Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651913
M. Toury, C. Vermare, B. Etchessahar, L. Veron, M. Mouillet, F. Bayol, G. Avrillaud, A. Kim
For future flash radiographic needs, an 8 MV radiographic machine, IDERIX, will be developed for the CEA / PEM. This machine will be composed by ∼80 super fast LTD (Linear Transformer Driver) stages. The output voltage of each of these stages (100 kV − 75 ns) will be inductively added along a ∼20 m stepped magnetically insulated transmission line to deliver the power up to the beam diode. In each stage, 16 bricks, made with two 8 nF capacitors (that can be charged up to +/− 100 kV) and one multi-channels multi-gaps switch, are arranged in parallel (with a star pattern). The number of bricks is chosen to adapt the stage impedance to the diode impedance and operate the LTD generator close to matched mode. Moreover, new magnetic cores using a thinner ferromagnetic tape (50μm) allow reducing the losses and improving the performances of the generator. The insulation inside the stage will be done using dielectric oil.
{"title":"IDERIX : An 8 MV flash x-rays machine using a LTD design","authors":"M. Toury, C. Vermare, B. Etchessahar, L. Veron, M. Mouillet, F. Bayol, G. Avrillaud, A. Kim","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651913","url":null,"abstract":"For future flash radiographic needs, an 8 MV radiographic machine, IDERIX, will be developed for the CEA / PEM. This machine will be composed by ∼80 super fast LTD (Linear Transformer Driver) stages. The output voltage of each of these stages (100 kV − 75 ns) will be inductively added along a ∼20 m stepped magnetically insulated transmission line to deliver the power up to the beam diode. In each stage, 16 bricks, made with two 8 nF capacitors (that can be charged up to +/− 100 kV) and one multi-channels multi-gaps switch, are arranged in parallel (with a star pattern). The number of bricks is chosen to adapt the stage impedance to the diode impedance and operate the LTD generator close to matched mode. Moreover, new magnetic cores using a thinner ferromagnetic tape (50μm) allow reducing the losses and improving the performances of the generator. The insulation inside the stage will be done using dielectric oil.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116493408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651963
A. Jones, A. Stevens, J. Threadgold
Used to conduct research into the intense flash x-ray source, the self-magnetic pinch diode[1], EROS [2] delivers approximately 100kA across a 4MV gap with a 150ns pulselength. Prior to reaching the load, this power flow enters a vacuum region where intense electric fields cause electron emission from many of the metal surfaces; these electrons are then subject to intense electromagnetic fields. Included are 2D particle in cell models of the electron power flow outside the diode and comparison with electrical diagnostics.
{"title":"Power flow in the vacuum section of the EROS accelerator","authors":"A. Jones, A. Stevens, J. Threadgold","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651963","url":null,"abstract":"Used to conduct research into the intense flash x-ray source, the self-magnetic pinch diode[1], EROS [2] delivers approximately 100kA across a 4MV gap with a 150ns pulselength. Prior to reaching the load, this power flow enters a vacuum region where intense electric fields cause electron emission from many of the metal surfaces; these electrons are then subject to intense electromagnetic fields. Included are 2D particle in cell models of the electron power flow outside the diode and comparison with electrical diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116615259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651806
E. Sozer, Kalyan Koppisetty, H. Kirkici
Hollow cathode discharge is a type of glow discharge which occurs as a result of “hollow cathode effect”. One of many applications of pulsed hollow cathode discharges is high current closing switches. Pseudosparks utilize this type of discharge for the initiation of its discharge. Hollow cathode phase of a pseudospark discharge is the phase which is responsible for rapid current rise after triggering. Carrier multiplication at this phase is very high leading to good transition properties. In this work we designed an electrically triggered pulsed hollow cathode discharge scheme and analyzed its characteristics.
{"title":"Pulsed hollow cathode discharge characteristics","authors":"E. Sozer, Kalyan Koppisetty, H. Kirkici","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651806","url":null,"abstract":"Hollow cathode discharge is a type of glow discharge which occurs as a result of “hollow cathode effect”. One of many applications of pulsed hollow cathode discharges is high current closing switches. Pseudosparks utilize this type of discharge for the initiation of its discharge. Hollow cathode phase of a pseudospark discharge is the phase which is responsible for rapid current rise after triggering. Carrier multiplication at this phase is very high leading to good transition properties. In this work we designed an electrically triggered pulsed hollow cathode discharge scheme and analyzed its characteristics.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116051932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345448
J. Zirnheld, K. Burke, P. Strzempka, A. Kraus, M. Donadio, M. Sussmann, H. Moore, H. Singh
Metallized polypropylene films (MPPF) can serve as an alternate for exploding wires in many applications. Compared to wires, MPPF is more structurally robust and can be shaped more easily for specific applications. If long films are desired, the film can be shaped to fit a variety of geometries. In our experiments, MPPF as along as 13″ have exhibited plasma formation. Experiments were performed to analyze the effect of the geometry of the film, and its orientation on transient plasma formation. Tests with flat geometries and semi-circular geometries were conducted. The results have been analyzed and are presented.
{"title":"Geometrical effects of exploding film on plasma formation","authors":"J. Zirnheld, K. Burke, P. Strzempka, A. Kraus, M. Donadio, M. Sussmann, H. Moore, H. Singh","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345448","url":null,"abstract":"Metallized polypropylene films (MPPF) can serve as an alternate for exploding wires in many applications. Compared to wires, MPPF is more structurally robust and can be shaped more easily for specific applications. If long films are desired, the film can be shaped to fit a variety of geometries. In our experiments, MPPF as along as 13″ have exhibited plasma formation. Experiments were performed to analyze the effect of the geometry of the film, and its orientation on transient plasma formation. Tests with flat geometries and semi-circular geometries were conducted. The results have been analyzed and are presented.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116323588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345947
T. Tang, D. Singleton, C. Cathey, A. Kuthi, M. Gundersen
This pulse generator was developed to provide a compact, cost effective method for transient plasma ignition (TPI) experiments, which typically require the formation of arrays of streamers. A pulse adding method is described wherein a fast pulse (20 ns) is combined with a slow pulse (10’s μs). Streamer formation is observed under conditions where breakdown normally does not occur. The fast pulse generator is based on a magnetic reactor driven diode opening switch that produces a 20 ns, 60 kV pulse. This fast pulse is then added to a slow rising pulse produced via a flyback rapid charger (30 kV, 30 μs pulse). At the same peak output voltage level, the dual pulse system in a smaller gap (0.6″) was able to achieve similar results as a pseudospark switched pulse generator (∼60 kV, 50 ns) in a CH4-air, Φ=1, 1 atm, larger gap (1.3″), and the dual pulse system is able to deliver higher peak voltage than the pseudospark generator. The ignition performance at higher peak voltage is under investigation. Additionally a next generation high repetition rate pulse generator design is outlined that is based solely on magnetic compression.
{"title":"Solid state pulse adding system for transient plasma ignition","authors":"T. Tang, D. Singleton, C. Cathey, A. Kuthi, M. Gundersen","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345947","url":null,"abstract":"This pulse generator was developed to provide a compact, cost effective method for transient plasma ignition (TPI) experiments, which typically require the formation of arrays of streamers. A pulse adding method is described wherein a fast pulse (20 ns) is combined with a slow pulse (10’s μs). Streamer formation is observed under conditions where breakdown normally does not occur. The fast pulse generator is based on a magnetic reactor driven diode opening switch that produces a 20 ns, 60 kV pulse. This fast pulse is then added to a slow rising pulse produced via a flyback rapid charger (30 kV, 30 μs pulse). At the same peak output voltage level, the dual pulse system in a smaller gap (0.6″) was able to achieve similar results as a pseudospark switched pulse generator (∼60 kV, 50 ns) in a CH4-air, Φ=1, 1 atm, larger gap (1.3″), and the dual pulse system is able to deliver higher peak voltage than the pseudospark generator. The ignition performance at higher peak voltage is under investigation. Additionally a next generation high repetition rate pulse generator design is outlined that is based solely on magnetic compression.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123483834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345511
F. White, S. Glover, K. Reed, M. Harden
Advancements in fusion research and Equation of State (EOS) experiments have led to a need for greater control over the shape of the current waveform in the load. This added complexity will necessitate more sophisticated pulsed power designs. Challenges introduced by these new systems include the requirement for more elaborate control systems to accommodate multiple independent switching times and an improved understanding of how dwell times and jitter affect performance. A subscale programmable current adder has been built to investigate the issues. This system has six independently programmable bricks and is capable of achieving peak currents greater than 2 kA. The bricks were characterized and modeled as a prerequisite to the application of genetic algorithms (GA’s) to determine the required initial conditions, switch triggering times and the brick charge voltages necessary to achieve commanded current shapes. This paper presents a description of the system control, circuit topology, solid-state triggering, charging systems, and system characterization. All of these system parameters are discussed within the context of commanded and measured output currents.
{"title":"Current adder with programmable pulse shaping","authors":"F. White, S. Glover, K. Reed, M. Harden","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345511","url":null,"abstract":"Advancements in fusion research and Equation of State (EOS) experiments have led to a need for greater control over the shape of the current waveform in the load. This added complexity will necessitate more sophisticated pulsed power designs. Challenges introduced by these new systems include the requirement for more elaborate control systems to accommodate multiple independent switching times and an improved understanding of how dwell times and jitter affect performance. A subscale programmable current adder has been built to investigate the issues. This system has six independently programmable bricks and is capable of achieving peak currents greater than 2 kA. The bricks were characterized and modeled as a prerequisite to the application of genetic algorithms (GA’s) to determine the required initial conditions, switch triggering times and the brick charge voltages necessary to achieve commanded current shapes. This paper presents a description of the system control, circuit topology, solid-state triggering, charging systems, and system characterization. All of these system parameters are discussed within the context of commanded and measured output currents.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123377029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345521
S. Khadijah, T. Akitsu, T. Otagawa, S. Yamazaki, T. Sakurai
Micro barrier discharge operating at atmospheric air was excited by a compact pulse generator which has the capability to produce fast rising voltage pulse with maximum rise up voltage as high as 435MV/s. Sequences of images and its intensity values were recorded at 100 nanoseconds intervals as a function of gap distance and applied voltage. Results showed that the discharge intensities are afterglow microplasma. Maximum intensity values were obtained at approximate time for each condition. Uniformity of discharge obtained when gap distance was 600 μm and applied voltage was 6 kV.
{"title":"Investigating intensities of very high voltage rise dv/dt pulsed power source in atmospheric microplasma","authors":"S. Khadijah, T. Akitsu, T. Otagawa, S. Yamazaki, T. Sakurai","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345521","url":null,"abstract":"Micro barrier discharge operating at atmospheric air was excited by a compact pulse generator which has the capability to produce fast rising voltage pulse with maximum rise up voltage as high as 435MV/s. Sequences of images and its intensity values were recorded at 100 nanoseconds intervals as a function of gap distance and applied voltage. Results showed that the discharge intensities are afterglow microplasma. Maximum intensity values were obtained at approximate time for each condition. Uniformity of discharge obtained when gap distance was 600 μm and applied voltage was 6 kV.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123534805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4652529
B. Huhman, J. Neri
The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory has assembled a facility to develop and test materials for the study of barrel lifetime in electromagnetic launchers (EML) for surface-fire support and other missions1. The pulsed power system utilizes 12 500-kJ modules that can be individually triggered to shape the output current pulse2. Each bank module consists of four 130 kJ/can 11-kV capacitors from General Atomics Electronics Systems. The switching thyristors and crowbar diodes are from ABB. A series inductor of approximately 80 μH is used to limit the peak current to 100 kA, isolate modules from each other, and ensure the current is delivered to the test system. LabVIEW from National Instruments (NI) was selected as the control software for the EML system. All facility operations are handled through LabVIEW and controlled by a single operator. The software controls the safety systems; programs and monitors the three CCS High Voltage Power Supplies from General Atomics Electronic Systems; and triggers the capacitor banks. Projectile position status inside the barrel is also monitored in 25-ns steps using the PXI-7811R FPGA module. An overview of the EML facility with respect to control issues is presented. In addition to the software code, circuit diagrams of conditioning hardware will also be discussed. Results from test shots will be shown and discussed.
{"title":"Design of a computer-based control system using labview for the nemesys electromagnetic launcher facility","authors":"B. Huhman, J. Neri","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4652529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4652529","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory has assembled a facility to develop and test materials for the study of barrel lifetime in electromagnetic launchers (EML) for surface-fire support and other missions1. The pulsed power system utilizes 12 500-kJ modules that can be individually triggered to shape the output current pulse2. Each bank module consists of four 130 kJ/can 11-kV capacitors from General Atomics Electronics Systems. The switching thyristors and crowbar diodes are from ABB. A series inductor of approximately 80 μH is used to limit the peak current to 100 kA, isolate modules from each other, and ensure the current is delivered to the test system. LabVIEW from National Instruments (NI) was selected as the control software for the EML system. All facility operations are handled through LabVIEW and controlled by a single operator. The software controls the safety systems; programs and monitors the three CCS High Voltage Power Supplies from General Atomics Electronic Systems; and triggers the capacitor banks. Projectile position status inside the barrel is also monitored in 25-ns steps using the PXI-7811R FPGA module. An overview of the EML facility with respect to control issues is presented. In addition to the software code, circuit diagrams of conditioning hardware will also be discussed. Results from test shots will be shown and discussed.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121339592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4652477
T. Kiyan, K. Tanaka, A. Uemura, M. Takade, B. C. Roy, T. Namihira, M. Sasaki, H. Akiyama, M. Goto, M. Hara
This paper reports the experimental results on the breakdown voltage and phenomena in carbon dioxide medium at 298, 304 and 373 K and within the pressure range of 0.1 to 12.0/20.0 MPa under the point-to-plane electrode using negative dc and pulsed discharge. From the experimental results of negative dc discharge, corona discharges with preceding as well as complete breakdown are observed more clearly in liquid and in supercritical phase than in gas phase of carbon dioxide. The calculated electric field intensity on the tip of point electrode at the corona onset voltage is about 450 MV/m; it suggests that corona is triggered by the field emission of electron. The breakdown mechanism of liquid phase can be classified into two categories in comparison with critical pressure of medium. On the other hand, in the experimental result of pulse electric discharge, the time delay of pulse forming and the relevance of the medium density were found.
{"title":"Pulsed and DC discharges in supercritical carbon dioxide","authors":"T. Kiyan, K. Tanaka, A. Uemura, M. Takade, B. C. Roy, T. Namihira, M. Sasaki, H. Akiyama, M. Goto, M. Hara","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4652477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4652477","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the experimental results on the breakdown voltage and phenomena in carbon dioxide medium at 298, 304 and 373 K and within the pressure range of 0.1 to 12.0/20.0 MPa under the point-to-plane electrode using negative dc and pulsed discharge. From the experimental results of negative dc discharge, corona discharges with preceding as well as complete breakdown are observed more clearly in liquid and in supercritical phase than in gas phase of carbon dioxide. The calculated electric field intensity on the tip of point electrode at the corona onset voltage is about 450 MV/m; it suggests that corona is triggered by the field emission of electron. The breakdown mechanism of liquid phase can be classified into two categories in comparison with critical pressure of medium. On the other hand, in the experimental result of pulse electric discharge, the time delay of pulse forming and the relevance of the medium density were found.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124147441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346119
S. Humphries, P. Ferguson
We describe the capabilities of an integrated software suite for the design of high-power klystrons. As an application example, the codes are applied to a 10 MW, 1.3 GHz hollow-beam klystron to meet the requirements of the International Linear Collider. The hollow-beam approach allows high beam current (140 A) in a compact package with moderate gun voltage (120 kV). The benchmark system has an interaction length of 0.92 m, 47 dB gain and 63% inherent efficiency (excluding contributions of a biased beam collector). We discuss a electron gun design to generate a narrow annular beam with relatively small axial energy spread.
{"title":"Hollow-Beam klystron design for the international linear collider","authors":"S. Humphries, P. Ferguson","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346119","url":null,"abstract":"We describe the capabilities of an integrated software suite for the design of high-power klystrons. As an application example, the codes are applied to a 10 MW, 1.3 GHz hollow-beam klystron to meet the requirements of the International Linear Collider. The hollow-beam approach allows high beam current (140 A) in a compact package with moderate gun voltage (120 kV). The benchmark system has an interaction length of 0.92 m, 47 dB gain and 63% inherent efficiency (excluding contributions of a biased beam collector). We discuss a electron gun design to generate a narrow annular beam with relatively small axial energy spread.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128480455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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