{"title":"History of the Ceylon Journal of Medical Science (CJMS)","authors":"R. Jayakody","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V54I1.4801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V54I1.4801","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121933181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. C. Kuruppu, C. Wijeyaratne, N. Gunawardane, I. Amarasinghe
Background: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world and the commonest in Sri Lanka. The provision of relevant and accurate information in a social-culturally appropriate manner will lead to proper understanding of the disease and treatment options. Objectives:The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Sri Lankans’ Informational Needs Assessment Questionnaire of Breast Cancer (SINAQ-BC). Methods: Item generation was through review of literature and using qualitative research techniques among stakeholders. Thus developed and pretested 69 item SINAQ-BC was administered through interviews to 150 women at least 18 years of age who have been diagnosed as having breast cancer within the period of one year prior to the study and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used for further item reduction. Internal consistency reliability and acceptability were also assessed. Results: Exploratory factor analysis determined that 58 items should be retained in the questionnaire and that they be best organized into five subscales lab elled as disease, diagnosis, treatment, physical care and psychosocial care. SINAQ-BC showed good internal consistency reliabilities with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.76 to 0.93.An average 30 minutes (+5 mins) was taken to complete the SINAQ-BC and it did not require any additional explanations demonstrating its acceptability. Conclusion: The SINAQ-BC demonstrated to be a valid and reliable tool to assess informational needs of breast cancer patients.It is recommended to be used to determine informational needs of women with breast cancer and as a tool to assess effectiveness of educational interventions.
{"title":"Development and validation of an instrument to measure informational needs of breast cancer patients in Sri Lanka","authors":"D. C. Kuruppu, C. Wijeyaratne, N. Gunawardane, I. Amarasinghe","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V54I1.4821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V54I1.4821","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world and the commonest in Sri Lanka. The provision of relevant and accurate information in a social-culturally appropriate manner will lead to proper understanding of the disease and treatment options. Objectives:The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Sri Lankans’ Informational Needs Assessment Questionnaire of Breast Cancer (SINAQ-BC). Methods: Item generation was through review of literature and using qualitative research techniques among stakeholders. Thus developed and pretested 69 item SINAQ-BC was administered through interviews to 150 women at least 18 years of age who have been diagnosed as having breast cancer within the period of one year prior to the study and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used for further item reduction. Internal consistency reliability and acceptability were also assessed. Results: Exploratory factor analysis determined that 58 items should be retained in the questionnaire and that they be best organized into five subscales lab elled as disease, diagnosis, treatment, physical care and psychosocial care. SINAQ-BC showed good internal consistency reliabilities with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.76 to 0.93.An average 30 minutes (+5 mins) was taken to complete the SINAQ-BC and it did not require any additional explanations demonstrating its acceptability. Conclusion: The SINAQ-BC demonstrated to be a valid and reliable tool to assess informational needs of breast cancer patients.It is recommended to be used to determine informational needs of women with breast cancer and as a tool to assess effectiveness of educational interventions.","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126014838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benign Paroxysmal Tonic Upgaze is an oculomotor syndrome which was first described by Ovurier and Billson [1]. It consists of episodes of conjugate deviation of eyes with the onset in early infancy [2]. Detailed evaluation including metabolic, electroencephalographic and neuroimaging is often normal. The exact pathogenesis is yet unknown. We report a 10 month old boy who presented with persistent tonic upgaze.
{"title":"Benign paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood; a rare syndrome","authors":"A. R. Galappaththi, J. Wanigasinghe","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V54I1.4820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V54I1.4820","url":null,"abstract":"Benign Paroxysmal Tonic Upgaze is an oculomotor syndrome which was first described by Ovurier and Billson [1]. It consists of episodes of conjugate deviation of eyes with the onset in early infancy [2]. Detailed evaluation including metabolic, electroencephalographic and neuroimaging is often normal. The exact pathogenesis is yet unknown. We report a 10 month old boy who presented with persistent tonic upgaze.","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"1990 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132702809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sympathy, empathy and compassion are a family of connected mental states or emotions that relate to understanding and responding to another’s feelings. Compassion can be defined as a feeling that arises when witnessing another’s suffering, and motivates a desire to help. It differs from empathy, which is experiencing another’s feelings, and sympathy (a feeling of sorrow and concern to another’s pain or suffering). There is a public demand for health workers to demonstrate more compassion. This is reflected in compassion being stressed in mission statements of health institutions, and in the goals of regulatory organizations and medical councils. Increasingly, compassion and technical competence are both considered as integral elements of quality care. Despite their acknowledged importance in health care, empathy and compassion are rarely researched or taught explicitly. Measuring compassion is difficult and there is a need for psychometrically validated instruments. As a result, most research is on empathy. Empathy improves diagnostic accuracy, patient satisfaction, drug compliance, and lead to better outcomes (e.g. improved glycaemic control in patients with diabetes). Studies have found a rapid decline in empathy during the undergraduate medical course, believed to be due to poor role models, students experiencing harassments by senior staff, confronting clinical realities that counter student idealism, higher workload, and poor psycho-social support. Facing distressing situations with little support leads to empathic distress. The intensity of the latter is reduced by functioning as teams, listening to each other’s concerns non-judgementally, self-reflection to understand one’s own emotional reactions and cultivation of self-compassion. Skills of self-compassion and compassion towards others may be learnt through contemplative approaches and certain religious meditation techniques (e.g. ‘Metta’ meditation in Buddhism). Sri Lanka could also draw on these indigenous cultural and religious practices and take a lead role globally in the emerging interdisciplinary ‘science’ of compassion and health.
{"title":"Integrating compassion to clinical care: a review of an emerging ‘science’","authors":"S. Jayasinghe","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V54I1.4822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V54I1.4822","url":null,"abstract":"Sympathy, empathy and compassion are a family of connected mental states or emotions that relate to understanding and responding to another’s feelings. Compassion can be defined as a feeling that arises when witnessing another’s suffering, and motivates a desire to help. It differs from empathy, which is experiencing another’s feelings, and sympathy (a feeling of sorrow and concern to another’s pain or suffering). There is a public demand for health workers to demonstrate more compassion. This is reflected in compassion being stressed in mission statements of health institutions, and in the goals of regulatory organizations and medical councils. Increasingly, compassion and technical competence are both considered as integral elements of quality care. Despite their acknowledged importance in health care, empathy and compassion are rarely researched or taught explicitly. Measuring compassion is difficult and there is a need for psychometrically validated instruments. As a result, most research is on empathy. Empathy improves diagnostic accuracy, patient satisfaction, drug compliance, and lead to better outcomes (e.g. improved glycaemic control in patients with diabetes). Studies have found a rapid decline in empathy during the undergraduate medical course, believed to be due to poor role models, students experiencing harassments by senior staff, confronting clinical realities that counter student idealism, higher workload, and poor psycho-social support. Facing distressing situations with little support leads to empathic distress. The intensity of the latter is reduced by functioning as teams, listening to each other’s concerns non-judgementally, self-reflection to understand one’s own emotional reactions and cultivation of self-compassion. Skills of self-compassion and compassion towards others may be learnt through contemplative approaches and certain religious meditation techniques (e.g. ‘Metta’ meditation in Buddhism). Sri Lanka could also draw on these indigenous cultural and religious practices and take a lead role globally in the emerging interdisciplinary ‘science’ of compassion and health.","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127241063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Dissanayake, P. Wijesinghe, W. Ratnasooriya, S. Wilmalasena, T. Palihawadana
A controlled ill vitro study was carried out to observe the effect of different Zinc (Zn) levels on sperm recovery rate, chromosome integrity, cell membrane integrity and motility in the swim up procedure. Semen samples were obtained from males who underwent seminal fluid analysis at the Infertility Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ragama. Twenty normozoo spermic samples were randomly selected for the study and each sample was processed with supplemented Earl's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS) containing different concentrations of Zn [0.5ml of supplemented EBSS with 251'1 of solution containing 0.61'mol (group 1) and 1.2 I'mol (group 2) of Zn respectively]. One aliquot processed with 25 1'1 of physiological saline with added EBSS served as the control. Pre and post wash sperm counts and motility were recorded immediately after processing. Post wash sperms from the three groups were observed for chromosome integrity, cell membrane integrity, and motility. Motility changes after four hours of incubation were also observed. The mean sperm concentration showed an increase in group 1 compared to the control sample [21.87 ± 21.61 (SO) millions / ml compared to 18.34 ± 19.73 millions / ml, P 0.05]. The mean differences in sperm concentration compared to the control showed statistically Significant differences in both groups where an increase was observed in group 1 [3.52 ± 4.96 (SO) millions / ml] and a reduction in group 2 (- 2.08 ± 6.59 millions/ ml).
通过体外对照研究，观察了不同锌水平对精子恢复率、染色体完整性、细胞膜完整性和游动能力的影响。精液样本来自在Ragama医学院妇产科不育实验室进行精液分析的男性。随机选取20个正常动物精子样本，每个样本分别添加不同锌浓度的Earl’s Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS)处理[0.5ml分别添加251’1 mol(1组)和1.2’mol(2组)Zn的Earl’s Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS)]。用25 1'1生理盐水加EBSS处理的一组作为对照。处理后立即记录洗前和洗后精子数量和活力。观察三组洗后精子的染色体完整性、细胞膜完整性和活力。孵育4小时后也观察到运动性变化。1组平均精子浓度较对照组增高[21.87±21.61 (SO) million / ml比18.34±1973 million / ml, P < 0.05]。与对照组相比，两组精子浓度的平均差异有统计学意义，其中1组精子浓度升高[3.52±4.96 (SO) million / ml]， 2组精子浓度降低(- 2.08±659 million / ml)。
{"title":"Effects of different Zinc levels in the sperm culture medium on sperm recovery and quality of sperms in the swim up procedure for sperm processing","authors":"D. Dissanayake, P. Wijesinghe, W. Ratnasooriya, S. Wilmalasena, T. Palihawadana","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V49I1.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V49I1.126","url":null,"abstract":"A controlled ill vitro study was carried out to observe the effect of different Zinc (Zn) levels on sperm recovery rate, chromosome integrity, cell membrane integrity and motility in the swim up procedure. Semen samples were obtained from males who underwent seminal fluid analysis at the Infertility Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ragama. Twenty normozoo spermic samples were randomly selected for the study and each sample was processed with supplemented Earl's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS) containing different concentrations of Zn [0.5ml of supplemented EBSS with 251'1 of solution containing 0.61'mol (group 1) and 1.2 I'mol (group 2) of Zn respectively]. One aliquot processed with 25 1'1 of physiological saline with added EBSS served as the control. Pre and post wash sperm counts and motility were recorded immediately after processing. Post wash sperms from the three groups were observed for chromosome integrity, cell membrane integrity, and motility. Motility changes after four hours of incubation were also observed. The mean sperm concentration showed an increase in group 1 compared to the control sample [21.87 ± 21.61 (SO) millions / ml compared to 18.34 ± 19.73 millions / ml, P 0.05]. The mean differences in sperm concentration compared to the control showed statistically Significant differences in both groups where an increase was observed in group 1 [3.52 ± 4.96 (SO) millions / ml] and a reduction in group 2 (- 2.08 ± 6.59 millions/ ml).","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129084789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Salgado, P. Angunawela, A. Tissera, J. Sirisena
The present study aimed to compare the ultra structural features of endoth elia l cells of fetal terminal capi llaries of placentae from hypertensive (n~10) and non-hypertensive (n~ 10) pregnancies. The ,dtrastructural features of endothelial ce ll s of termjnal capillaries from the fetal surface of each placenta were examined under the electron microscope. Micrographs ofB different endothe li al ce ll s from each placenta were prepared for evaluation by stereologica l analysis using a coherent double lattice test system. The volume fractions of different organelles and cytosol in endotheli al ce ll s of placental fetal capillaries of both hypertensive and non-hypertensive pregnancies were deter mined by counting the number of grid intersection points falling on the endothelial cell cytoplasm, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and glycogen deposits.
{"title":"Ultrastructure of endothelial cells of fetal capillaries of placentae of women with pregnancy induced hypertension","authors":"S. Salgado, P. Angunawela, A. Tissera, J. Sirisena","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V49I1.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V49I1.125","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to compare the ultra structural features of endoth elia l cells of fetal terminal capi llaries of placentae from hypertensive (n~10) and non-hypertensive (n~ 10) pregnancies. The ,dtrastructural features of endothelial ce ll s of termjnal capillaries from the fetal surface of each placenta were examined under the electron microscope. Micrographs ofB different endothe li al ce ll s from each placenta were prepared for evaluation by stereologica l analysis using a coherent double lattice test system. The volume fractions of different organelles and cytosol in endotheli al ce ll s of placental fetal capillaries of both hypertensive and non-hypertensive pregnancies were deter mined by counting the number of grid intersection points falling on the endothelial cell cytoplasm, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and glycogen deposits.","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130594102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Mettananda, V. Wickramasinghe, J. Kudolugoda, S. Lamabadusuriya, R. Ajanthan, D. Kottahachchi
A prime obstacle faced by a medical educator is selecting the right student to be trained as a doctor, and the general consensus is that this is also the most difficult task. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of selected outcome measures on outcome performance of medical undergraduates of the University of Colombo. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the performance (marks) of students of 4 batches GCE (A/L) 1993 through to 1996). GCE (A/L) aggregate marks, attempt of entry, district of entry, English language proficiency and sex were tested as predictors of success. Results of main assessments were considered as measures of success. Relationship between outcome measures and outcome predictors were assessed using the multiple logistic regression model. Data of 699 students were analyzed and 82% of students entered from the Colombo district. A higher percentage of first attempters (at GCE A/L) performed well and obtained classes. Entering medical school from first two GCE A/L examination attempts was a significant positive predictor of passing any examination (odds ratio 3.2 to 7.5) or obtaining honors (odds ratio 2.8 to 16.0). Attempt of entry predicted 5.4% of the outcome (pass or fail) in university performance. Correlation between the GCE A / L aggregate mark and the student's position in order of merit for the internship appointments was -0.37 (p<0.001). A combination of factors should be used in the selection process of students to embark on the undergraduate process as any single factor is a poor predictor of outcome of performance. We believe that the number of attempts allowed to sit for GCE A/L in order to gain entry to a medical school as well as other degree courses should be confined to two attempts.
{"title":"Suitability of selection criteria as a measure of outcome of medical graduates: University of Colombo","authors":"D. Mettananda, V. Wickramasinghe, J. Kudolugoda, S. Lamabadusuriya, R. Ajanthan, D. Kottahachchi","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V49I1.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V49I1.124","url":null,"abstract":"A prime obstacle faced by a medical educator is selecting the right student to be trained as a doctor, and the general consensus is that this is also the most difficult task. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of selected outcome measures on outcome performance of medical undergraduates of the University of Colombo. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the performance (marks) of students of 4 batches GCE (A/L) 1993 through to 1996). GCE (A/L) aggregate marks, attempt of entry, district of entry, English language proficiency and sex were tested as predictors of success. Results of main assessments were considered as measures of success. Relationship between outcome measures and outcome predictors were assessed using the multiple logistic regression model. Data of 699 students were analyzed and 82% of students entered from the Colombo district. A higher percentage of first attempters (at GCE A/L) performed well and obtained classes. Entering medical school from first two GCE A/L examination attempts was a significant positive predictor of passing any examination (odds ratio 3.2 to 7.5) or obtaining honors (odds ratio 2.8 to 16.0). Attempt of entry predicted 5.4% of the outcome (pass or fail) in university performance. Correlation between the GCE A / L aggregate mark and the student's position in order of merit for the internship appointments was -0.37 (p<0.001). A combination of factors should be used in the selection process of students to embark on the undergraduate process as any single factor is a poor predictor of outcome of performance. We believe that the number of attempts allowed to sit for GCE A/L in order to gain entry to a medical school as well as other degree courses should be confined to two attempts.","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"153 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134057533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Herath, M. Gunatilake, D. Lokuhetty, J. Wijayabandara
{"title":"A preliminary investigation on the effects of Polpala ( Aerva lanata ) on the structure and function of urinary tract of rats","authors":"H. Herath, M. Gunatilake, D. Lokuhetty, J. Wijayabandara","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V48I2.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V48I2.120","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127340459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A questionnaire based study to review the status of the Ethical Review Committee (ERCs) was conducted in universities and research institutes involved in bio-medical and psycho-social research. Questionnaires were sent to 37 faculties of 11 universities. Thirty faculties responded. The 6 medical faculties were among the 8 faculties that had ERCs. Questionnaires were sent to 10 research institutes and 3 associations. Among 8 institutes and 2 associations that responded, only the Medical Research Institute and the Sri Lanka Medical Association (SLMA) had ERCs. Fifty percent of the ERCs had a specific application form and there was no uniformity in the information obtained from the researchers. Some application forms lacked essential information relevant to ethical review. Information on availability of consent forms, source of funding, investigations, control selection, review of literature, co-investigators' information, educational qualifications of the investigators are some of them. Sixty percent of ERCs had only academic staff or doctors as committee members. The recruitment of members to the committee did not follow a formal process and no institutional guidelines were available for ERC committee members. In the current context there is a need to establish a national framework for ethical review in Sri Lanka for educating resear chers and to regularize ethical review of research.
{"title":"Ethical review committees in Sri Lanka: a national framework is required","authors":"J. Perera, Dp Galaboda, D. Gunawardena","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V48I2.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V48I2.123","url":null,"abstract":"A questionnaire based study to review the status of the Ethical Review Committee (ERCs) was conducted in universities and research institutes involved in bio-medical and psycho-social research. Questionnaires were sent to 37 faculties of 11 universities. Thirty faculties responded. The 6 medical faculties were among the 8 faculties that had ERCs. Questionnaires were sent to 10 research institutes and 3 associations. Among 8 institutes and 2 associations that responded, only the Medical Research Institute and the Sri Lanka Medical Association (SLMA) had ERCs. Fifty percent of the ERCs had a specific application form and there was no uniformity in the information obtained from the researchers. Some application forms lacked essential information relevant to ethical review. Information on availability of consent forms, source of funding, investigations, control selection, review of literature, co-investigators' information, educational qualifications of the investigators are some of them. Sixty percent of ERCs had only academic staff or doctors as committee members. The recruitment of members to the committee did not follow a formal process and no institutional guidelines were available for ERC committee members. In the current context there is a need to establish a national framework for ethical review in Sri Lanka for educating resear chers and to regularize ethical review of research.","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":" 33","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113952733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Entomological investigations were con ducted in 26 urban and semi urban areas in Kandy and Nuwara Eliya districts to determine the distribution and breeding sites of potential vectors of dengue, viz., Aedes aegypti Linnaeus and Aedes albopictus Skuse in these areas. Aedes larval surveys were carried out around suspected/ serologically positive dengue fever (DF)/ dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) cases in dengue transmission areas, and, in bus depots, government institutions and tyre shops (high risk places for Aedes breeding) in DF/ DHF non transmission areas. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus were not encountered in the Nuwara Eliya town (altitude 1900 m). But, either Ae. albopictus or Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were encountered in all the other localities (elevation 100 -1300 m). The majority (96%) of breeding sites of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus comprised of water storage containers, discarded receptacles and tyres. Breeding sites of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus differed from one locality to another as well as from one time period to another. This study shows that the areas situated below 1300 m elevation in Kandy and Nuwara Eliya districts are receptive for dengue transmission. Strengthening of DF/ DHF surveillance and control measures in these areas is an urgent need to reduce morbidity and mortality, and the spatial distribution of DF/DHF in the two districts. Since, the breeding sites differed from one period of time to another and from one locality to another, dengue control measures should be planned based on local and current entomological information.
{"title":"Distribution and breeding sites of potential dengue vectors in Kandy and Nuwara Eliya districts of Sri Lanka","authors":"Kusumawathie, R. Siyambalagoda","doi":"10.4038/CJMS.V48I2.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/CJMS.V48I2.121","url":null,"abstract":"Entomological investigations were con ducted in 26 urban and semi urban areas in Kandy and Nuwara Eliya districts to determine the distribution and breeding sites of potential vectors of dengue, viz., Aedes aegypti Linnaeus and Aedes albopictus Skuse in these areas. Aedes larval surveys were carried out around suspected/ serologically positive dengue fever (DF)/ dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) cases in dengue transmission areas, and, in bus depots, government institutions and tyre shops (high risk places for Aedes breeding) in DF/ DHF non transmission areas. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus were not encountered in the Nuwara Eliya town (altitude 1900 m). But, either Ae. albopictus or Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were encountered in all the other localities (elevation 100 -1300 m). The majority (96%) of breeding sites of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus comprised of water storage containers, discarded receptacles and tyres. Breeding sites of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus differed from one locality to another as well as from one time period to another. This study shows that the areas situated below 1300 m elevation in Kandy and Nuwara Eliya districts are receptive for dengue transmission. Strengthening of DF/ DHF surveillance and control measures in these areas is an urgent need to reduce morbidity and mortality, and the spatial distribution of DF/DHF in the two districts. Since, the breeding sites differed from one period of time to another and from one locality to another, dengue control measures should be planned based on local and current entomological information.","PeriodicalId":253405,"journal":{"name":"Ceylon Journal of Medical Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130267343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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