Pub Date : 2021-07-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199351763.013.21
Charis Messis, S. Papaioannou
The chapter surveys Christian Arabic literature translated into Greek as well as “Eastern” storytelling that was mediated through Arabic and reached the Byzantine Greek tradition through translation. It thus discusses (a) texts written in the context of so-called Melkite communities in the wake of the Islamic conquests as well as, later, in the Byzantine environment of Antioch from 969 to 1084 (e.g., the Life of Ioannes Damaskenos [BHG 884]); and (b) the transmission and translation history of Barlaam and Ioasaph (the life of Buddha), Stephanites and Ichnelates (Kalīla wa Dimna), and Syntipas (The Book of Sindbad), as well as the possible links with Arabic storytelling of Digenis Akrites. It also draws attention to translations made in the courtly environment of the late Byzantine empire of Trebizond.
本章调查了翻译成希腊语的基督教阿拉伯文学，以及通过阿拉伯语调解并通过翻译达到拜占庭希腊传统的“东方”讲故事。因此，它讨论了(a)在伊斯兰征服之后所谓的梅尔基特社区背景下写的文本，以及后来在969年至1084年安提阿的拜占庭环境中写的文本(例如，Ioannes Damaskenos的生活[BHG 884]);(b) Barlaam和Ioasaph(佛陀的一生)，Stephanites和Ichnelates (kalla wa Dimna)和synti帕斯(Sindbad之书)的传播和翻译历史，以及Digenis Akrites的阿拉伯语故事的可能联系。它还引起了人们对特拉比松晚期拜占庭帝国宫廷环境下的翻译的关注。
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Pub Date : 2021-07-14DOI: 10.1163/2214-8647_bnp_e1127740
Pablo Ubierna
The chapter presents a general overview of Syriac texts which were translated into Greek. From the fourth to the sixth century, one encounters primarily classics of Syriac patristic literature (such as Ephrem the Syrian) and various hagiographical texts. After the seventh century, Greek translations from Syriac were limited to a few texts: the mystical writings of Isaak the Syrian and an Apocalypse related to the rise of Islam, and pseudonymously attributed to Methodios bishop of Olympos.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199351763.013.30
Theo Maarten van Lint
Evidence for the use of Greek by Armenians dates from the Hellenistic period, when Greek and Aramaic were court languages. The first written translations from Greek into Armenian were made much later, from the fifth century ce onward, when an alphabet for the Armenian language was devised (c. 405), following the adoption of Christianity in probably c. 314. The Bible and patristic texts were translated from Syriac and Greek, followed by liturgical and philosophical texts, as well as ecclesiastical documents, such as council canons and correspondence with church dignitaries. Education in the Eastern Mediterranean schools provided a matrix for the inculturation of religious and secular texts written in Greek. Some of the texts preserved in Armenian reflect either a more ancient redaction than the oldest preserved Greek manuscripts, or represent witnesses to texts no longer extant in Greek. Attention is given in this sub-chapter to translation techniques and their potential correlation to Antiochene and Alexandrian exegesis, as well as Christological disputes. In assessing the justification for the often-used term “Hellenizing School”, it is emphasized that the heightened or lesser levels of Grecisms deployed in translations and original works varied over time and location. The sub-chapter discusses further types of texts translated from Greek, such as pseudepigrapha, apocrypha, texts related to the trivium and quadrivium, and legal texts. It pays attention also to translation through intermediary languages such as Syriac and Georgian, and to Armenian texts into Greek. Suggestions for further reading and a bibliography complete the sub-chapter.
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This chapter provides an overview of the main tasks to be performed by an editor of Byzantine literary works, highlighting some of the recent developments in methodology and technology and focusing on technical aspects. The editor’s tasks are the following: (1) heuristics of texts and manuscripts, (2) collation (namely, comparison of the text preserved in different manuscripts), (3) classification of the manuscript witnesses of a text according to various principles, (4) edition (or constitutio textus, in the common Latin terminology of critical editions), and, finally, (5) publication. Different types of textual transmission, shaped by several elements (language, genre, topic, authority, etc.), require, it is argued here, different editorial treatments. An Appendix to the chapter lists the main book series in which editions of Byzantine literature are published.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199351763.013.38
Stratis Papaioannou
The chapter surveys the primary forms that Christian sacred song took in Byzantium, in relation to the relevant manuscript evidence, liturgical practice, and music. It first draws attention to major challenges in relevant research (e.g., the immensity of the evidence, the living tradition of Byzantine liturgy, the disparate nature of the available evidence). Then, the main hymnic forms are presented: the monostrophic troparion, the polystrophic kontakion (for whose later history the chapter proposes an innovative reinterpretation of its supposed “decline” during the middle Byzantine period), the polystrophic kanôn, and the polystrophic stichêra. The chapter concludes with a presentation of various fields of desiderata in the study of Byzantine hymnography.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199351763.013.8
A. Riehle
This chapter surveys key aspects of rhetorical practice in Byzantium, with a focus on the middle and late periods. The first section maps out the generic landscape of Byzantine rhetoric, which, in addition to oratory in the narrow sense, can be argued to comprise virtually all of (highbrow) literature, including poetry. While it is true that Byzantine rhetoric is particularly rich in texts of the demonstrative type such as encomia, the essay asserts against claims to the contrary, that forms of deliberative and judicial rhetoric continued to exist in Byzantium and appear in fact ubiquitously once one broadens the scope beyond secular oratory. After a brief sketch of the place of rhetoric in higher education, the chapter proceeds to discuss the various steps involved in composing and performing a rhetorical text. In this, it follows ancient and medieval precepts for the so-called tasks of the rhetorician—invention, arrangement, style, memory and delivery—and shows their relevance for the practice of writing and reciting texts belonging to various rhetorical genres. Throughout, this chapter argues that scholarship on Byzantine rhetoric has focused too narrowly on panegyric and on matters of style, and that attention should turn to long-neglected aspects of argumentative technique that were at the heart of Byzantine rhetorical theory and education and that can be found in a wide array of textual genres, particularly in religious literature.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199351763.013.11
Stephanos Efthymiadis
The chapter surveys all the forms of rewriting in Byzantine literature: copying longer or shorter extracts from an “original” work; drawing on a previous text and adapting it into a new one; providing a new version by reworking an older text in terms of its language, style, and length; and parodying and modifying its literary character. Allegory, periphrasis, epitome, paraphrasis, and metaphrasis denoted different modes by which a given text could be rhetorically elaborated; yet, as terms, they were not used consistently by Byzantine authors. As a literary trend, rewriting had its representatives in the fourth and fifth centuries, but burgeoned in the ninth and tenth centuries, and then again in the Komnenian and Palaiologan eras, when it was characterized by literary experimentation. Compositions deriving from (an) older text(s) were treated with respect in Byzantium, as they were seen as creations that required special literary skills.
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The chapter surveys the culture of the manuscript book in Byzantium. It proposes a comprehensive study of Greek manuscripts that both looks at the Mediterranean multilingual book culture at large, and takes into consideration all facets (both material and social) that determined the production, circulation, and preservation of manuscripts. Statistics and relevant research tools of the preserved manuscript corpus are offered, while the disparities of such statistics and research tools also are highlighted—as Greek manuscripts remain, to a very large extent, still poorly studied despite the many recent advances. Attention is also drawn to the commerce and mobility of books in Byzantium, to the main human agents (copyists, patrons, and later owners), and main types of book (codices, scrolls, etc.) in Byzantine manuscript culture. The chapter also discusses the issue of forgery, as well as that of books which were used for ritual and other purposes, and were not meant primarily for reading.
{"title":"Book Culture","authors":"Filippo Ronconi, Stratis Papaioannou","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvc77bk8.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77bk8.24","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter surveys the culture of the manuscript book in Byzantium. It proposes a comprehensive study of Greek manuscripts that both looks at the Mediterranean multilingual book culture at large, and takes into consideration all facets (both material and social) that determined the production, circulation, and preservation of manuscripts. Statistics and relevant research tools of the preserved manuscript corpus are offered, while the disparities of such statistics and research tools also are highlighted—as Greek manuscripts remain, to a very large extent, still poorly studied despite the many recent advances. Attention is also drawn to the commerce and mobility of books in Byzantium, to the main human agents (copyists, patrons, and later owners), and main types of book (codices, scrolls, etc.) in Byzantine manuscript culture. The chapter also discusses the issue of forgery, as well as that of books which were used for ritual and other purposes, and were not meant primarily for reading.","PeriodicalId":260014,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Literature","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129406511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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