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Secession and the Political Economy of South Sudan from 2011 to 2017 2011 - 2017年南苏丹分裂与政治经济
A. Chilunjika, Dhowoch Orozu Lokine Daky, Sharon R. T. Muzvidziwa-Chilunjika
Abstract In the quest to become autonomous, southern Sudan opted for secession from northern Sudan in 2011. Among other reasons, the major cause for this secession was to redress the imbalances perpetrated by the Arab minority, who discriminated against the people of the southern part of Sudan. The chief aim of this study was to assess the impact of secession from Sudan on the political economy of South Sudan in the period 2011–2017. The field research was conducted in South Sudan, Juba district, focusing on the surrounding areas of Munuki, Amarat, Sherikhat, Nyakuron, and Thongpiny. The study embraced blended decolonial research methods for data gathering. Techniques such as questionnaires and interviews were utilised. The authors discovered that the secession has had a negative impact on the political economy of South Sudan, as the newly founded state has been affected by the syndrome of dependence on its former parent state (Sudan), which creates perpetual problems. The research findings lead to the conclusion that for secession to have a positive impact on the political economy of African nations, robust institutions should be established soon after secession, there should be equality among ethnic groups, and sound policies should be established to stimulate their economies.
在寻求自治的过程中,南部苏丹于2011年选择脱离北部苏丹。除其他原因外,这次分离的主要原因是为了纠正阿拉伯少数民族所造成的不平衡,他们歧视苏丹南部的人民。本研究的主要目的是评估2011-2017年南苏丹脱离苏丹对其政治经济的影响。实地调查是在南苏丹朱巴地区进行的,重点是Munuki、Amarat、Sherikhat、Nyakuron和Thongpiny的周边地区。这项研究采用了混合的非殖民化研究方法来收集数据。采用问卷调查和访谈等技术。作者发现,分离对南苏丹的政治经济产生了负面影响,因为新成立的国家受到依赖其前母国(苏丹)综合症的影响,这造成了永久的问题。研究结果得出的结论是,为了使分离对非洲国家的政治经济产生积极影响,应在分离后不久建立健全的制度,各民族之间应实现平等,并应制定健全的政策来刺激其经济。
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引用次数: 0
Pan-Africanism from Below? The Peacebuilding Role of Local Peace Committees in South Africa 自下而上的泛非主义?南非地方和平委员会的建设和平作用
F. Nganje
Abstract Against the backdrop of a renewed discourse on Pan-African unity and solidarity, this article analyses and interrogates the role of local peace committees (LPCs) as mechanisms for building peace and fostering social cohesion in South African townships and informal settlements affected by xenophobic conflict. Drawing on both documentary sources and interviews, the article makes the case that, in the absence of serious national or regional efforts to promote cross-border social integration, the grassroots peacebuilding initiatives of LPCs have become indispensable for reviving and rooting the Pan- African ideal of integration and solidarity in the experiences of the African masses. However, I also argue that, because LPCs are by definition embedded in community dynamics, which can sometimes be a source of oppression and violence, a critical, reflexive, and transformative framework is required to unlock their potential for peacebuilding and cross-border social cohesion. Given the complexities of the social conflicts LPCs are called upon to mediate, their success also depends to a large extent on a supportive institutional framework, even though informality and independence are their main currency.
摘要:在泛非统一与团结的新话语背景下,本文分析并探讨了地方和平委员会(lpc)在受仇外冲突影响的南非乡镇和非正式定居点中作为建立和平和促进社会凝聚力的机制所起的作用。通过文献资料和访谈,本文认为,在缺乏国家或地区推动跨界社会融合的认真努力的情况下,最不发达国家的基层和平建设倡议已成为复兴和扎根非洲群众经验中一体化和团结的泛非理想所不可或缺的。然而,我也认为,由于最不发达国家在定义上嵌入了社区动态,有时可能成为压迫和暴力的根源,因此需要一个批判性的、反思性的和变革性的框架来释放其建设和平和跨界社会凝聚力的潜力。鉴于最不发达国家需要调解的社会冲突的复杂性,它们的成功在很大程度上也取决于一个支持性的体制框架,尽管非正式性和独立性是它们的主要货币。
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引用次数: 3
Black Panther: (De)criminalising (Dis)abilities in Reimagining Africa 黑豹:在重塑非洲的过程中(去)犯罪化(去)能力
Viwe Ndayi
Abstract This article considers the representation of disability as a criminalised un- African identity in the film Black Panther (directed by Ryan Coogler, 2018). Relying heavily on centuries of differentiation and the hierarchical ordering of bodies “that matter”, the film represents bodies as sites of writing and reading the politics of being and belonging in a future African society. Mass media representations of morality and criminality rely on this principle too. To construct the Wakandan moral identity, the film creates a criminalised non- Wakandan narrative that primarily relies on (dis)ability and futuristic prosthetic devices. A comparison between the characterisation of two white male characters, Ulysses Klaue and Everett Kenneth Ross, is presented in order to highlight their relationship to disability and its representation as a criminalised non-Wakandan concept. Klaue’s prosthetic arm is framed to represent greed, theft, punishment, and death. The article further considers how the film explores the intersection between disability, gender, and class. Nakia’s and Shuri’s relationships to Ross is juxtaposed with Linda’s relationship to Klaue in order to illustrate how the film constructs disability as a question of class and nationality. The article concludes by drawing lessons from Black Panther that can be used by film makers and media content producers alike. It highlights that in trying to imagine a desired African future, there is a need to embrace the complexities and multilayered nature of African bodies.
本文探讨了电影《黑豹》(Ryan Coogler执导,2018)中残疾人作为非非洲人身份的犯罪表现。影片在很大程度上依赖于几个世纪以来对“重要的”身体的分化和等级排序,将身体作为书写和阅读未来非洲社会中存在和归属的政治的场所。大众传媒对道德和犯罪的表述也依赖于这一原则。为了构建瓦坎达人的道德认同,这部电影创造了一个犯罪化的非瓦坎达人叙事,主要依靠(残疾)能力和未来主义的假肢装置。本文将尤利西斯·克劳和埃弗雷特·肯尼斯·罗斯这两个白人男性角色的性格进行了比较,以突出他们与残疾的关系,以及残疾作为一种非瓦坎达犯罪概念的表现。克劳的义肢被设计成代表贪婪、盗窃、惩罚和死亡。文章进一步探讨了这部电影如何探索残疾、性别和阶级之间的交集。Nakia和Shuri与Ross的关系与Linda与Klaue的关系并列,以说明电影如何将残疾构建为阶级和国籍的问题。文章最后总结了《黑豹》的经验教训,可供电影制作人和媒体内容制作人使用。它强调,在试图想象一个理想的非洲未来时,有必要接受非洲机构的复杂性和多层性质。
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引用次数: 0
Phyllis Ntantala Revisited: The Politics of Mothering Black Resistance Movements through Writing 再访菲利斯·恩塔塔:通过写作养育黑人抵抗运动的政治
Tiffany Caesar
Abstract Phyllis Ntantala was born in South Africa in the 1920s and moved to the USA in the 1960s. She used her writings as a weapon to confront injustices meted out to African people the world over. Her struggle made a significant contribution to Pan-Africanism, as she identified not only with the struggles of black South Africans, but also with the struggles of African Americans. This Pan-African approach comes out strongly in her autobiography, A Life’s Mosaic: The Autobiography of Phyllis Ntantala (1992). The text captures not only the struggles of the African people in South Africa as they resisted and challenged discriminatory practices by a white settler minority community, but also that of the African-American community, as it depicts the dramatic struggles of the civil rights movement, led by figures such as Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King, Jr. To those who assumed that Ntantala would be grateful for the privileges she enjoyed in the USA, and which she lacked in her native South Africa, she responded that in her country she “lived as a black person”, and that in the USA she “was also a black person”; consequently, she “looked at things from a black person’s perspective” (1992, 198). This article is an academic and intellectual celebration of Phyllis Ntantala’s contribution to Pan- African struggles as an intellectual, woman, and mother. It is written from an Afrocentric and Pan-Africanist perspective by an African-American woman.
菲利斯·恩塔塔于20世纪20年代出生于南非,60年代移居美国。她用自己的作品作为武器,对抗世界各地非洲人民所遭受的不公正待遇。她的斗争对泛非主义做出了重大贡献,因为她不仅认同南非黑人的斗争,也认同非裔美国人的斗争。在她的自传《生命的马赛克:菲利斯·恩塔塔拉自传》(1992)中,这种泛非的方法得到了强烈的体现。这篇文章不仅记录了南非非洲人民反抗和挑战白人移民少数群体歧视行为的斗争,也记录了非洲裔美国人社区的斗争,因为它描绘了由罗莎·帕克斯、马尔科姆·艾克斯和马丁·路德·金等人物领导的民权运动的戏剧性斗争。对于那些认为恩塔塔会感激她在美国所享有的特权的人来说,她回答说,在她的祖国南非,她“作为一个黑人生活”,在美国,她“也是一个黑人”;因此,她“从黑人的角度看问题”(1992,198)。这篇文章是对菲利斯·恩坦塔拉作为一名知识分子、女性和母亲对泛非斗争的贡献的学术和知识庆祝。这是一位非裔美国女性从非洲中心主义和泛非主义的角度写的。
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引用次数: 2
Spirit Molestation: Identity Development Abuse in Western Early Childhood Education Programmes Serving Black African American Students 精神骚扰:服务于非裔美国黑人学生的西方早期儿童教育项目中的身份发展滥用
Patricia Nunley
Abstract The most vulnerable students in the USA's public education system are young African American children. They are vulnerable to developmental abuse or spirit molestation. This article focuses on early education programmes employing Western theories and concepts touted as best practices as the source for spirit molestation. These theories have global presence and are blindly adopted internationally despite their racist epistemological undergirding and the readily available evidence of their lack of efficacy with non-Western-ancestry students, and specifically Black African American students, referred to as Africans in America, or AiAs. The literature reveals the collective failure of Eurocentric theories and concepts defined as developmentally appropriate practices, and yet teacher preparation programmes continue to present them as universally the best pathway for optimising young students’ growth and development.
美国公共教育系统中最弱势的学生是年轻的非洲裔美国儿童。他们很容易受到发育虐待或精神骚扰。本文关注的是采用西方理论和概念的早期教育项目,这些理论和概念被吹捧为精神骚扰的最佳实践。尽管这些理论有种族主义的认识论基础,而且有现成的证据表明它们对非西方血统的学生,特别是非洲裔美国黑人学生(简称“在美非洲人”或“AiAs”)缺乏效力,但它们在全球都有存在,并在国际上被盲目采用。文献揭示了以欧洲为中心的理论和概念的集体失败,这些理论和概念被定义为适合发展的实践,然而教师准备课程继续将它们作为优化年轻学生成长和发展的普遍最佳途径。
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引用次数: 0
Rethinking Regional Security in Central Africa: The Case of the Central African Republic 反思中非地区安全:以中非共和国为例
Kiven James Kewir
Abstract The Central African region remains one of the most chaotic parts of Africa. Countries in the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) region have taken steps to address the security crisis regionally. Although the regional security mechanisms put in place have been tested significantly only in the Central African Republic (CAR), they have failed to deliver security and address the growing humanitarian crisis in this country. The approach adopted has been statist, focusing on the state apparatus and the interests of its managers over those of the economic classes and civil society. This case study uses a qualitative research strategy. Data for the study was obtained from secondary sources via desk research. Focusing on the core issues of societal security in the CAR, the study demonstrates that continued reliance on the statist approach explains why ECCAS has not been successful in addressing the crisis. It is recommended that efforts focus on developing resilient social structures.
中非地区仍然是非洲最混乱的地区之一。中非国家经济共同体(中非经共体)区域各国已采取步骤处理区域安全危机。尽管已建立的区域安全机制仅在中非共和国(CAR)经历了重大考验,但它们未能提供安全和解决该国日益严重的人道主义危机。所采用的方法是中央集权,关注国家机器及其管理者的利益,而不是经济阶层和公民社会的利益。本案例研究采用定性研究策略。该研究的数据是通过桌面研究从二手资料中获得的。该研究聚焦于中非共和国社会安全的核心问题,表明持续依赖中央集权方法解释了中非经共体未能成功解决危机的原因。建议将努力的重点放在发展具有复原力的社会结构上。
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引用次数: 1
The African Renaissance Conference, Twenty-One Years Later: A Critical Reflection 非洲文艺复兴会议,21年后:一个批判性的反思
M. Makgoba
Abstract On September 28 and 29, 1998, four years after the first democratic elections in South Africa which brought about the Government of National Unity (GNU) headed by Nelson Mandela, then president of the African National Congress (ANC) and the first African president in a post-apartheid South Africa, a conference dedicated to the African Renaissance was held at the Karos Indaba Hotel in Johannesburg. In 2019, twenty-one years after the convening of the African Renaissance conference, the vice-chancellor of the University of South Africa (Unisa), Prof. Mandla Makhanya, invited the author to his institution to reflect on the historic event. This reflection was a contribution to Prof. Makhanya's African Intellectuals Project (AIP), a platform provided by him to African intellectuals to reflect on the challenges that continue to confront Africans on the continent, and to suggest possible solutions. Prof. Makhanya saw fit that as one of convenors of the African Renaissance conference, the other two being Thaninga Shope and Thami Mazwai, I should reflect on the successes and failures of the African Renaissance project. In this article I reflect on the journey of the African Renaissance project, twenty-one years after the historical African Renaissance conference.
1998年9月28日至29日,在南非第一次民主选举产生了由时任非洲人国民大会(ANC)主席、后种族隔离时期南非第一位非洲总统纳尔逊·曼德拉(Nelson Mandela)领导的民族团结政府(GNU)四年之后,一场致力于非洲复兴的会议在约翰内斯堡的Karos Indaba酒店举行。2019年,在非洲复兴大会召开21年后,南非大学(Unisa)副校长曼德拉·马哈尼亚(Mandla Makhanya)教授邀请作者到他的学校反思这一历史事件。这一反思是对Makhanya教授的非洲知识分子项目(AIP)的贡献,他为非洲知识分子提供了一个平台,让他们反思非洲大陆上的非洲人继续面临的挑战,并提出可能的解决方案。Makhanya教授认为,作为非洲复兴会议的召集人之一(另外两位召集人是Thaninga Shope和Thami Mazwai),我应该反思非洲复兴项目的成功和失败。在这篇文章中,我回顾了非洲文艺复兴项目的历程,在历史性的非洲文艺复兴会议召开21年后。
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引用次数: 0
Toward a Transformative African Curriculum for Higher Education 非洲高等教育课程改革之路
M. Asante
Abstract Africans have inherited a Pan European Academy that has occupied almost all of the intellectual space in schools and universities. This Pan European Academy dominates theories, philosophies, and attitudes about research and knowledge, pushing Africans to the margins even in our own narratives of our history. This article is a heuristic toward an Afrocentric re-orientation to all epistemes in order to usher in a transformation of curricula in African universities. This essay asserts the necessity for African scholars to challenge the Pan European Academy’s standing as a universal system of knowledge in order to call into question the defamation of African agency and to institute the Afrocentric transformation of African education. In the end, all changes begin with the individual, and it is from this personal sense of purpose that we will transform the curriculum in a rational manner. I state three propositions: (1) the structure of our education has been totally corrupted by a Pan European Academy that has no interest in African knowledge for African interests; (2) the African people must completely break free from the encapsulating, stifling, and culturally demeaning curricula disseminated around the world by the Pan European Academy; and (3) our liberation will only be complete when we have liberated our minds to see ourselves as the sources of our episteme.
非洲人继承了一个泛欧学院,它几乎占据了学校和大学里所有的知识空间。这个泛欧学院主导着理论、哲学以及对研究和知识的态度,甚至在我们自己的历史叙述中,也把非洲人推到了边缘。这篇文章是一个启发式的非洲中心的重新定位,以所有的知识,以迎来在非洲大学课程的转变。这篇文章断言非洲学者有必要挑战泛欧学院作为一个普遍知识体系的地位,以质疑对非洲机构的诽谤,并建立以非洲为中心的非洲教育转型。最后,所有的改变都是从个人开始的,正是从这种个人的目的感出发,我们才会以合理的方式改变课程。我提出三个主张:(1)我们的教育结构已经完全被泛欧学院所腐蚀,泛欧学院对非洲知识和非洲利益毫无兴趣;(2)非洲人民必须彻底摆脱泛欧学院在世界各地传播的封闭、压抑和贬低文化的课程;(3)只有当我们解放了我们的思想,把我们自己看作是我们的知识的源泉时,我们的解放才会完成。
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引用次数: 1
Impediments to an Active African Intelligentsia in Championing the Africanisation Agenda 非洲知识分子积极倡导非洲化议程的障碍
B. Mngomezulu
Abstract Africanisation in its different facets has been a recurring theme in African politics. Africa has invoked this theme at different historical moments, albeit in varying magnitudes. The theme became popular in the 1960s and 1970s, when various African countries won their independence. The political and academic leadership found a point of convergence as they participated in the ensuing debates on how the Africanisation project would be carried out. Following the decision by the African Union to find “African solutions to African problems”, and in the aftermath of the #FeesMustFall movement in South Africa, there has been a resurgence of the debate on the Africanisation of the curriculum. With a few exceptions, despite all these developments, the African intelligentsia seems to have been slow in championing the Africanisation project. This article looks at some of the impediments which the current African intelligentsia has to contend with. Drawing from distant and recent history, the article traces some causal factors of these impediments. These are discussed from a general theoretical perspective and by citing specific cases. One conclusion is that the African intelligentsia is not as active as it should be. The recommendation is that it should become more active and visible in order to earn respect and recognition.
抽象的非洲化在不同的方面一直是非洲政治中反复出现的主题。非洲在不同的历史时刻援引了这一主题,尽管程度不同。这个主题在20世纪60年代和70年代流行起来,当时许多非洲国家赢得了独立。政治和学术领导在随后的关于如何实施非洲化项目的辩论中找到了一个共同点。在非盟决定寻找“非洲问题的非洲解决方案”之后,以及南非的#学费必须下降运动之后,关于课程非洲化的辩论再次抬头。除了少数例外,尽管有这些发展,非洲知识分子似乎在支持非洲化计划方面进展缓慢。本文着眼于当前非洲知识分子必须应对的一些障碍。本文从古代和近代的历史出发,追溯了造成这些障碍的一些原因。本文从一般理论和具体案例的角度对这些问题进行了讨论。一个结论是,非洲的知识分子并没有达到应有的活跃程度。建议是,它应该变得更加积极和可见,以赢得尊重和认可。
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引用次数: 0
The African Intellectuals’ Project 非洲知识分子计划
S. Sesanti
(2020). The African Intellectuals’ Project. International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity: Vol. 15, Special Edition: The African Intellectuals’ Project, pp. 1-24.
(2020).非洲知识分子项目》。非洲文艺复兴研究--多学科、跨学科和跨学科国际期刊》:15, Special Edition:非洲知识分子项目》,第 1-24 页。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity
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