pregnant rats were administered with dry powder extracts of ginger orally at doses of 500 or 1000 mg/kg/day from gestation day 5 to 15. The daily food and water intake was significantly reduced during the exposure period in both groups of ginger fed rats. The weight gain during the exposure period and the total weight gain in pregnancy were also significantly low in both groups of ginger fed rats compared to the control. There was a significant embryonic loss in ginger fed rats. The growth and physical maturation parameters of the offspring exposed to ginger were unaffected. The results of this study suggests that maternal administration of ginger during mid pregnancy results in reduced maternal weight gain and increased embryonic loss without affecting the postnatal growth and physical maturation of the surviving offspring.
{"title":"Effects of prenatal ginger rhizome extract treatment on pregnancy outcome and postnatal development of Sprague Dawley rats","authors":"Dlo Dissabandara, Chandrasekara","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V50I1.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V50I1.116","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of prenatal exposure to ginger on pregnancy outcome and postnatal development of Sprague Dawley rats was studied. Pregnant rats were administered with dry powder extracts of ginger orally at doses of 500 or 1000 mg/kg/day from gestation day 5 to 15. The daily food and water intake was significantly reduced during the exposure period in both groups of ginger fed rats. The weight gain during the exposure period and the total weight gain in pregnancy were also significantly low in both groups of ginger fed rats compared to the control. There was a significant embryonic loss in ginger fed rats. The growth and physical maturation parameters of the offspring exposed to ginger were unaffected. The results of this study suggests that maternal administration of ginger during mid pregnancy results in reduced maternal weight gain and increased embryonic loss without affecting the postnatal growth and physical maturation of the surviving offspring.","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123972693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Resistant enterococci are recognized as important h ospital acquired pathogens. They are generally sensitive to ampicillin but intrinsicall y resis tant to cephalosporins and aminoglycosides and are known to acquire high le vel resistance to these drugs. High level resistance has serious implications for treatment of patients infected with lhese organisms and for infection control activities. Colonis ation of the gastro intestinal tract is a prerequi,site to infection. A number of fa ctors a re known to contribute to acquiring colonisa tion by resistant enterococci according to studies conducted · in the West. The present s tudy determines the prevalence of resis tant enterococci on admission in a cohort of hospitalised patients, and identifies SOll1e risk factors that are significantly associated with acquiring resistant enterococci during hospital stay . A prospective s tudy conducted over three months, on 125 patien ts in orthopaedic units and the burns unit of the Nationa l Hospital of Sri Lanka, to determine colonisation showed that 5 .6 % were colonised on admission and 16.8% acquired ampicillin res istant ente rococci (ARE) during hospitalisation. No vancomycin res is tant enterococci (V RE) were isola led. Risk faclors 1. Senior Registrar i11 Microbiology that were s ignificantly associated w ith colonisation were empiric use of antibiotics, trealment with ampiCillin, multiple use of antibiotics, prior hospitalisa t ion and presence of diabetes mellitus. These features will be helpful in identifying pOSS ible patients for screening for resistant enterococci, with a view to implementing more sh'ingent infection conlrol measures La prevent spread of these organisms,
{"title":"Drug resistant enterococci: factors associated with gastrointestinal tract colonization","authors":"S. Gunasekera, J. Perera","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V50I1.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V50I1.117","url":null,"abstract":"Resistant enterococci are recognized as important h ospital acquired pathogens. They are generally sensitive to ampicillin but intrinsicall y resis tant to cephalosporins and aminoglycosides and are known to acquire high le vel resistance to these drugs. High level resistance has serious implications for treatment of patients infected with lhese organisms and for infection control activities. Colonis ation of the gastro intestinal tract is a prerequi,site to infection. A number of fa ctors a re known to contribute to acquiring colonisa tion by resistant enterococci according to studies conducted · in the West. The present s tudy determines the prevalence of resis tant enterococci on admission in a cohort of hospitalised patients, and identifies SOll1e risk factors that are significantly associated with acquiring resistant enterococci during hospital stay . A prospective s tudy conducted over three months, on 125 patien ts in orthopaedic units and the burns unit of the Nationa l Hospital of Sri Lanka, to determine colonisation showed that 5 .6 % were colonised on admission and 16.8% acquired ampicillin res istant ente rococci (ARE) during hospitalisation. No vancomycin res is tant enterococci (V RE) were isola led. Risk faclors 1. Senior Registrar i11 Microbiology that were s ignificantly associated w ith colonisation were empiric use of antibiotics, trealment with ampiCillin, multiple use of antibiotics, prior hospitalisa t ion and presence of diabetes mellitus. These features will be helpful in identifying pOSS ible patients for screening for resistant enterococci, with a view to implementing more sh'ingent infection conlrol measures La prevent spread of these organisms,","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131894056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To review the indications and the morbidity associated with episiotomy. Methods: Study was carried out in 450 consecutive women who had episiotomies at delivery during the period from 01-03-2002 to 01-09-2002 at University Unit, Colombo South Teaching Hospital. Women were interviewed within 24 hours of delivery and 6 weeks later. Data were collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Results: Out of a total of 876 mothers 51.4% had episiotomies at delivery and in 87% the indication was prevention of a possible perineal laceration. In 8% of women episiotomy was sutured later than 30 minutes from the time of performing. Although 10 ml of 1% lignocaine was infiltrated before performing and suturing the episiotomy, 80% of women complained of moderate to severe pain while performing the incision and 73% complained of moderate to severe pain during suturing. When seen six weeks later, 5% of patients complained of perineal pain and only 0.4 % had dyspareunia. Conclusion: Although episiotomy is generally considered to be a harmless procedure it causes moderate to severe pain in a majority of women. Adequate local analgesia, use of less-reactive suture material, emphasis on immediate suturing and post-partum analgesics may contribute to reduce the pain suffered by women following episiotomy.
{"title":"A study of the morbidity associated with episiotomy","authors":"D. Weerasekera, S. Udugama","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V45I2.4853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V45I2.4853","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To review the indications and the morbidity associated with episiotomy. Methods: Study was carried out in 450 consecutive women who had episiotomies at delivery during the period from 01-03-2002 to 01-09-2002 at University Unit, Colombo South Teaching Hospital. Women were interviewed within 24 hours of delivery and 6 weeks later. Data were collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Results: Out of a total of 876 mothers 51.4% had episiotomies at delivery and in 87% the indication was prevention of a possible perineal laceration. In 8% of women episiotomy was sutured later than 30 minutes from the time of performing. Although 10 ml of 1% lignocaine was infiltrated before performing and suturing the episiotomy, 80% of women complained of moderate to severe pain while performing the incision and 73% complained of moderate to severe pain during suturing. When seen six weeks later, 5% of patients complained of perineal pain and only 0.4 % had dyspareunia. Conclusion: Although episiotomy is generally considered to be a harmless procedure it causes moderate to severe pain in a majority of women. Adequate local analgesia, use of less-reactive suture material, emphasis on immediate suturing and post-partum analgesics may contribute to reduce the pain suffered by women following episiotomy.","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126637044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A three month survey was carried out from August to October 2001 to identify anopheline mosquito breeding in artificial water storage containers in the Kandy District, Sri Lanka. Water storage tanks and barrels in 28 study sites covering 57 villages in 11 Divisional Director of Health Services (DDHS) areas were examined for mosquito immatures (larval instars and pupae). Anopheles ntaculatus (Theobald) and A. elegans (James) were shown to breed in these containers. Although these species are not known vectors of human malaria in Sri Lanka A. maculatus is a vector in neighboring countres. Also this species has been shown to support the sporogonic cycle of P. falciparum, in the laboratory; thus is considered as a potential vector of human malaria in Sri Lanka. With the impending water shortages, water storage in containers is bound to increase in the future. Thus condidering water storage containers as breeding places of potential vectors of human malaria is important in malaria control in Sri Lanka.
{"title":"Anopheles tnaculatus (Theobald) and Anopheles elegans (James) breeding in water storage containers in Kandy, Sri Lanka","authors":"P. Kusumawathie, W. Fernando","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V45I2.4852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V45I2.4852","url":null,"abstract":"A three month survey was carried out from August to October 2001 to identify anopheline mosquito breeding in artificial water storage containers in the Kandy District, Sri Lanka. Water storage tanks and barrels in 28 study sites covering 57 villages in 11 Divisional Director of Health Services (DDHS) areas were examined for mosquito immatures (larval instars and pupae). Anopheles ntaculatus (Theobald) and A. elegans (James) were shown to breed in these containers. Although these species are not known vectors of human malaria in Sri Lanka A. maculatus is a vector in neighboring countres. Also this species has been shown to support the sporogonic cycle of P. falciparum, in the laboratory; thus is considered as a potential vector of human malaria in Sri Lanka. With the impending water shortages, water storage in containers is bound to increase in the future. Thus condidering water storage containers as breeding places of potential vectors of human malaria is important in malaria control in Sri Lanka.","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128599755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Gunatilake, R. Jayakody, P. Angunawela, A. Tissera
Nephrotoxicity manifesting as acute renal failure is the principal cause of death in Russell's viper envenomation. The mechanisms responsible for nephrotoxicity are not clear and lack of experimental data in the Sri Lankan context prompted us to do this study. In the present experiments, the time related physiopathological changes in rabbits after injection of Russell's viper venom were studied using two in vitro models, viz. the isolated perfused kidney model and the kidney slice model. The isolated perfused kidney model experiments showed a significant time related reduction in renal function 4 hours after envenomation. This was associated with disturbances to the renal tubular cell integrity and renal pathology. Experiments using venom on kidney slices showed complete necrosis of the glomeruli and proximal convoluted tubular cells with the preservation of the basement membranes of tubular cells suggestive of direct damage caused by the venom. Data from these experiments are highly suggestive that Russell's viper venom causes renal damage mainly by a direct action on the kidney.
{"title":"Direct nephrotoxic effect of Sri Lankan Russell's viper venom – an experimental study using in vitro models","authors":"M. Gunatilake, R. Jayakody, P. Angunawela, A. Tissera","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V45I2.4851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V45I2.4851","url":null,"abstract":"Nephrotoxicity manifesting as acute renal failure is the principal cause of death in Russell's viper envenomation. The mechanisms responsible for nephrotoxicity are not clear and lack of experimental data in the Sri Lankan context prompted us to do this study. In the present experiments, the time related physiopathological changes in rabbits after injection of Russell's viper venom were studied using two in vitro models, viz. the isolated perfused kidney model and the kidney slice model. The isolated perfused kidney model experiments showed a significant time related reduction in renal function 4 hours after envenomation. This was associated with disturbances to the renal tubular cell integrity and renal pathology. Experiments using venom on kidney slices showed complete necrosis of the glomeruli and proximal convoluted tubular cells with the preservation of the basement membranes of tubular cells suggestive of direct damage caused by the venom. Data from these experiments are highly suggestive that Russell's viper venom causes renal damage mainly by a direct action on the kidney.","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116086386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To estimate the prevalence of primary and secondary infertility in the Colombo District Design: A cross sectional survey Setting: District of Colombo Sub jec t s : T w o thousand currently married women of the reproductive age group Measurements : Prevalence of primary and secondary infertility using the WHO definitions. When a woman has never conceived in spite of cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy for a period of twelve months, the condition was defined as p r imary infer t i l i ty . Seconda ry infertility was defined as being present when a woman had previously conceived but had been unable to conceive subsequently despite cohabi tation and exposure to pregnancy for a period of 24 months. If the woman had breast fed the previous infant, then exposure to pregnancy was calculated from the end of the period of lactation amenorrhoea. Results: The point prevalence of primary infer tility was estimated as 40.5 per 1000 married women of the reproductive age group, (95% C.L. 32.0 49.0 per 1000). The prevalence increased progressively with increasing current age and age at marriage of women and their partners and was higher among employed women. The point prevalence of secondary infertility was estimated as 160 per 1000 women of the repro ductive age group, (95% C.L. 143.9 176.0 per 1000). Increasing current age of women and their spouses, higher age at marriage of the male and low socio economic status were associated with increased prevalence. A history suggestive of post partum or post abortal infection was ob tained in 20% of persons who were secondarily infertile. Conclusions: Prevalence of primary infertility is low in the Colombo District, but amounts to an estimated 10,700 16,500 currently married women. The prevalence of secondary infertility is high, with post-partum and post-abortal infec tion contributing to a fifth of the cases.
{"title":"Prevalence of primary and secondary infertility in the Colombo District","authors":"S. Samarakoon, L. Rajapaksa, H. Seneviratne","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V45I2.4854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V45I2.4854","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To estimate the prevalence of primary and secondary infertility in the Colombo District Design: A cross sectional survey Setting: District of Colombo Sub jec t s : T w o thousand currently married women of the reproductive age group Measurements : Prevalence of primary and secondary infertility using the WHO definitions. When a woman has never conceived in spite of cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy for a period of twelve months, the condition was defined as p r imary infer t i l i ty . Seconda ry infertility was defined as being present when a woman had previously conceived but had been unable to conceive subsequently despite cohabi tation and exposure to pregnancy for a period of 24 months. If the woman had breast fed the previous infant, then exposure to pregnancy was calculated from the end of the period of lactation amenorrhoea. Results: The point prevalence of primary infer tility was estimated as 40.5 per 1000 married women of the reproductive age group, (95% C.L. 32.0 49.0 per 1000). The prevalence increased progressively with increasing current age and age at marriage of women and their partners and was higher among employed women. The point prevalence of secondary infertility was estimated as 160 per 1000 women of the repro ductive age group, (95% C.L. 143.9 176.0 per 1000). Increasing current age of women and their spouses, higher age at marriage of the male and low socio economic status were associated with increased prevalence. A history suggestive of post partum or post abortal infection was ob tained in 20% of persons who were secondarily infertile. Conclusions: Prevalence of primary infertility is low in the Colombo District, but amounts to an estimated 10,700 16,500 currently married women. The prevalence of secondary infertility is high, with post-partum and post-abortal infec tion contributing to a fifth of the cases.","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121861837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Alagiyawanna, P. Wickramaratne, D. Samarasekera
Introduction: Tobacco companies take vigorous action to promote smoking and to sustain the habit among young people. The companies mainly target students as they are in their formative stages of learning. Strong messages can influence their opinions leading to change in behavior. Objectives: To describe the attitudes regarding smoking among the students, their awareness regarding promotional strategies of tobacco companies and to identify the methods of acquiring knowledge regarding these strategies among Grade 12 students in the Kandy Educational Zone. Method: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out. A multi stage cluster sampling method was adopted to select the study sample of 204. A pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire was used as the study instrument. • Results: More than 80% of both sexes perceived smoking as a negative social characteristic. Majority of the students (91.6%) thought that smokers have got addicted to it due to the lack of proper understanding. Awareness among, the students about the indirect promotional strategies of the tobacco companies was satisfactory as 47% of students knew about them. However, 41% had poor or very poor knowledge regarding these strategies. Mass media was shown to be a major source of acquiring knowledge on tobacco promotional strategies. Only one third of the students who participated in the study have been exposed to seminars/ workshops conducted by anti narcotic organizations. Conclusion: Students of our study population perceived smoking as a negative social characteristic. However, their knowledge regarding promotional strategies of tobacco companies needs improvement. Main mode of acquiring knowledge regarding promotional strategies was identified as mass media. The few who were exposed to seminars conducted by anti narcotic organizations were shown to have a significantly higher level of understanding on these strategies than the others.
{"title":"Smoking, addiction and promotion - an inquiry into perceptions of a group of adolescents in the Kandy Education Zone","authors":"A. Alagiyawanna, P. Wickramaratne, D. Samarasekera","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V48I1.4840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V48I1.4840","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Tobacco companies take vigorous action to promote smoking and to sustain the habit among young people. The companies mainly target students as they are in their formative stages of learning. Strong messages can influence their opinions leading to change in behavior. Objectives: To describe the attitudes regarding smoking among the students, their awareness regarding promotional strategies of tobacco companies and to identify the methods of acquiring knowledge regarding these strategies among Grade 12 students in the Kandy Educational Zone. Method: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out. A multi stage cluster sampling method was adopted to select the study sample of 204. A pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire was used as the study instrument. • Results: More than 80% of both sexes perceived smoking as a negative social characteristic. Majority of the students (91.6%) thought that smokers have got addicted to it due to the lack of proper understanding. Awareness among, the students about the indirect promotional strategies of the tobacco companies was satisfactory as 47% of students knew about them. However, 41% had poor or very poor knowledge regarding these strategies. Mass media was shown to be a major source of acquiring knowledge on tobacco promotional strategies. Only one third of the students who participated in the study have been exposed to seminars/ workshops conducted by anti narcotic organizations. Conclusion: Students of our study population perceived smoking as a negative social characteristic. However, their knowledge regarding promotional strategies of tobacco companies needs improvement. Main mode of acquiring knowledge regarding promotional strategies was identified as mass media. The few who were exposed to seminars conducted by anti narcotic organizations were shown to have a significantly higher level of understanding on these strategies than the others.","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121218559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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