The Olympic Games are processes of “nation building,” through which nations become aware of their distinct identity values and take opportunities to send new messages about their status to the rest of the world. This paper describes how some of the graphic design material of the Tokyo 1964 and the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games visually articulated the investment of national content in the newly modernized identities of Japan in 1964 and China in 2008, through di ff erent uses of historical references.
{"title":"Olympic Design and National History : The Cases of Tokyo 1964 and Beijing 2008","authors":"Jilly Traganou","doi":"10.15057/18055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/18055","url":null,"abstract":"The Olympic Games are processes of “nation building,” through which nations become aware of their distinct identity values and take opportunities to send new messages about their status to the rest of the world. This paper describes how some of the graphic design material of the Tokyo 1964 and the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games visually articulated the investment of national content in the newly modernized identities of Japan in 1964 and China in 2008, through di ff erent uses of historical references.","PeriodicalId":265291,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of arts and sciences","volume":"130 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130205279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper addresses organisational aspects of European sports policy primarily at the nation-state level, but also in respect of the European Union. In particular it seeks to identify and evaluate the nature and structure of policy systems and the changes such systems might be undergoing within the EU. Although there has been a relatively recent growth in comparative analysis of elite policy systems (Bosscher Veerle De, Bingham Jerry, & Simon, 2007; Green & Houlihan, 2005; Houlihan, Bergsgard, Mangset, Nødland, & Rommetvedt, 2007), more general reviews of sport policy have tended to be limited to collections of single nation studies (Chalip, Johnson, & Stachura, 1996) or to address transnational and global policy influences (Henry & Institute of Sport and Leisure Policy, 2007). While material with a European focus does exist, this has related to leisure policy rather than sport (Bramham, Henry, Mommaas, & van der Poel, 1993) or to the European Union per se (Henry, 2008) rather than to European Member Statesʼ sports policies. One of the few sources to address sports policy, from mass to elite, and with a distinctively comparative approach and a focus on the European Union is the report of Jean Camy and his colleagues in the VOCASPORT report (VOCASPORT Research Group, 2004) commissioned by the Sports Unit of the European Commission. In a concise 10 page section of the report the authors seek to outline a typology of sports policy systems in the EU. This chapter aims to extend the VOCASPORT analysis by : exploring the nature of the overall policy goals promoted by, or consistent with, each of the ideal type configurations; evaluating the nature and emphasis of the philosophy of service delivery in each configuration; identifying the strengths and weaknesses of each of the four configurations; and explaining the tensions within national systems that are reflected in shifts from one configuration towards another. The concluding section of the chapter will seek to outline the relationship between the approach to sports policy implicit in the European Commissionʼs White paper on Sport (European Commission, 2007) and the approaches evident in the VOCASPORT typology.
本文主要在民族国家层面讨论欧洲体育政策的组织方面，但也涉及欧盟。它尤其力求查明和评价政策制度的性质和结构以及这些制度在欧盟内部可能发生的变化。尽管最近精英政策体系的比较分析有所增长(Bosscher Veerle De, Bingham Jerry， & Simon, 2007;Green & Houlihan, 2005;Houlihan, Bergsgard, Mangset, Nødland， & Rommetvedt, 2007)，对体育政策的更一般的评论往往局限于单个国家研究的集合(Chalip, Johnson， & Stachura, 1996)或解决跨国和全球政策影响(Henry和体育与休闲政策研究所，2007)。虽然以欧洲为重点的材料确实存在，但这与休闲政策而不是体育(Bramham, Henry, Mommaas， & van der Poel, 1993)或欧盟本身(Henry, 2008)而不是欧洲成员国的体育政策有关。Jean Camy和他的同事在由欧盟委员会体育部门委托的VOCASPORT报告(VOCASPORT研究小组，2004年)中提出了从大众到精英的体育政策，并采用了独特的比较方法和对欧盟的关注，这是为数不多的几个来源之一。在这份报告中，作者用10页的篇幅简明扼要地概述了欧盟体育政策体系的类型学。本章旨在通过以下方式扩展VOCASPORT分析:探讨由每种理想类型配置推动或与之一致的总体政策目标的性质;评估每个配置中服务提供理念的性质和重点;确定四种配置的优缺点;并解释了从一种结构向另一种结构转变所反映的国家体系内部的紧张关系。本章的最后部分将试图概述欧盟委员会体育白皮书(欧盟委员会，2007年)中隐含的体育政策方法与VOCASPORT类型学中明显的方法之间的关系。
{"title":"EUROPEAN MODELS OF SPORT: GOVERNANCE, ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND SPORTS POLICY IN THE EU","authors":"I. Henry","doi":"10.15057/18054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/18054","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses organisational aspects of European sports policy primarily at the nation-state level, but also in respect of the European Union. In particular it seeks to identify and evaluate the nature and structure of policy systems and the changes such systems might be undergoing within the EU. Although there has been a relatively recent growth in comparative analysis of elite policy systems (Bosscher Veerle De, Bingham Jerry, & Simon, 2007; Green & Houlihan, 2005; Houlihan, Bergsgard, Mangset, Nødland, & Rommetvedt, 2007), more general reviews of sport policy have tended to be limited to collections of single nation studies (Chalip, Johnson, & Stachura, 1996) or to address transnational and global policy influences (Henry & Institute of Sport and Leisure Policy, 2007). While material with a European focus does exist, this has related to leisure policy rather than sport (Bramham, Henry, Mommaas, & van der Poel, 1993) or to the European Union per se (Henry, 2008) rather than to European Member Statesʼ sports policies. One of the few sources to address sports policy, from mass to elite, and with a distinctively comparative approach and a focus on the European Union is the report of Jean Camy and his colleagues in the VOCASPORT report (VOCASPORT Research Group, 2004) commissioned by the Sports Unit of the European Commission. In a concise 10 page section of the report the authors seek to outline a typology of sports policy systems in the EU. This chapter aims to extend the VOCASPORT analysis by : exploring the nature of the overall policy goals promoted by, or consistent with, each of the ideal type configurations; evaluating the nature and emphasis of the philosophy of service delivery in each configuration; identifying the strengths and weaknesses of each of the four configurations; and explaining the tensions within national systems that are reflected in shifts from one configuration towards another. The concluding section of the chapter will seek to outline the relationship between the approach to sports policy implicit in the European Commissionʼs White paper on Sport (European Commission, 2007) and the approaches evident in the VOCASPORT typology.","PeriodicalId":265291,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of arts and sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116893468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the most basic level of analysis, it is easy to see the extent to which sport, arguably more than any other form of social activity in the modern world, facilitates flag waving and the playing of national anthems, both formally at moments such as medal ceremonies and informally through the activities of fans. Indeed there are many political nationalists who fear that by acting as such a visible medium for overt displays of national sentiment, sport can actually blunt the edge of serious political debate. No matter how one views the grotesque caricatures of national modes of behavior and dress that so often provide the colorful backdrop to major sporting events, one certainly cannot escape the fact that nationalism, in some form or another, and sport are closely linked. It is important to appreciate, however, that the precise nature of their relationship varies dramatically from one political setting to another and that, as a consequence, it is vital that we are alert to a range of different conceptual issues. For example, like the United Nations, sportʼs global governing bodies, such as the International Olympic Committee or the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), consist almost exclusively of representatives not of nations but rather of sovereign nation states. It is also worth noting that pioneering figures in the organization of international sport, such as Baron Pierre de Coubertin who established the modern Olympics in 1896, commonly revealed a commitment to both internationalism and the interests of their own nation states. Thus, whilst de Coubertin could write enthusiastically about a sporting event that would bring together young (male) athletes from across the globe, he was also specifically concerned with the physical well-being of young French men in the wake of a demoralizing defeat in the Franco-German War. Whilst in most cases, these nation states that constitute international sporting bodies are coterminous with nations, the fact remains that numerous nations throughout the world, as well as other forms of collective belonging, are stateless and are consequently denied representation in international sporting competition just as they are in the corridors of global political power. When considering the relationship between sports and nationalism, therefore, it is important to think in terms both of nation states and of nations. This also provides the means whereby sportʼs connection with nationality and also with national identity can be separately explored. It is also useful to bear in mind that sport often acts as a window through which we are able to Hitotsubashi Journal of Arts and Sciences 49 (2008), pp.43-53. C Hitotsubashi University
在最基本的分析层面上，很容易看出体育在多大程度上促进了国旗的挥舞和国歌的演奏，无论是在正式的颁奖仪式上，还是在非正式的球迷活动中，可以说比现代世界任何其他形式的社会活动都要多。事实上，有许多政治民族主义者担心，体育作为一种公开展示民族情绪的可见媒介，实际上会削弱严肃政治辩论的锋刃。无论一个人如何看待那些经常为重大体育赛事提供丰富多彩的背景的民族行为模式和服装的怪诞漫画，一个人肯定无法回避这样一个事实，即民族主义以某种形式与体育密切相关。然而，重要的是要认识到，它们关系的确切性质在不同的政治环境中有很大的不同，因此，我们必须警惕一系列不同的概念问题。例如，像联合国一样，体育运动的全球管理机构，如国际奥林匹克委员会或国际足联(FIFA)，几乎完全由主权民族国家的代表组成，而不是国家的代表。同样值得注意的是，国际体育组织的先驱人物，如1896年创立现代奥运会的皮埃尔·德·顾拜旦男爵(Baron Pierre de Coubertin)，通常都表现出对国际主义和本国利益的承诺。因此，尽管顾拜旦可以热情地描写一项将全球年轻(男性)运动员聚集在一起的体育赛事，但他也特别关注在法德战争中士气低落的失败后法国年轻男性的身体健康。虽然在大多数情况下，这些构成国际体育机构的民族国家与国家是共同的，但事实仍然是，世界各地的许多国家，以及其他形式的集体归属，都是无国籍的，因此在国际体育比赛中被剥夺了代表权，就像他们在全球政治权力的走廊里一样。因此，在考虑体育与民族主义之间的关系时，重要的是要从民族国家和民族的角度来考虑。这也为体育与民族性和民族认同的联系提供了可以分别探讨的手段。记住，体育常常是一个窗口，通过这个窗口，我们能够看到Hitotsubashi《艺术与科学杂志》49(2008)，第43-53页。C一桥大学
{"title":"Sport, nationalism and globalization : relevance, impact, consequences","authors":"A. Bairner","doi":"10.15057/16446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/16446","url":null,"abstract":"At the most basic level of analysis, it is easy to see the extent to which sport, arguably more than any other form of social activity in the modern world, facilitates flag waving and the playing of national anthems, both formally at moments such as medal ceremonies and informally through the activities of fans. Indeed there are many political nationalists who fear that by acting as such a visible medium for overt displays of national sentiment, sport can actually blunt the edge of serious political debate. No matter how one views the grotesque caricatures of national modes of behavior and dress that so often provide the colorful backdrop to major sporting events, one certainly cannot escape the fact that nationalism, in some form or another, and sport are closely linked. It is important to appreciate, however, that the precise nature of their relationship varies dramatically from one political setting to another and that, as a consequence, it is vital that we are alert to a range of different conceptual issues. For example, like the United Nations, sportʼs global governing bodies, such as the International Olympic Committee or the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), consist almost exclusively of representatives not of nations but rather of sovereign nation states. It is also worth noting that pioneering figures in the organization of international sport, such as Baron Pierre de Coubertin who established the modern Olympics in 1896, commonly revealed a commitment to both internationalism and the interests of their own nation states. Thus, whilst de Coubertin could write enthusiastically about a sporting event that would bring together young (male) athletes from across the globe, he was also specifically concerned with the physical well-being of young French men in the wake of a demoralizing defeat in the Franco-German War. Whilst in most cases, these nation states that constitute international sporting bodies are coterminous with nations, the fact remains that numerous nations throughout the world, as well as other forms of collective belonging, are stateless and are consequently denied representation in international sporting competition just as they are in the corridors of global political power. When considering the relationship between sports and nationalism, therefore, it is important to think in terms both of nation states and of nations. This also provides the means whereby sportʼs connection with nationality and also with national identity can be separately explored. It is also useful to bear in mind that sport often acts as a window through which we are able to Hitotsubashi Journal of Arts and Sciences 49 (2008), pp.43-53. C Hitotsubashi University","PeriodicalId":265291,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of arts and sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114842493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ironie und Demokratie : Thomas Manns Ironie im Kontext der zeitgenössischen Ideengeschichte","authors":"Nobutaka Yamamuro","doi":"10.15057/16449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/16449","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265291,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of arts and sciences","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130042341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CRIME AND CREATIVITY : THE ANTI-IMAGINATION NOVELS OF MURIEL SPARK","authors":"R. Kawamoto","doi":"10.15057/16450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/16450","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265291,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of arts and sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124757043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NEW INTERPRETATIONS ON SOME BIBLICAL PASSAGES","authors":"S. Toda","doi":"10.15057/16447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/16447","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265291,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of arts and sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122177691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the last ten years there have been dramatic changes in efforts to tackle the problem of doping in sport. In 1999 the World Anti-Doping Agency was established and five years later in 2004 the World Anti-Doping Code was approved with the aim of harmonizing anti-doping policy and practice across the globe. Since then the Code has been revised and UNESCO has drafted an Anti-Doping Convention which will legally commit governments to support WADA and implement the Code. These considerable achievements reflect not only the seriousness of the problem of doping in elite sport, but also the increasing importance of elite sport, especially Olympic sport, and elite sporting success to governments and to business. Elite sport has been important as a diplomatic resource in relation to specific issues such as apartheid in South Africa and the also the Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, but it has also become increasingly important for a wide range of governments in raising the profile of a country (through hosting major sports events or having successful athletes) and in developing and maintaining national pride. Businesses have also come to appreciate the value of elite sport ̶ as a commodity to be sold and as a vehicle for the marketing of non-sport goods and services. While there are some who argue either that doping is impossible to eliminate or that doping is no different from other forms of scientific advantage and that anti-doping efforts should be abandoned the balance of opinion among governments and international sports organizations is that doping is contrary to the ethos of sport, undermines its diplomatic value and reduces its profit potential for business. Consequently, anti-doping organizations and policy operates within a complex and highly political environment where expectations for success are high. The aim of this paper is to provide an assessment of the state of current anti-doping policy and to identify and review a number of the most significant issues that currently face policy-makers. The paper begins with a brief overview of the context from which WADA emerged in the late 1990s and an analysis of how perceptions of the problem of doping have altered. This is followed by an assessment of the current global policy regime or infrastructure for anti-doping policy. The paper then moves on to consider the following issues:
{"title":"DETECTION AND EDUCATION IN ANTI-DOPING POLICY : A REVIEW OF CURRENT ISSUES AND AN ASSESSMENT OF FUTURE PROSPECTS","authors":"B. Houlihan","doi":"10.15057/16448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/16448","url":null,"abstract":"In the last ten years there have been dramatic changes in efforts to tackle the problem of doping in sport. In 1999 the World Anti-Doping Agency was established and five years later in 2004 the World Anti-Doping Code was approved with the aim of harmonizing anti-doping policy and practice across the globe. Since then the Code has been revised and UNESCO has drafted an Anti-Doping Convention which will legally commit governments to support WADA and implement the Code. These considerable achievements reflect not only the seriousness of the problem of doping in elite sport, but also the increasing importance of elite sport, especially Olympic sport, and elite sporting success to governments and to business. Elite sport has been important as a diplomatic resource in relation to specific issues such as apartheid in South Africa and the also the Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, but it has also become increasingly important for a wide range of governments in raising the profile of a country (through hosting major sports events or having successful athletes) and in developing and maintaining national pride. Businesses have also come to appreciate the value of elite sport ̶ as a commodity to be sold and as a vehicle for the marketing of non-sport goods and services. While there are some who argue either that doping is impossible to eliminate or that doping is no different from other forms of scientific advantage and that anti-doping efforts should be abandoned the balance of opinion among governments and international sports organizations is that doping is contrary to the ethos of sport, undermines its diplomatic value and reduces its profit potential for business. Consequently, anti-doping organizations and policy operates within a complex and highly political environment where expectations for success are high. The aim of this paper is to provide an assessment of the state of current anti-doping policy and to identify and review a number of the most significant issues that currently face policy-makers. The paper begins with a brief overview of the context from which WADA emerged in the late 1990s and an analysis of how perceptions of the problem of doping have altered. This is followed by an assessment of the current global policy regime or infrastructure for anti-doping policy. The paper then moves on to consider the following issues:","PeriodicalId":265291,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of arts and sciences","volume":"35 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114033812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Die Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft und die Accademia Della Crusca im 17. Jahrhundert : zwei Sprachvereine Zwischen Luther/Machiavelli und Leibniz/Galilei","authors":"Akira Shimizu","doi":"10.15057/16445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/16445","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265291,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of arts and sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122253151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Essence of Amateurism","authors":"K. Uchiumi","doi":"10.15057/15185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/15185","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265291,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of arts and sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121488149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Olympics and Capitalist Society: Examination of Research Problems in Japan and Internationally","authors":"K. Uchiumi","doi":"10.15057/14617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/14617","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265291,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of arts and sciences","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133495090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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