Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-03-03DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109201
Abdul Hapid , Adji Kawigraha , Nur Vita Permatasari , Nur Ikhwani , Yeni Novitasari , Siti Zullaikah , Sri Harjanto , Agung Setiawan
Red mud, a byproduct of bauxite processing, presents a significant environmental challenge with 4.6 billion tons currently stored globally and 4.3 million tons generated annually in Indonesia. Simultaneously, palm kernel shells from crude palm oil (CPO) processing represent an underutilized biomass resource of 13.2–14.3 million tons annually. This work presents a microwave-assisted reduction (MAR) process for the simultaneous valorization of both waste streams by recovering iron from red mud using palm kernel shell charcoal (PKSC) as a renewable reductant. Microwave carbothermic reduction at 2.45 GHz was employed using briquettes of red mud and PKSC, with systematic investigation of microwave power (500–900 W), reduction time (2.5–30 min), and carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) molar ratio (0.8–2.2). Characterization was conducted via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and metallization analysis. Maximum iron metallization of 94.3% was achieved under optimized conditions (800 W, 30 min, C/O = 1.4) with a peak temperature of 1214 °C, without the need for chemical additives. This result represents a 50% reduction in processing time compared to conventional electric furnace methods (60 min at 1400 °C achieving 97.2% metallization) at a 186 °C lower temperature. Thermodynamic analysis identified critical temperature thresholds for sequential oxide reduction pathways (Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO → Fe). The microwave-selective heating of iron oxides provides a competitive alternative to conventional external heating methods, particularly due to its volumetric and rapid heating characteristics. This process demonstrates the technical and economic viability of integrating two major Indonesian industrial waste streams into a value-added product through energy-efficient pyrometallurgical processing, with implications for establishing domestic iron raw materials supply and advancing circular economy objectives.
{"title":"Microwave-assisted carbothermic reduction of red mud using palm kernel shell charcoal: A circular economy approach for sustainable iron recovery","authors":"Abdul Hapid , Adji Kawigraha , Nur Vita Permatasari , Nur Ikhwani , Yeni Novitasari , Siti Zullaikah , Sri Harjanto , Agung Setiawan","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Red mud, a byproduct of bauxite processing, presents a significant environmental challenge with 4.6 billion tons currently stored globally and 4.3 million tons generated annually in Indonesia. Simultaneously, palm kernel shells from crude palm oil (CPO) processing represent an underutilized biomass resource of 13.2–14.3 million tons annually. This work presents a microwave-assisted reduction (MAR) process for the simultaneous valorization of both waste streams by recovering iron from red mud using palm kernel shell charcoal (PKSC) as a renewable reductant. Microwave carbothermic reduction at 2.45 GHz was employed using briquettes of red mud and PKSC, with systematic investigation of microwave power (500–900 W), reduction time (2.5–30 min), and carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) molar ratio (0.8–2.2). Characterization was conducted via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and metallization analysis. Maximum iron metallization of 94.3% was achieved under optimized conditions (800 W, 30 min, C/O = 1.4) with a peak temperature of 1214 °C, without the need for chemical additives. This result represents a 50% reduction in processing time compared to conventional electric furnace methods (60 min at 1400 °C achieving 97.2% metallization) at a 186 °C lower temperature. Thermodynamic analysis identified critical temperature thresholds for sequential oxide reduction pathways (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> → Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> → FeO → Fe). The microwave-selective heating of iron oxides provides a competitive alternative to conventional external heating methods, particularly due to its volumetric and rapid heating characteristics. This process demonstrates the technical and economic viability of integrating two major Indonesian industrial waste streams into a value-added product through energy-efficient pyrometallurgical processing, with implications for establishing domestic iron raw materials supply and advancing circular economy objectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109201"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-03-03DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109155
Lorenzo Mollo , Alessandra Petrucciani , Alessandra Norici
This study investigates the potential of employing a microalgal consortium to remediate agrifood-derived digestate while simultaneously producing valuable algal biomass. Digestate, a nutrient-rich by-product of anaerobic digestion, poses environmental risks if improperly managed, yet it can serve as an economical nutrient source for microalgal cultivation. The research explored the functioning of a consortium composed of three chlorophytes, Tetradesmus obliquus, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Auxenochlorella protothecoides, through a three-step approach. Initially, a screening step identified a 7% digestate dilution as the lowest concentration that did not inhibit algal growth, enabling physiological adjustments that allowed the cells to acclimate to moderate stress. In the subsequent optimisation step, acclimated cells were tested as free-living cultures or immobilised in alginate beads, with or without the addition of the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. Immobilisation was found to accelerate the onset of exponential growth, although its benefits varied with the media, while the bacterium's effect was more pronounced on maximum cell density than on growth rate. The final remediation step evaluated the consortium's performance in reducing key pollutants under batch cultivation conditions simulating parameters relevant for scale-up. Results demonstrated efficient removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, and a complete removal of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) when algae were immobilised. This study demonstrates that, despite the considerable potential for further optimisation, digestate can be effectively valorised as a nutrient source for selected microalgal consortia. When properly applied, this consortium based remediating systems not only support sustainable digestate management but also enable the production of biomass with promising applications.
{"title":"Exploring a microalgal consortium-based approach for the remediation of an agrifood-derived digestate","authors":"Lorenzo Mollo , Alessandra Petrucciani , Alessandra Norici","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the potential of employing a microalgal consortium to remediate agrifood-derived digestate while simultaneously producing valuable algal biomass. Digestate, a nutrient-rich by-product of anaerobic digestion, poses environmental risks if improperly managed, yet it can serve as an economical nutrient source for microalgal cultivation. The research explored the functioning of a consortium composed of three chlorophytes, <em>Tetradesmus obliquus</em>, <em>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</em>, and <em>Auxenochlorella protothecoides</em>, through a three-step approach. Initially, a screening step identified a 7% digestate dilution as the lowest concentration that did not inhibit algal growth, enabling physiological adjustments that allowed the cells to acclimate to moderate stress. In the subsequent <em>optimisation step</em>, acclimated cells were tested as free-living cultures or immobilised in alginate beads, with or without the addition of the plant growth-promoting bacterium <em>Azospirillum brasilense</em>. Immobilisation was found to accelerate the onset of exponential growth, although its benefits varied with the media, while the bacterium's effect was more pronounced on maximum cell density than on growth rate. The final <em>remediation step</em> evaluated the consortium's performance in reducing key pollutants under batch cultivation conditions simulating parameters relevant for scale-up. Results demonstrated efficient removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, and a complete removal of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) when algae were immobilised. This study demonstrates that, despite the considerable potential for further optimisation, digestate can be effectively valorised as a nutrient source for selected microalgal consortia. When properly applied, this consortium based remediating systems not only support sustainable digestate management but also enable the production of biomass with promising applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109155"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-03-03DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109215
Xian Shi , Jun Qian , Siyu Zhou , Wanni Liu , Xing Chen , Xinyi Xing , Ying Guan , Siquan Xu
Glucose valorization is a promising approach for achieving high-value utilization of biomass, with its catalytic conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural receiving considerable attention. However, developing an efficient and robust heterogeneous catalyst for the process remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate a feasible strategy that combines the in-situ growth of a hafnium phosphide (HfP) active phase with the anchoring capability of a three-dimensional alumina support (F3D-Al2O3) to achieve catalyst availability. Various characterization techniques confirmed that the constructed HfP/F3D-Al2O3 catalyst possesses a well-developed three-dimensional flower-like hierarchical porous structure, which fully exposes the acidic sites and enhances mass transfer, thus outperforming two-dimensional sheet-like and one-dimensional bulk catalysts. Under optimal reaction conditions, the HfP/F3D-Al2O3 catalyst drove the conversion of glucose into the desired HMF with a yield of 70%. Benefiting from the interaction between the support Al3+ center (AlV) and the HfP active phase, the HfP/F3D-Al2O3 catalyst remained effective even after ten consecutive cycles. Furthermore, the pathway for the conversion of glucose into HMF catalyzed by HfP/F3D-Al2O3 was also monitored, revealing that it proceeds through the isomerization of glucose via a 1, 2-enediol intermediate followed by dehydration of fructose. Therefore, the glucose conversion pathway presented in this study has the potential to provide valuable insights for bioenergy refining technologies.
{"title":"Three-dimensional alumina-supported hafnium phosphide as an efficient and robust catalyst for the conversion of glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural","authors":"Xian Shi , Jun Qian , Siyu Zhou , Wanni Liu , Xing Chen , Xinyi Xing , Ying Guan , Siquan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glucose valorization is a promising approach for achieving high-value utilization of biomass, with its catalytic conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural receiving considerable attention. However, developing an efficient and robust heterogeneous catalyst for the process remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate a feasible strategy that combines the in-situ growth of a hafnium phosphide (HfP) active phase with the anchoring capability of a three-dimensional alumina support (F<sub>3D</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) to achieve catalyst availability. Various characterization techniques confirmed that the constructed HfP/F<sub>3D</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalyst possesses a well-developed three-dimensional flower-like hierarchical porous structure, which fully exposes the acidic sites and enhances mass transfer, thus outperforming two-dimensional sheet-like and one-dimensional bulk catalysts. Under optimal reaction conditions, the HfP/F<sub>3D</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalyst drove the conversion of glucose into the desired HMF with a yield of 70%. Benefiting from the interaction between the support Al<sup>3+</sup> center (Al<sup>V</sup>) and the HfP active phase, the HfP/F<sub>3D</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalyst remained effective even after ten consecutive cycles. Furthermore, the pathway for the conversion of glucose into HMF catalyzed by HfP/F<sub>3D</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was also monitored, revealing that it proceeds through the isomerization of glucose via a 1, 2-enediol intermediate followed by dehydration of fructose. Therefore, the glucose conversion pathway presented in this study has the potential to provide valuable insights for bioenergy refining technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109215"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-03-06DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109229
Nuha Y. Elamin , Mahmoud F. Mubarak , Mohamed R. Elamin , Amal A. Altalhi , Hazem I. Bendary , Eslam A. Mohamed
In this study, an environmental friendly waste-to-catalyst approach was developed by synthesizing ZSM-5 zeolites with rice husk ash and waste aluminum foil (instead of silica and alumina precursor), then subjected to hydrothermal crystallization at 180 °C, the produced ZSM-5 was impregnated with nickel (5 wt percent and 10 wt percent) to form bifunctional Ni/ZSM-5 catalysts. FTIR, X-ray diffraction, BET-surface area, TGA, and TEM spectroscopy analysis of the product proved the effective synthesis of Ni/ZSM-5 catalysts with good nickel dispersion and thermal stability. The XPS spectroscopy analysis confirms the presence of Si, Al, O, Ni and C on the catalyst surface. The catalysts were considered in the catalytic cracking process (CCP) of the Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) to renewable biofuels. In suboptimal conditions: The 5Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst showed better results at 350 °C, with 0.05 wt% catalyst loading relative to the WCO feedstock mass, and at 90 min with a 92.1% ± 1.4% biofuel yield and a pursued selectivity of medium-chain hydrocarbons (C13 to C14) of 87.8 and a low amount of oxygenate in the product of 4.2%. Although the total conversion (75% with 10Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst) was higher, the selectivity of the catalyst to produce biofuel was reduced due to over fragmentation to gaseous products. The underlying improved physicochemical characteristics of the biofuel were the synergy between the Ni-promoted de-oxygenation and the ZSM-5, which enhances the cracking and isomerization. Furthermore, the 5Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited outstanding reusability, maintaining a biofuel yield of 81% even after five consecutive regeneration cycles. In this research, the scalable route to the circular economy has been highlighted as the agricultural and industrial waste is turned into the high-value catalysts of sustainable renewable fuel production.
{"title":"Valorization of agro-industrial biomass into zeolite-supported nickel catalysts for green synthesis of biofuels via catalytic cracking of waste cooking oil","authors":"Nuha Y. Elamin , Mahmoud F. Mubarak , Mohamed R. Elamin , Amal A. Altalhi , Hazem I. Bendary , Eslam A. Mohamed","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, an environmental friendly waste-to-catalyst approach was developed by synthesizing ZSM-5 zeolites with rice husk ash and waste aluminum foil (instead of silica and alumina precursor), then subjected to hydrothermal crystallization at 180 °C, the produced ZSM-5 was impregnated with nickel (5 wt percent and 10 wt percent) to form bifunctional Ni/ZSM-5 catalysts. FTIR, X-ray diffraction, BET-surface area, TGA, and TEM spectroscopy analysis of the product proved the effective synthesis of Ni/ZSM-5 catalysts with good nickel dispersion and thermal stability. The XPS spectroscopy analysis confirms the presence of Si, Al, O, Ni and C on the catalyst surface. The catalysts were considered in the catalytic cracking process (CCP) of the Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) to renewable biofuels. In suboptimal conditions: The 5Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst showed better results at 350 °C, with 0.05 wt% catalyst loading relative to the WCO feedstock mass, and at 90 min with a 92.1% ± 1.4% biofuel yield and a pursued selectivity of medium-chain hydrocarbons (C13 to C14) of 87.8 and a low amount of oxygenate in the product of 4.2%. Although the total conversion (75% with 10Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst) was higher, the selectivity of the catalyst to produce biofuel was reduced due to over fragmentation to gaseous products. The underlying improved physicochemical characteristics of the biofuel were the synergy between the Ni-promoted de-oxygenation and the ZSM-5, which enhances the cracking and isomerization. Furthermore, the 5Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited outstanding reusability, maintaining a biofuel yield of 81% even after five consecutive regeneration cycles. In this research, the scalable route to the circular economy has been highlighted as the agricultural and industrial waste is turned into the high-value catalysts of sustainable renewable fuel production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109229"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-03-06DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109182
Eddyn Gabriel Solorzano Chavez , Ismael Ulises Miranda Roldán , Fernando Roberto Paz Cedeno , Michel Brienzo , Jorge F.B. Pereira , Fernando Masarin
The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into renewable bioproducts requires a pretreatment step to disrupt the cell wall matrix, thereby facilitating the access of hydrolytic enzymes to cellulose. Several studies have examined pretreatment using the ionic liquid; triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate [TEA][HSO4] in sugarcane bagasse (SB) and sugarcane straw (SS). This study aimed to evaluate the fractionation of SB and SS using [TEA][HSO4], focusing on the recovery of lignin and cellulose pulp. The methodology involved the synthesis of [TEA][HSO4] and its application in the pretreatment of SB and SS, both in their raw forms and after hydrothermal pretreatment (HP). The recovered lignins and cellulose pulps were chemically and structurally characterized. The cellulose pulp was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using the commercial enzymatic preparation Cellic™ CTec II. Pretreatment with [TEA][HSO4] demonstrated selectivity in the removal of lignin and hemicellulose, resulting in cellulose-enriched pulps. The recovered lignins showed an average yield of 75% and a purity of 85% purity and exhibited well-defined aromatic bands characteristic of grass lignins, indicating structural preservation. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed similar decomposition profiles among the lignin samples, with thermal stability influenced by reaction time. The lignins presented average molar masses (Mn = 3.5-4.6 kDa) and low polydispersity. Pretreatment with [TEA][HSO4] significantly increased cellulose-to-glucose conversion during enzymatic hydrolysis, reaching values of 60-80%. Overall, the results highlight the potential of [TEA][HSO4] for the efficient fractionation of SB and SS, confirming that the recovered lignins are structurally close to native biomass lignin. This distinguishes them from Kraft lignin and reinforces their potential for higher-value applications.
{"title":"Pretreatment of sugarcane by-products using triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate: Assessment of the recovery of cellulosic pulp and lignin","authors":"Eddyn Gabriel Solorzano Chavez , Ismael Ulises Miranda Roldán , Fernando Roberto Paz Cedeno , Michel Brienzo , Jorge F.B. Pereira , Fernando Masarin","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into renewable bioproducts requires a pretreatment step to disrupt the cell wall matrix, thereby facilitating the access of hydrolytic enzymes to cellulose. Several studies have examined pretreatment using the ionic liquid; triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate [TEA][HSO<sub>4</sub>] in sugarcane bagasse (SB) and sugarcane straw (SS). This study aimed to evaluate the fractionation of SB and SS using [TEA][HSO<sub>4</sub>], focusing on the recovery of lignin and cellulose pulp. The methodology involved the synthesis of [TEA][HSO<sub>4</sub>] and its application in the pretreatment of SB and SS, both in their raw forms and after hydrothermal pretreatment (HP). The recovered lignins and cellulose pulps were chemically and structurally characterized. The cellulose pulp was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using the commercial enzymatic preparation Cellic™ CTec II. Pretreatment with [TEA][HSO<sub>4</sub>] demonstrated selectivity in the removal of lignin and hemicellulose, resulting in cellulose-enriched pulps. The recovered lignins showed an average yield of 75% and a purity of 85% purity and exhibited well-defined aromatic bands characteristic of grass lignins, indicating structural preservation. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed similar decomposition profiles among the lignin samples, with thermal stability influenced by reaction time. The lignins presented average molar masses (Mn = 3.5-4.6 kDa) and low polydispersity. Pretreatment with [TEA][HSO<sub>4</sub>] significantly increased cellulose-to-glucose conversion during enzymatic hydrolysis, reaching values of 60-80%. Overall, the results highlight the potential of [TEA][HSO<sub>4</sub>] for the efficient fractionation of SB and SS, confirming that the recovered lignins are structurally close to native biomass lignin. This distinguishes them from Kraft lignin and reinforces their potential for higher-value applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109182"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-03-06DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109219
Yangfan Song , Yunyi Li , Wenqing Li , Hongwei Chen , Zhuo Liu , Xiang Wei , Xinpeng Zhou
Anaerobic digestion is a critical process for microbial methanogenesis, and this review comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress in this field. The four-stage mechanism of anaerobic digestion (hydrolysis, acidification, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis) and the functional characteristics of key microorganisms in each stage are clarified, with emphasis on the enzymatic properties in the methanogenesis stage and the syntrophic symbiosis-methanogenesis relationship. Advanced technologies including two-stage fermentation and anaerobic digestion coupled with microbial electrolysis cell are highlighted for their effectiveness in improving methane production efficiency. Additionally, key influencing factors of methanogenesis via anaerobic fermentation are summarized, including appropriate pH value, optimized inoculum-to-substrate ratio, moderate temperature regulated by microorganisms, suitable pretreatment methods, and addition of conductive materials, which are crucial for enhancing anaerobic digestion methanogenic performance.
{"title":"A review on research progress of microbial methanogenesis in anaerobic digestion: Mechanism, influencing factors and reactors","authors":"Yangfan Song , Yunyi Li , Wenqing Li , Hongwei Chen , Zhuo Liu , Xiang Wei , Xinpeng Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anaerobic digestion is a critical process for microbial methanogenesis, and this review comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress in this field. The four-stage mechanism of anaerobic digestion (hydrolysis, acidification, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis) and the functional characteristics of key microorganisms in each stage are clarified, with emphasis on the enzymatic properties in the methanogenesis stage and the syntrophic symbiosis-methanogenesis relationship. Advanced technologies including two-stage fermentation and anaerobic digestion coupled with microbial electrolysis cell are highlighted for their effectiveness in improving methane production efficiency. Additionally, key influencing factors of methanogenesis via anaerobic fermentation are summarized, including appropriate pH value, optimized inoculum-to-substrate ratio, moderate temperature regulated by microorganisms, suitable pretreatment methods, and addition of conductive materials, which are crucial for enhancing anaerobic digestion methanogenic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109219"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-02-22DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109140
Dirk Landgraf , Simon Thomas , Markus Neupert
<div><div>Poplars are among the most frequently cultivated trees in European short rotation coppices in Europe for both energy and material use. In a randomized trial, 37 different poplar varieties were cultivated on a typical sand-dominated site under continental climatic conditions of the Northeast German Lowlands. Planted in 2012, the poplars were harvested every three years based on the mini-rotation system. Survival rates were determined after the first growing season in 2013 and again right before the three harvests in 2015, 2018, and 2021. Important plant physiological parameters (i. e. resprouting capacity, plant height, and diameter at breast height [DBH]) were also recorded for the three harvests, and the harvested biomass was calculated in Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> y<sup>−1</sup> DM (Megagramm dry mass per hectare and year). Survival rates decreased to varying degrees for all poplar varieties. The loss of individuals was particularly severe in the first year after planting and in the last rotation period. Resprouting capacity, however, increased continuously for all poplar varieties over the nine years. The yields of the first harvest in 2015 were not analyzed, since these results do not reflect variety-specific characteristics or site conditions, but rather depend on the technological framework. In the second rotation interval, yield increases attributed to plant height and DBH were generally recorded for all poplar varieties at the 2018 harvest. Seven poplar varieties achieved more than 11 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> y<sup>−1</sup> DM and can be recommended for commercial use. However, many varieties only yielded around 8 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> y<sup>−1</sup> DM. Six varieties, including newly bred varieties, even yielded less than 4 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> y<sup>−1</sup> DM. At the third harvest, significant shifts in the ranking of the poplar varieties in terms of biomass yield were observed. For example, poplar varieties that had medium yields in the second harvest, such as AF 19, now achieved up to 17.13 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> y<sup>−1</sup> DM. A total of 16 poplar varieties increased their yield compared to the second rotation interval, while 21 varieties produced poorer harvest results. The yield increases were primarily achieved by new Italian varieties (i. e. AF 19, AF 2, AF 13), whereas older, well-known varieties such as all Max varieties, Fritzi Pauley, Androscoggin, and Muhle Larsen suffered significant yield reductions. It was conspicuous that the varieties with the greatest yield increases had the lowest survival rates. Since exceptionally high temperatures coupled with significantly lower precipitation were recorded during the three years of the third rotation, it is reasonable to conclude that the poplar varieties with high survival rates and therefore high plant densities suffered from drought-induced growth stress. Therefore, when establishing or re-establishing SRC, lower plant densities and longer rotations should be favored, combined with n
杨树是欧洲短轮作林中最常种植的树木之一，用于能源和材料的利用。在德国东北低地大陆性气候条件下，在典型的沙地沙地上栽培了37个不同品种的杨树。这些杨树于2012年种植，每三年采收一次，采用小轮作制度。存活率是在2013年第一个生长季节之后，以及2015年、2018年和2021年三次收获之前确定的。此外，还记录了三次采收的重要植物生理参数（如再生能力、株高和胸径[DBH]），并以Mg ha−1 y−1 DM（每公顷和年的megagm干质量）计算收获生物量。杨树各品种成活率均有不同程度的下降。在播种后的第一年和最后一轮轮作期间，单株损失特别严重。9年来，所有杨树品种的再生能力都在不断提高。2015年第一次收获的产量没有进行分析，因为这些结果没有反映品种特定的特征或现场条件，而是取决于技术框架。在第二个轮作间隔，所有杨树品种在2018年收获时普遍记录到株高和胸径的产量增加。7个杨树品种的产量超过11mg ha - 1y - 1dm，可推荐用于商业用途。然而，许多品种的产量仅为8 Mg ha - 1 y - 1 DM左右，包括新品种在内的6个品种的产量甚至低于4 Mg ha - 1 y - 1 DM。在第三次收获时，观察到杨树品种在生物量产量方面的排名发生了显著变化。例如，在第二次收获时产量中等的杨树品种，如AF 19，现在的产量高达17.13 Mg ha - 1 y - 1 DM。与第二次轮作间隔相比，共有16个杨树品种的产量增加，而21个品种的产量较差。产量增加主要是由意大利新品种（即AF 19， AF 2, AF 13）实现的，而老的，知名的品种，如所有Max品种，Fritzi Pauley， Androscoggin和Muhle Larsen产量显著下降。结果表明，增产幅度最大的品种成活率最低。由于在第三轮轮作的3年中记录了异常高温和显著的降水减少，因此有理由认为，高成活率和高密度的杨树品种遭受了干旱诱导的生长胁迫。因此，在建立或重建杨树干旱区时，宜采用低密度、长轮作和抗旱杨树新品种相结合的方式。
{"title":"Do the biomass yields of 37 poplar varieties in a German short rotation coppice indicate a response to drought?","authors":"Dirk Landgraf , Simon Thomas , Markus Neupert","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poplars are among the most frequently cultivated trees in European short rotation coppices in Europe for both energy and material use. In a randomized trial, 37 different poplar varieties were cultivated on a typical sand-dominated site under continental climatic conditions of the Northeast German Lowlands. Planted in 2012, the poplars were harvested every three years based on the mini-rotation system. Survival rates were determined after the first growing season in 2013 and again right before the three harvests in 2015, 2018, and 2021. Important plant physiological parameters (i. e. resprouting capacity, plant height, and diameter at breast height [DBH]) were also recorded for the three harvests, and the harvested biomass was calculated in Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> y<sup>−1</sup> DM (Megagramm dry mass per hectare and year). Survival rates decreased to varying degrees for all poplar varieties. The loss of individuals was particularly severe in the first year after planting and in the last rotation period. Resprouting capacity, however, increased continuously for all poplar varieties over the nine years. The yields of the first harvest in 2015 were not analyzed, since these results do not reflect variety-specific characteristics or site conditions, but rather depend on the technological framework. In the second rotation interval, yield increases attributed to plant height and DBH were generally recorded for all poplar varieties at the 2018 harvest. Seven poplar varieties achieved more than 11 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> y<sup>−1</sup> DM and can be recommended for commercial use. However, many varieties only yielded around 8 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> y<sup>−1</sup> DM. Six varieties, including newly bred varieties, even yielded less than 4 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> y<sup>−1</sup> DM. At the third harvest, significant shifts in the ranking of the poplar varieties in terms of biomass yield were observed. For example, poplar varieties that had medium yields in the second harvest, such as AF 19, now achieved up to 17.13 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> y<sup>−1</sup> DM. A total of 16 poplar varieties increased their yield compared to the second rotation interval, while 21 varieties produced poorer harvest results. The yield increases were primarily achieved by new Italian varieties (i. e. AF 19, AF 2, AF 13), whereas older, well-known varieties such as all Max varieties, Fritzi Pauley, Androscoggin, and Muhle Larsen suffered significant yield reductions. It was conspicuous that the varieties with the greatest yield increases had the lowest survival rates. Since exceptionally high temperatures coupled with significantly lower precipitation were recorded during the three years of the third rotation, it is reasonable to conclude that the poplar varieties with high survival rates and therefore high plant densities suffered from drought-induced growth stress. Therefore, when establishing or re-establishing SRC, lower plant densities and longer rotations should be favored, combined with n","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109140"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146778143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aromatic amines, particularly aniline derivatives, serve as pivotal intermediates in the manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. However, their conventional synthesis remains heavily reliant on fossil feedstocks and frequently employs toxic reagents. The valorization of lignin presents a promising, renewable pathway to these valuable compounds, yet the reactivity of lignin-derived phenols varies markedly depending on their functional group substituents. Herein, a pronounced "promotion-inhibition dichotomy" is reported. Alkyl substituents substantially enhance reactivity-achieving a 44.3 mol% yield of aromatic amines from 4-propylphenol, representing a 34.7% increase over phenol. Conversely, methoxy groups exert a strong inhibitory effect in limiting the yield of aromatic amines from 4-propylguaiacol to only 11.0 mol%. Furthermore, Mo-Ga/HZSM-5 catalyst employed under NH3-H2 atmosphere effectively doubled the yield of aromatic amines to 25.9 mol%. A sequential hydrodeoxygenation-amination strategy is further devised, boosting the yield to 34.1 mol%. Notably, by integrating this two-step strategy with a lignin-first biorefining approach, a 16.6 mol% of aromatic amines (based on lignin) could be achieved from birch. This study elucidates key reactivity principles in lignin valorization and demonstrates an integrated strategy that advances the sustainable production of aromatic amines from renewable biomass.
{"title":"Elucidating functional group governance for catalytic synthesis of bio-based aromatic amines","authors":"Ge-liang Xie, Yu Luo, Kai-cheng Xia, Sheng-ren Li, Lujiang Xu, Zhen Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aromatic amines, particularly aniline derivatives, serve as pivotal intermediates in the manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. However, their conventional synthesis remains heavily reliant on fossil feedstocks and frequently employs toxic reagents. The valorization of lignin presents a promising, renewable pathway to these valuable compounds, yet the reactivity of lignin-derived phenols varies markedly depending on their functional group substituents. Herein, a pronounced \"promotion-inhibition dichotomy\" is reported. Alkyl substituents substantially enhance reactivity-achieving a 44.3 mol% yield of aromatic amines from 4-propylphenol, representing a 34.7% increase over phenol. Conversely, methoxy groups exert a strong inhibitory effect in limiting the yield of aromatic amines from 4-propylguaiacol to only 11.0 mol%. Furthermore, Mo-Ga/HZSM-5 catalyst employed under NH<sub>3</sub>-H<sub>2</sub> atmosphere effectively doubled the yield of aromatic amines to 25.9 mol%. A sequential hydrodeoxygenation-amination strategy is further devised, boosting the yield to 34.1 mol%. Notably, by integrating this two-step strategy with a lignin-first biorefining approach, a 16.6 mol% of aromatic amines (based on lignin) could be achieved from birch. This study elucidates key reactivity principles in lignin valorization and demonstrates an integrated strategy that advances the sustainable production of aromatic amines from renewable biomass.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109198"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-03-04DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109228
Guilherme F. Spohr, Carolina M. Weise, Thiago R. Garcia, Crisleine P. Draszewski, Ederson R. Abaide, Leoni N. Brondani, Fernanda de Castilhos, Flávio D. Mayer
This study investigates the effects of temperature and pressure on the conversion rate and efficiency of sweet sorghum bagasse during subcritical water hydrolysis. Batch experiments were carried out at 200, 240, and 280 °C under autogenous pressure (liquid–vapor equilibrium) and induced pressure (100 bar), allowing direct kinetic comparison under identical thermal conditions. At 200 °C, induced pressure significantly accelerated biomass conversion, resulting in faster depolymerization of cellulose and hemicellulose, a 25% higher peak cellulose conversion, and attainment of maximum biomass accessibility approximately 50 min earlier than under autogenous pressure. Under autogenous pressure at this temperature, conversion rates were lower and secondary products such as organic acids were favored. At 240 °C, biomass conversion proceeded rapidly and similarly under both pressure conditions, producing the highest fermentable sugar yields and indicating efficient carbohydrate conversion with limited degradation. At 280 °C, conversion rates were dominated by temperature, with overall biomass conversion efficiency reaching approximately 80% within 10–15 min. However, prolonged reaction times led to a decrease in measured conversion due to thermal degradation of sugars and formation of secondary products. Across the studied conditions, pressure influenced conversion rates only at the lowest temperature, while temperature was the dominant parameter governing reaction kinetics at 240 and 280 °C. These results demonstrate that pressurization above water saturation is unnecessary at elevated temperatures, enabling simplified operation with reduced energy demand and capital costs.
{"title":"The influence of temperature and pressure on sugar yields from sweet sorghum via subcritical water hydrolysis","authors":"Guilherme F. Spohr, Carolina M. Weise, Thiago R. Garcia, Crisleine P. Draszewski, Ederson R. Abaide, Leoni N. Brondani, Fernanda de Castilhos, Flávio D. Mayer","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effects of temperature and pressure on the conversion rate and efficiency of sweet sorghum bagasse during subcritical water hydrolysis. Batch experiments were carried out at 200, 240, and 280 °C under autogenous pressure (liquid–vapor equilibrium) and induced pressure (100 bar), allowing direct kinetic comparison under identical thermal conditions. At 200 °C, induced pressure significantly accelerated biomass conversion, resulting in faster depolymerization of cellulose and hemicellulose, a 25% higher peak cellulose conversion, and attainment of maximum biomass accessibility approximately 50 min earlier than under autogenous pressure. Under autogenous pressure at this temperature, conversion rates were lower and secondary products such as organic acids were favored. At 240 °C, biomass conversion proceeded rapidly and similarly under both pressure conditions, producing the highest fermentable sugar yields and indicating efficient carbohydrate conversion with limited degradation. At 280 °C, conversion rates were dominated by temperature, with overall biomass conversion efficiency reaching approximately 80% within 10–15 min. However, prolonged reaction times led to a decrease in measured conversion due to thermal degradation of sugars and formation of secondary products. Across the studied conditions, pressure influenced conversion rates only at the lowest temperature, while temperature was the dominant parameter governing reaction kinetics at 240 and 280 °C. These results demonstrate that pressurization above water saturation is unnecessary at elevated temperatures, enabling simplified operation with reduced energy demand and capital costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109228"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-03-03DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109221
Jelby George, Manoj Balachandran
UV radiation, falling in the wavelength range between 290 nm and 400 nm, which reaches the Earth's surface, is capable of causing potential damage to human cells, especially the skin. Sun protection products, which were earlier treated as skincare utilities, have now become indispensable and fall under the category of healthcare commodities. The requirement for skin- and environment-friendly UV absorbers that are reliable enough to substitute synthetic ones is spiking day by day. In this work, we report the conversion of waste cassava peels into UV-absorbing carbon dots through a facile one-step microwave-assisted solvothermal route. The as-synthesized carbon dots, when dispersed in NMP, show intense absorption in the UVA and UVB region, which can be effectively used for UV shielding applications. In-vitro studies based on transmittance data show that dispersion is capable of blocking 90% of the UV rays at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL, and at 0.5 mg/mL, an SPF of 35+ was obtained, corresponding to a shielding capability of more than 97%. The conversion of cassava peel waste into UV-absorbing carbon dots adds to the value of this agricultural waste and, on crossing the compatibility standards, would provide a suitable alternative for existing synthetic UV shielding materials.
{"title":"Oxygen surface-functionalized carbon dots derived from waste cassava peel for UV shielding applications","authors":"Jelby George, Manoj Balachandran","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>UV radiation, falling in the wavelength range between 290 nm and 400 nm, which reaches the Earth's surface, is capable of causing potential damage to human cells, especially the skin. Sun protection products, which were earlier treated as skincare utilities, have now become indispensable and fall under the category of healthcare commodities. The requirement for skin- and environment-friendly UV absorbers that are reliable enough to substitute synthetic ones is spiking day by day. In this work, we report the conversion of waste cassava peels into UV-absorbing carbon dots through a facile one-step microwave-assisted solvothermal route. The as-synthesized carbon dots, when dispersed in NMP, show intense absorption in the UVA and UVB region, which can be effectively used for UV shielding applications. In-vitro studies based on transmittance data show that dispersion is capable of blocking 90% of the UV rays at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL, and at 0.5 mg/mL, an SPF of 35+ was obtained, corresponding to a shielding capability of more than 97%. The conversion of cassava peel waste into UV-absorbing carbon dots adds to the value of this agricultural waste and, on crossing the compatibility standards, would provide a suitable alternative for existing synthetic UV shielding materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109221"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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