Armey, R. K. (1995). The freedom revolution: The new Republican House Majority Leader Tells Arpaia, A., & Turrini, A. (2008). Government Expenditure and Economic Growth in the EU: Long- Barro, R. J. (1990). Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth. The Journal Bedianashvili, G. (2017). Business and Institutional Environment of Competition in the Boldeanu, F. T., & Ialomiţianu, R. (2016). Does Government Spending Boost Economic Growth in Europe? Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov. https://doaj.org/article/669fd0c15d6f4d43a3e3e1fb78a37650 Chikviladze, M., & Archvadze, I. (2021). Public Finance. Lecture course. (In Georgian). Context of European Integration. Competition Policy: Contemporary Trends and Challenges. 42-45. (In Georgian). Development Model. Tbilisi. 205-210. (In Russian). Economy. Tbilisi. 212-224. (In Georgian). https://admin.competition.ge/uploads/81b623d91dd94bd2955643d88ccae8a7.pdf https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3451296/Barro_GovernmentSpending.pdf https://old.tsu.ge/data/file_db/economist_faculty/sajaro%20fin.rid.pdf https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2367933 https://www.heritage.org/budget-and-spending/report/the-impact-government-spending-economic-growth https://www.mof.ge/shesrulebis_angarishi Idrisov, G., & Sinelnikov-Murylev, S. (2013). Budget Policy and Economic Growth. Kakulia, R., Bakhtadze, L., & Jibuti, A. (2012). Public Finance, TSU. (In Georgian). Kovzanadze, I. (2016). Lessons from the World Economic Crisis and Formation of the New Maúcaa, S. G., Cuceua, I. C., & Văideana, V. L. (2015). The Fiscal Policy as Growth Engine in EU countries. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82169206.pdf Mekvabishvili, E. (2018). The Financial Crises of the Globalization Era and the Georgian Mitchell, D. J. (2005). The Impact of Government Spending on Economic Growth. of Political Economy. 98(5), 103–125. Papava, V. (2015). Georgian Economy: Reforms and Pseudoreforms. Tbilisi, Intelekti Publishing. 202-205. (In Georgian). Run Tendencies and Short-Term Adjustment. European Communities. https://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/pages/publication12024_en.pdf State Budget Performance Reports (2005-2020), the Ministry of Finance of Georgia. Why Big Government Failed, Why Freedom Works, and How We Will Rebuild America. Regnery Publishing. Washington, D.C. World Bank national accounts data, General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.GOVT.ZS
r.k. Armey(1995)。自由革命:新的共和党众议院多数党领袖TellsArpaia, A，和Turrini, A.(2008)。政府支出与欧盟经济增长:朗-巴罗(1990)。一个简单内生增长模型中的政府支出。《中国日报》(2017)。boldeanu, f.t.， & Ialomiţianu, R.(2016)。政府支出是否能促进欧洲经济增长?布拉西诺夫特兰西瓦尼亚大学学报。https://doaj.org/article/669fd0c15d6f4d43a3e3e1fb78a37650Chikviladze, M.， & Archvadze, I.(2021)。公共财政。讲座课程。(格鲁吉亚)。欧洲一体化的背景。《竞争政策:当代趋势与挑战》42-45。(格鲁吉亚)。发展模式。第比利斯。205 - 210。(俄罗斯)反思。第比利斯。212 - 224。(格鲁吉亚)。https://admin.competition.ge/uploads/81b623d91dd94bd2955643d88ccae8a7.pdfhttps://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3451296/Barro_GovernmentSpending.pdfhttps://old.tsu.ge/data/file_db/economist_faculty/sajaro%20fin.rid.pdfhttps://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2367933https://www.heritage.org/budget-and-spending/report/the-impact-government-spending-economic-growthhttps://www.mof.ge/shesrulebis_angarishiIdrisov, G.， & Sinelnikov-Murylev, S.(2013)。预算政策与经济增长。Kakulia, R.， Bakhtadze, L.， & Jibuti, A.(2012)。公共财政，托大。(格鲁吉亚)。科夫扎纳泽，I.(2016)。世界经济危机的教训与新兴市场的形成NewMaúcaa, S. G. Cuceua, I. C. vvirideana, V. L.(2015)。财政政策作为欧盟国家的增长引擎。https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82169206.pdfMekvabishvili, E.(2018)。《全球化时代的金融危机及其成因》(2005)。政府支出对经济增长的影响。政治经济学。1998(5)，103-125。木瓜，V.(2015)。格鲁吉亚经济:改革与伪改革。第比利斯,IntelektiPublishing。202 - 205。(格鲁吉亚)。运行趋势和短期调整。欧洲共同体。https://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/pages/publication12024_en.pdfState预算执行报告(2005-2020年)，格鲁吉亚财政部。为什么大政府失败了，为什么自由有效，以及我们将如何重建美国。Regnery出版。世界银行国民账户数据，一般政府最终消费支出(占GDP的百分比)。https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.GOVT.ZS
{"title":"BUDGET PAYMENTS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH","authors":"","doi":"10.35945/gb.2022.13.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2022.13.015","url":null,"abstract":"Armey, R. K. (1995). The freedom revolution: The new Republican House Majority Leader Tells\u0000\u0000Arpaia, A., & Turrini, A. (2008). Government Expenditure and Economic Growth in the EU: Long-\u0000\u0000Barro, R. J. (1990). Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth. The Journal\u0000\u0000Bedianashvili, G. (2017). Business and Institutional Environment of Competition in the\u0000\u0000Boldeanu, F. T., & Ialomiţianu, R. (2016). Does Government Spending Boost Economic Growth in Europe? Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov. https://doaj.org/article/669fd0c15d6f4d43a3e3e1fb78a37650\u0000\u0000Chikviladze, M., & Archvadze, I. (2021). Public Finance. Lecture course. (In Georgian).\u0000\u0000Context of European Integration. Competition Policy: Contemporary Trends and Challenges. 42-45. (In Georgian).\u0000\u0000Development Model. Tbilisi. 205-210. (In Russian).\u0000\u0000Economy. Tbilisi. 212-224. (In Georgian). \u0000\u0000https://admin.competition.ge/uploads/81b623d91dd94bd2955643d88ccae8a7.pdf\u0000\u0000https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3451296/Barro_GovernmentSpending.pdf\u0000\u0000https://old.tsu.ge/data/file_db/economist_faculty/sajaro%20fin.rid.pdf\u0000\u0000https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2367933\u0000\u0000https://www.heritage.org/budget-and-spending/report/the-impact-government-spending-economic-growth\u0000\u0000https://www.mof.ge/shesrulebis_angarishi\u0000\u0000Idrisov, G., & Sinelnikov-Murylev, S. (2013). Budget Policy and Economic Growth.\u0000\u0000Kakulia, R., Bakhtadze, L., & Jibuti, A. (2012). Public Finance, TSU. (In Georgian).\u0000\u0000Kovzanadze, I. (2016). Lessons from the World Economic Crisis and Formation of the New\u0000\u0000Maúcaa, S. G., Cuceua, I. C., & Văideana, V. L. (2015). The Fiscal Policy as Growth Engine in EU countries. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82169206.pdf\u0000\u0000Mekvabishvili, E. (2018). The Financial Crises of the Globalization Era and the Georgian\u0000\u0000Mitchell, D. J. (2005). The Impact of Government Spending on Economic Growth.\u0000\u0000of Political Economy. 98(5), 103–125.\u0000\u0000Papava, V. (2015). Georgian Economy: Reforms and Pseudoreforms. Tbilisi, Intelekti\u0000\u0000Publishing. 202-205. (In Georgian).\u0000\u0000Run Tendencies and Short-Term Adjustment. European Communities. https://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/pages/publication12024_en.pdf\u0000\u0000State Budget Performance Reports (2005-2020), the Ministry of Finance of Georgia.\u0000\u0000Why Big Government Failed, Why Freedom Works, and How We Will Rebuild America. Regnery Publishing. Washington, D.C.\u0000\u0000World Bank national accounts data, General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.GOVT.ZS","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129145159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In today’s globalized, dynamic world, organizations’ dependence on information and, consequently, their interest and demands for information is growing. Information technologies play a crucial role in effective functioning and control for modern companies and business. In the conditions of operational accessibility of necessary information it is possible to adequate evaluation of current situation and to make timely decision. At the same time, information must be available only to those to whom it is intended and unavailable - to all remaining. Computers are integrated into a common network for fast data transfer and efficient interaction. This connection must be reliable and secure. Modern companies are interested in possibility of using Internet channels. However, the principles of building of the Internet give the chance to malefactors to steal and distort information purposely. Corporate and broadcasting networks which are based on TCP/IP protocols and are constructed on standard Internet applications (E-mail, Web, FTP) have no warranty from invasion of unauthorised persons. In article the technology of creation of the virtual private networks (VPN), which is one of the optimal variants for creation of secure channel of communication, is considered.
{"title":"ACTUAL ISSUES OF BUILDING SECURE COMMUNICATION CHANNEL CONSIDERING MODERN TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES","authors":"Ioseb Kartvelishvili, T. Todua","doi":"10.35945/gb.2022.13.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2022.13.020","url":null,"abstract":"In today’s globalized, dynamic world, organizations’ dependence on information and, consequently, their interest and demands for information is growing. Information technologies play a crucial role in effective functioning and control for modern companies and business. In the conditions of operational accessibility of necessary information it is possible to adequate evaluation of current situation and to make timely decision. At the same time, information must be available only to those to whom it is intended and unavailable - to all remaining. Computers are integrated into a common network for fast data transfer and efficient interaction. This connection must be reliable and secure. Modern companies are interested in possibility of using Internet channels. However, the principles of building of the Internet give the chance to malefactors to steal and distort information purposely. Corporate and broadcasting networks which are based on TCP/IP protocols and are constructed on standard Internet applications (E-mail, Web, FTP) have no warranty from invasion of unauthorised persons. In article the technology of creation of the virtual private networks (VPN), which is one of the optimal variants for creation of secure channel of communication, is considered.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128900161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper describes the situation in the tourism sector due to the pandemic crisis. The root causes for the fall in the tourism business are learnt and analyzed. The specific ways and recommendations are given for overcoming crisis and supporting positive trends in the sector. Tourist Industry is the fast-growing sector in almost every country of the world. The safe environment, domestic stability, proper level of economic development, etc. are the pre-conditions for sector development. Tourism itself supports creating new jobs, increasing income, diversifying economy, protecting the environment, approximating the cultures, etc. Tourism has a growing tendency in Georgia, reflecting in significant increase of foreign visitors and accordingly, growth of the sector share in the revenues of a state budget. Though considering the situation in the world, meaning the global pandemics COVID 19, the problems were noticeable in Georgia too. The share of the tourism industry in country’s GDP was 11% but due to pandemics the number of visitors was dramatically decreased, followed by the closure of the country and internal strict regulations causing paralyzing of entire tourist infrastructure. The following data demonstrates the situation better, in 2019 the income from the tourism was USD 3.5 billion, while 170 thousand people were employed in the sector. The pandemic crisis caused the loss of 30 million GEL per month. In general, tourism market lost about 75.2 million jobs throughout entire world. The tourist agencies, guest houses, catering services and freelancer guides, etc. were mostly affected by the pandemics. Reduction of the travelers’ flow by 50% left thousands of people without income. Moreover, the crisis in the tourism sector affected other fields of economy, though the most significant was decrease of currency income. Since 2021 the positive trends are noticeable in reviving the tourism industry, for instance, according to the National Tourism Agency, in April, 2021 the number of foreign visitors was increased by 140,4 % in Georgia, while it was increased by 222,8 % in May and reached 172,333 people. It is a fact that calculation of the losses caused by the global pandemics and recovery will take a long time for Georgian business. Currently, the most important thing is to avoid replication of the past mistakes, like introduction ungrounded, economically unjustified lockdowns. The pandemic management methods and approaches should be improved significantly and even more it has to be changed totally, the low rate of vaccination of the country has to be raised as well. Stability of the political situation is very important, as political stability is a crucial factor for development of tourism. Introduction of tourism supporting state policy is important, which should create strong ground for developing tour operators and other agents of tourist industry, the affords for fund raising, attracting highly qualified human resource have to b
{"title":"THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF PANDEMICS ON THE TOURISM SECTOR AND SOLUTION WAYS","authors":"Ia Gelashvili","doi":"10.35945/gb.2022.13.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2022.13.021","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes the situation in the tourism sector due to the pandemic crisis. The root causes for the fall in the tourism business are learnt and analyzed. The specific ways and recommendations are given for overcoming crisis and supporting positive trends in the sector. \u0000\u0000Tourist Industry is the fast-growing sector in almost every country of the world. The safe environment, domestic stability, proper level of economic development, etc. are the pre-conditions for sector development. \u0000\u0000Tourism itself supports creating new jobs, increasing income, diversifying economy, protecting the environment, approximating the cultures, etc. \u0000\u0000Tourism has a growing tendency in Georgia, reflecting in significant increase of foreign visitors and accordingly, growth of the sector share in the revenues of a state budget. Though considering the situation in the world, meaning the global pandemics COVID 19, the problems were noticeable in Georgia too. The share of the tourism industry in country’s GDP was 11% but due to pandemics the number of visitors was dramatically decreased, followed by the closure of the country and internal strict regulations causing paralyzing of entire tourist infrastructure. The following data demonstrates the situation better, in 2019 the income from the tourism was USD 3.5 billion, while 170 thousand people were employed in the sector. The pandemic crisis caused the loss of 30 million GEL per month. In general, tourism market lost about 75.2 million jobs throughout entire world.\u0000\u0000The tourist agencies, guest houses, catering services and freelancer guides, etc. were mostly affected by the pandemics. Reduction of the travelers’ flow by 50% left thousands of people without income. Moreover, the crisis in the tourism sector affected other fields of economy, though the most significant was decrease of currency income. \u0000\u0000Since 2021 the positive trends are noticeable in reviving the tourism industry, for instance, according to the National Tourism Agency, in April, 2021 the number of foreign visitors was increased by 140,4 % in Georgia, while it was increased by 222,8 % in May and reached 172,333 people.\u0000\u0000It is a fact that calculation of the losses caused by the global pandemics and recovery will take a long time for Georgian business. Currently, the most important thing is to avoid replication of the past mistakes, like introduction ungrounded, economically unjustified lockdowns. The pandemic management methods and approaches should be improved significantly and even more it has to be changed totally, the low rate of vaccination of the country has to be raised as well. \u0000\u0000Stability of the political situation is very important, as political stability is a crucial factor for development of tourism.\u0000\u0000Introduction of tourism supporting state policy is important, which should create strong ground for developing tour operators and other agents of tourist industry, the affords for fund raising, attracting highly qualified human resource have to b","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116634466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite of the fact that expectations are different, generally, huge economic effects will be suffered by the countries where there had been the highest indicator of spreading of COVID-19 registered, followed by the countries with the economics much depended upon tourism, export of petroleum products and other goods, and finally the negative impact will be reflected on the economics of their partner-countries. These are the key issues which will be analyzed in the present article. The most serious damage was inflicted to the states where the pandemics had caused an extremely complicated situation due to its spreading, and rather strict regulations had been enforced as a result of the stated. We talk about the states which are significantly dependent upon the world trade, tourism, exports of goods and international funding. Despite of the fact that an extent of the shock is different among regions all states with developing economics have their own weaknesses that had been worsen much more by external shocks. In addition to the above-mentioned, interruption of school (auditory) education and poor availability of the primary health care will expectedly have a long-termed negative impact on development of the human capital. A forecast of the World Bank and world experts is based on assumptions that the recession caused by the pandemics will be overcome, that negative global impacts will be weakened in the second half of the current year and destruction of financial markets will be stopped. On their opinion, in the year of 2021 the development of the global economics will be restored and reach 4,2% and in the leading economics it will amount to 3,9%. In the developing states the economics rise will be accelerated up to 4,6%. On top of all, it is noteworthy, that the prospect is rather ambiguous and unclear against the background of existing negative risks. Last year economics of the USA was decreased by 6.1%, economics of the European zone – by more than 9%. All this was resulted by the epidemics which had a negative effect on business activities. In Japan, the economics was decreased as well and preventive activities implemented in the state decreased economic activity by 6.1%. From different viewpoints, the recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemics is unique and, probably, the deepest one. According to the assessment made by Director of the Economics Development Prospects Researching Department of the World Bank, current events have already caused unprecedented behavioral reviewing of the forecast of rise of the world economics that is unprecedented from the standpoint of its speed and stridency. The current crisis leaves behind a very deep trace and global problems; thus, the top challenge is overcoming health global and more complicated economic state. Following this, the world community should integrate mutual efforts to obtain ways of restoration of their economies in a maximally rapid and sustainable way to prevent increasing the povert
{"title":"COVID-19, IMPACT OF THE CORONAVIRUS AND GLOBAL CHALLENGES","authors":"Madona Gelashvili","doi":"10.35945/gb.2022.13.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2022.13.008","url":null,"abstract":"Despite of the fact that expectations are different, generally, huge economic effects will be suffered by the countries where there had been the highest indicator of spreading of COVID-19 registered, followed by the countries with the economics much depended upon tourism, export of petroleum products and other goods, and finally the negative impact will be reflected on the economics of their partner-countries. These are the key issues which will be analyzed in the present article.\u0000\u0000The most serious damage was inflicted to the states where the pandemics had caused an extremely complicated situation due to its spreading, and rather strict regulations had been enforced as a result of the stated. We talk about the states which are significantly dependent upon the world trade, tourism, exports of goods and international funding. Despite of the fact that an extent of the shock is different among regions all states with developing economics have their own weaknesses that had been worsen much more by external shocks. In addition to the above-mentioned, interruption of school (auditory) education and poor availability of the primary health care will expectedly have a long-termed negative impact on development of the human capital. \u0000\u0000 A forecast of the World Bank and world experts is based on assumptions that the recession caused by the pandemics will be overcome, that negative global impacts will be weakened in the second half of the current year and destruction of financial markets will be stopped. On their opinion, in the year of 2021 the development of the global economics will be restored and reach 4,2% and in the leading economics it will amount to 3,9%. In the developing states the economics rise will be accelerated up to 4,6%. On top of all, it is noteworthy, that the prospect is rather ambiguous and unclear against the background of existing negative risks. Last year economics of the USA was decreased by 6.1%, economics of the European zone – by more than 9%. All this was resulted by the epidemics which had a negative effect on business activities. In Japan, the economics was decreased as well and preventive activities implemented in the state decreased economic activity by 6.1%.\u0000\u0000From different viewpoints, the recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemics is unique and, probably, the deepest one. According to the assessment made by Director of the Economics Development Prospects Researching Department of the World Bank, current events have already caused unprecedented behavioral reviewing of the forecast of rise of the world economics that is unprecedented from the standpoint of its speed and stridency.\u0000\u0000The current crisis leaves behind a very deep trace and global problems; thus, the top challenge is overcoming health global and more complicated economic state. Following this, the world community should integrate mutual efforts to obtain ways of restoration of their economies in a maximally rapid and sustainable way to prevent increasing the povert","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133410990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The world experience confirms that the state-supported / operating enterprises are often inefficiently managed, which is a precondition for statization and privatization of state-owned enterprises. The policy of the state towards insolvent enterprise implies to conduct bankruptcy-liquidation procedures, however, at the same time, the establishment of the state-supported entrepreneurial entities is underway. The most state-owned enterprises are unprofitable enterprises, which are also characterized by a very low degree of accountability, which in turn prevents formation of an optimal business strategy. The main purpose of this paper is to study the mechanisms for improving the management policy of the enterprises owned by the Autonomous Republic of Adjara and municipalities and to develop proposals for its further implementation in practice. The theoretical significance of the paper lies in the fact that the results of its main research can be used to further improve the legislative and normative acts in the field of management policy of the existing, as well as state-supported enterprises and enterprises supported by the Autonomous Republic of Adjara and municipalities, and the practical significance is reflected in the fact that the results, conclusions and proposals obtained in the process of researching the paper can be used directly in the field of management of the existing, as well as state-supported enterprises and enterprises supported by the Autonomous Republic of Adjara and municipalities.
{"title":"MECHANISMS FOR IMPROVING THE POLICY OF STATE ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC OF ADJARA AND MUNICIPALITIES","authors":"Paata Beridze","doi":"10.35945/gb.2022.13.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2022.13.022","url":null,"abstract":"The world experience confirms that the state-supported / operating enterprises are often inefficiently managed, which is a precondition for statization and privatization of state-owned enterprises. The policy of the state towards insolvent enterprise implies to conduct bankruptcy-liquidation procedures, however, at the same time, the establishment of the state-supported entrepreneurial entities is underway. The most state-owned enterprises are unprofitable enterprises, which are also characterized by a very low degree of accountability, which in turn prevents formation of an optimal business strategy. The main purpose of this paper is to study the mechanisms for improving the management policy of the enterprises owned by the Autonomous Republic of Adjara and municipalities and to develop proposals for its further implementation in practice. The theoretical significance of the paper lies in the fact that the results of its main research can be used to further improve the legislative and normative acts in the field of management policy of the existing, as well as state-supported enterprises and enterprises supported by the Autonomous Republic of Adjara and municipalities, and the practical significance is reflected in the fact that the results, conclusions and proposals obtained in the process of researching the paper can be used directly in the field of management of the existing, as well as state-supported enterprises and enterprises supported by the Autonomous Republic of Adjara and municipalities.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131673584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
COVID 19 has become a global problem affecting all countries of the world. The pandemic covered all areas: medicine, economics, tourism, culture, etc., including agriculture. Closing markets, banning transport, and various economic restrictions have effectively hampered agricultural workers. The field of agriculture is important for Georgia because many people are employed in this sector and the well-being of many families is directly related to the development of this field. Added to this is the fact that agriculture is a kind of tradition and culture for Georgia, which has been followed by the nation for many centuries and which is bloodied with the Georgian identity. Therefore, the impact of COVID 19 in this area is especially important for Georgia. In the context of the global pandemic, various problems and challenges have been identified in all areas, including agriculture. Along with a number of negative aspects, such as economic instability, problems in export-import of products, etc., which negatively affect the development of agriculture, there are also positive circumstances: the ability to control quality, focus more on food safety, accelerating digitization and popularization, popularization, and popularization.
{"title":"THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON GEORGIA'S AGRICULTURE","authors":"N. Damenia","doi":"10.35945/gb.2022.13.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2022.13.018","url":null,"abstract":"COVID 19 has become a global problem affecting all countries of the world. The pandemic covered all areas: medicine, economics, tourism, culture, etc., including agriculture. Closing markets, banning transport, and various economic restrictions have effectively hampered agricultural workers. The field of agriculture is important for Georgia because many people are employed in this sector and the well-being of many families is directly related to the development of this field. Added to this is the fact that agriculture is a kind of tradition and culture for Georgia, which has been followed by the nation for many centuries and which is bloodied with the Georgian identity. Therefore, the impact of COVID 19 in this area is especially important for Georgia. In the context of the global pandemic, various problems and challenges have been identified in all areas, including agriculture. Along with a number of negative aspects, such as economic instability, problems in export-import of products, etc., which negatively affect the development of agriculture, there are also positive circumstances: the ability to control quality, focus more on food safety, accelerating digitization and popularization, popularization, and popularization.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"2015 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128035049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paper provides an analysis of FDI challenges and their impact on the service sector of Georgia, under the covid-19 global pandemic, along with the armed conflict factor in Eastern Europe, between Ukraine and Russia. The article also discusses such issues as public debt, economic growth, employment, international rankings, trade, tourism and etc. Since the cases of different countries vary according to their economic structure, political reality, and even the readiness to overcome those newest and unprecedented challenges, the case of Georgia provides a great example of a small, democratic, developing economy, which significantly depends on foreign direct investments both inward and outward, regional stability and not the least - western cooperation and support.
{"title":"FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS DURING THE CORONOMIC CRISIS AND ARMED CONFLICT IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD, CASE OF GEORGIA","authors":"Vakhtang Charaia, Mariam Lashkhi, Mariam Lashkhi","doi":"10.35945/gb.2022.13.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2022.13.007","url":null,"abstract":"Paper provides an analysis of FDI challenges and their impact on the service sector of Georgia, under the covid-19 global pandemic, along with the armed conflict factor in Eastern Europe, between Ukraine and Russia. The article also discusses such issues as public debt, economic growth, employment, international rankings, trade, tourism and etc. Since the cases of different countries vary according to their economic structure, political reality, and even the readiness to overcome those newest and unprecedented challenges, the case of Georgia provides a great example of a small, democratic, developing economy, which significantly depends on foreign direct investments both inward and outward, regional stability and not the least - western cooperation and support.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121086749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The starting point for economic policy analysis is the difference between what exists and what should exist. Therefore, opinions (views) about what should be, can be used to assess the observed economic situation and development. It is possible to come up with recommendations on how to avoid the differences between what exists and what should exist. In reality, we find factual events that any person can check. There are also desirable events that go beyond such a check. It is on the basis of their comparison that the content of both evaluations and recommendations is formed. Normative views express subjective desires, so the result of the evaluation can not be considered "right" or "wrong". It is possible that the entity (or economic interest group) will consider them acceptable or even reject them. As a result of the significant increase in economic uncertainty in modern conditions, the complex presentation of the targeted aspect of economic policy, as well as the substantial improvement of the degree of policy adaptability itself, taking into account the requirements for ensuring the continuity of systemic long-term forecast work, are especially relevant.
{"title":"THE PROBLEM OF ASSESSING THE EXPECTED CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMIC POLICY","authors":"R. Gvelesiani, Givi Bedianashvili","doi":"10.35945/gb.2022.13.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2022.13.002","url":null,"abstract":"The starting point for economic policy analysis is the difference between what exists and what should exist. Therefore, opinions (views) about what should be, can be used to assess the observed economic situation and development. It is possible to come up with recommendations on how to avoid the differences between what exists and what should exist. In reality, we find factual events that any person can check. There are also desirable events that go beyond such a check. It is on the basis of their comparison that the content of both evaluations and recommendations is formed. Normative views express subjective desires, so the result of the evaluation can not be considered \"right\" or \"wrong\". It is possible that the entity (or economic interest group) will consider them acceptable or even reject them. \u0000\u0000As a result of the significant increase in economic uncertainty in modern conditions, the complex presentation of the targeted aspect of economic policy, as well as the substantial improvement of the degree of policy adaptability itself, taking into account the requirements for ensuring the continuity of systemic long-term forecast work, are especially relevant.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129495257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 new coronavirus-related pandemic processes have had a significant impact on the world’s economy. Due to the fact that the assessment of coronavirus results requires an important analytical approach, a completely new term has been proposed by science - coronomics, the subject of which is the negative impact of coronavirus on various sectors of the economy. The term coronomics was introduced by Sri Lankan professor Ajith De Alwis. The COVID-19 related pandemic process directly increases coronomic urgency gradually. It could be highlighted, that similar types of global risks will always exist. Understanding this is very important for the society in their daily life and in planning the economic projects that should be implemented in the future. In nowadays, humankind is facing a completely new global economic crisis, the causes of which are provoked by factors outside the economy (coronavirus). A clear example of this is the difficulties that have affected the economies of both China and a number of leading European countries. A number of companies have closed in China, the world's second-largest economy. A similar situation has arisen in the EU. Due to the arising circumstances, the mechanisms and tools that were actively used during the global financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009 are mainly considered in the fight against the coronary crisis. It should be noted that the current crisis is extremely different from the events that happened in 2008-2009 when the origin of the crisis was purely economic and not medical-biological. The spread up of pandemic processes directly influenced new technological challenges, especially in terms of the development of various types of applications and software packages. Therefore, digital-based industries play a more and more important role in society. Noteworthy that the needs of society, along with technological development, are undergoing a fundamental change, and therefore, to meet them, it is necessary to develop completely different, innovative technologies based on high technology. The creation of social networks has had a significant impact on technological development. A social network is a means by which new, completely different industries are formed. In addition to the above, lately, more and more people are talking about blockchain technologies and their perspectives, through which it is possible to develop various industries through online technologies, which becomes especially relevant in late 2019 and early 2020 when the COVID-19 new coronavirus pandemic spread worldwide.
与COVID-19新冠状病毒相关的大流行进程对世界经济产生了重大影响。由于对冠状病毒疫情结果的评估需要一种重要的分析方法，科学界提出了一个全新的术语——经济经济学，其主题是冠状病毒对各个经济部门的负面影响。经济学一词是由斯里兰卡教授Ajith De Alwis提出的。与COVID-19相关的大流行进程直接增加了经济紧迫性。可以强调的是，类似类型的全球风险将永远存在。了解这一点对于社会的日常生活和规划未来应该实施的经济项目非常重要。当今，人类正面临着一场全新的全球经济危机，其原因是经济以外的因素(冠状病毒)。一个明显的例子就是影响中国和一些主要欧洲国家经济的困难。作为世界第二大经济体，中国已有多家公司倒闭。欧盟也出现了类似的情况。因此，在抗击冠状动脉危机的过程中，主要考虑2008-2009年全球金融和经济危机期间积极使用的机制和工具。应该指出，目前的危机与2008-2009年发生的事件截然不同，当时危机的根源纯粹是经济问题，而不是医学-生物学问题。大流行进程的蔓延直接影响到新的技术挑战，特别是在开发各种类型的应用程序和软件包方面。因此，数字产业在社会中扮演着越来越重要的角色。值得注意的是，随着技术的发展，社会的需求正在发生根本性的变化，因此，为了满足这些需求，有必要在高科技的基础上发展完全不同的创新技术。社交网络的创建对技术发展产生了重大影响。社交网络是形成全新的、完全不同的行业的一种手段。除此之外，最近越来越多的人在谈论区块链技术和他们的观点，通过区块链技术可以通过在线技术发展各种产业，这在2019年底和2020年初COVID-19新型冠状病毒大流行全球蔓延的情况下尤为重要。
{"title":"THE GENERAL OVERVIEW OF CORONOMIC PROCESSES AND MAIN DIRECTIONS OF PROBLEM SOLVING","authors":"Giorgi Sanadze","doi":"10.35945/gb.2021.12.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.015","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 new coronavirus-related pandemic processes have had a significant impact on the world’s economy. Due to the fact that the assessment of coronavirus results requires an important analytical approach, a completely new term has\u0000been proposed by science - coronomics, the subject of which is the negative impact of coronavirus on various sectors of the economy. The term coronomics was introduced by Sri Lankan professor Ajith De Alwis. The COVID-19 related pandemic process directly\u0000increases coronomic urgency gradually. It could be highlighted, that similar types of global risks will always exist. Understanding this is very important for the society in their daily life and in planning the economic projects that should be implemented in the future. In nowadays, humankind is facing a completely new global economic crisis, the causes of which are provoked by factors outside the economy (coronavirus). A clear example of this is the difficulties that have affected the economies of both China and a number of leading European countries. A number of companies have closed in China, the world's second-largest economy. A similar situation has arisen in the EU. Due to the arising circumstances, the mechanisms and tools that were actively used during the global financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009 are mainly considered in the fight against the coronary crisis. It should be noted that the current crisis is extremely different from the events that happened in 2008-2009 when the origin of the crisis was purely economic and not medical-biological. The spread up of pandemic processes directly influenced new technological challenges, especially in terms of the development of various types of applications and software packages. Therefore, digital-based industries play a more and more important role in society. Noteworthy that the needs of society, along with technological development, are undergoing a\u0000fundamental change, and therefore, to meet them, it is necessary to develop completely different, innovative technologies based on high technology. The creation of social networks has had a significant impact on technological development. A social network\u0000is a means by which new, completely different industries are formed. In addition to the above, lately, more and more people are talking about blockchain technologies and their perspectives, through which it is possible to develop various industries through\u0000online technologies, which becomes especially relevant in late 2019 and early 2020 when the COVID-19 new coronavirus pandemic spread worldwide.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115317351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sustainable tourism development is a fundamental concept of tourism planning. Optimal use of resources helps to preserve natural treasures. Businesses are required to have high standards of accountability in order to avoid adverse environmental impacts in a competitive environment. Less attention is paid to the problems of destinations in general and its sustainability in particular. Innovative tourism management is increasingly focused on local destination management and its sustainability. In this paper, we discuss the problems of destination sustainability on the example of protected areas. We analyzed visitor statistics, processed visitor satisfaction survey, revenue and the impact of tourism sustainability on the quality of the destination. In addition, the paper covers the problems identified in terms of sustainable development, such as ensuring the sustainability of the destination, sustainable maintenance and development dependence on its management. Tourism and environmental conditions are interrelated. The environment contains many elements. The most important factor in achieving sustainable development is the development and management of tourism in a way that does not harm the environment. Ecologically correct planning of tourism should be well aware of the potential impacts that follow the development of tourism. Sustainable development means balancing economic progress, social justice and protection of the physical and natural environment. The principle of sustainability includes the ecological, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, so it is necessary to balance all three directions to guarantee the long-term sustainability of the destination.
{"title":"ECO-TOURISM AND THEORETICAL-PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE PLANNING","authors":"M. Azmaiparashvili","doi":"10.35945/gb.2021.12.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.026","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable tourism development is a fundamental concept of tourism planning. Optimal use of resources helps to preserve natural treasures. Businesses are required to have high standards of accountability in order to avoid adverse environmental\u0000impacts in a competitive environment. Less attention is paid to the problems of destinations in general and its sustainability in particular. Innovative tourism management is increasingly focused on local destination management and its sustainability. In this paper, we discuss the problems of destination sustainability on the example of protected areas. We analyzed visitor statistics, processed visitor satisfaction survey, revenue and the impact of tourism sustainability on the quality of the destination. In addition, the paper covers the problems identified in terms of sustainable development, such as ensuring the sustainability of the destination, sustainable maintenance and development dependence on its management. Tourism and environmental conditions are interrelated. The environment contains many elements. The most important factor in achieving sustainable development is the development and management of tourism in a way that does not harm the environment. Ecologically correct planning of tourism should be well aware of the potential impacts that follow the development of tourism. Sustainable development means balancing economic progress, social justice and protection of the physical and natural environment. The principle of sustainability includes the ecological, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, so it is necessary to balance all three directions to guarantee the long-term sustainability of the destination.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125402705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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