Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4652477
T. Kiyan, K. Tanaka, A. Uemura, M. Takade, B. C. Roy, T. Namihira, M. Sasaki, H. Akiyama, M. Goto, M. Hara
This paper reports the experimental results on the breakdown voltage and phenomena in carbon dioxide medium at 298, 304 and 373 K and within the pressure range of 0.1 to 12.0/20.0 MPa under the point-to-plane electrode using negative dc and pulsed discharge. From the experimental results of negative dc discharge, corona discharges with preceding as well as complete breakdown are observed more clearly in liquid and in supercritical phase than in gas phase of carbon dioxide. The calculated electric field intensity on the tip of point electrode at the corona onset voltage is about 450 MV/m; it suggests that corona is triggered by the field emission of electron. The breakdown mechanism of liquid phase can be classified into two categories in comparison with critical pressure of medium. On the other hand, in the experimental result of pulse electric discharge, the time delay of pulse forming and the relevance of the medium density were found.
{"title":"Pulsed and DC discharges in supercritical carbon dioxide","authors":"T. Kiyan, K. Tanaka, A. Uemura, M. Takade, B. C. Roy, T. Namihira, M. Sasaki, H. Akiyama, M. Goto, M. Hara","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4652477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4652477","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the experimental results on the breakdown voltage and phenomena in carbon dioxide medium at 298, 304 and 373 K and within the pressure range of 0.1 to 12.0/20.0 MPa under the point-to-plane electrode using negative dc and pulsed discharge. From the experimental results of negative dc discharge, corona discharges with preceding as well as complete breakdown are observed more clearly in liquid and in supercritical phase than in gas phase of carbon dioxide. The calculated electric field intensity on the tip of point electrode at the corona onset voltage is about 450 MV/m; it suggests that corona is triggered by the field emission of electron. The breakdown mechanism of liquid phase can be classified into two categories in comparison with critical pressure of medium. On the other hand, in the experimental result of pulse electric discharge, the time delay of pulse forming and the relevance of the medium density were found.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124147441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345679
T. Williams, S. Clough
Pulsed-power machines at AWE are routinely used for flash X-ray radiographic applications in the 1–10 MV range to drive high- and low-impedance electron-beam diodes. During the pulse-forming line (PFL) charging phase, certain diode types are sensitive to pre-pulse voltages as low as a few tens of kilovolts due to small anode-cathode gaps and geometries that enhance electric fields. This results in electron emission before the main pulse is applied which can alter the conditions within the anode cathode gap, preventing the diode from operating properly. It is therefore crucial to limit the pre-pulse appearing at the diode to below the emission level.
{"title":"Dual-waveform ringing gain analysis and its application to pre-pulse reduction on Blumlein-based X-ray machines","authors":"T. Williams, S. Clough","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345679","url":null,"abstract":"Pulsed-power machines at AWE are routinely used for flash X-ray radiographic applications in the 1–10 MV range to drive high- and low-impedance electron-beam diodes. During the pulse-forming line (PFL) charging phase, certain diode types are sensitive to pre-pulse voltages as low as a few tens of kilovolts due to small anode-cathode gaps and geometries that enhance electric fields. This results in electron emission before the main pulse is applied which can alter the conditions within the anode cathode gap, preventing the diode from operating properly. It is therefore crucial to limit the pre-pulse appearing at the diode to below the emission level.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124404227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346163
P. Arnold, S. Hulsey, G. Ullery, D. Petersen, D. Pendleton, C. Ollis, M. Newton, T. Harwell, D. Cordoza, L. Hadovski
The NIF Power Conditioning System provides the pulsed excitation required to drive flashlamps in the laser’s optical amplifiers. Modular in design, each of the 192 Main Energy Storage Modules (MESMs) storage up to 2.2 MJ of electrical energy in its capacitor bank before delivering the energy to 20 pairs of flashlamps in a 400 μs pulse (10% power points). The peak current of each MESM discharge is 0.5 MA. Production, installation, commissioning and operation of the NIF Power Conditioning continue to progress rapidly, with the goals of completing accelerated production in late 2007 and finishing commissioning by early 2008, all the while maintaining an aggressive operations schedule. To date, more than 80% of the required modules have been assembled, shipped and installed in the facility, representing more that 240 MJ of stored energy available for driving NIF flashlamps. The MESMs have displayed outstanding reliability during daily, multiple-shift operations.
{"title":"Status of the NIF power conditioning system","authors":"P. Arnold, S. Hulsey, G. Ullery, D. Petersen, D. Pendleton, C. Ollis, M. Newton, T. Harwell, D. Cordoza, L. Hadovski","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346163","url":null,"abstract":"The NIF Power Conditioning System provides the pulsed excitation required to drive flashlamps in the laser’s optical amplifiers. Modular in design, each of the 192 Main Energy Storage Modules (MESMs) storage up to 2.2 MJ of electrical energy in its capacitor bank before delivering the energy to 20 pairs of flashlamps in a 400 μs pulse (10% power points). The peak current of each MESM discharge is 0.5 MA. Production, installation, commissioning and operation of the NIF Power Conditioning continue to progress rapidly, with the goals of completing accelerated production in late 2007 and finishing commissioning by early 2008, all the while maintaining an aggressive operations schedule. To date, more than 80% of the required modules have been assembled, shipped and installed in the facility, representing more that 240 MJ of stored energy available for driving NIF flashlamps. The MESMs have displayed outstanding reliability during daily, multiple-shift operations.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128969364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346057
J. Zirnheld, S. Olabisi, B. Onyenucheya, E. Halstead, A. Halstead, H. Moore, H. Singh
The focus of this research is to study mechanisms that constitute ice fracturing via pulsed electric power. Ice serves as an especially attractive test medium due to its accessibility, it use as a model solid, and its applicability in real-world problems such as ice-breaking ships or the extraction of water from possible ice sheets on non-Earth environments. The experiments described herein utilize exploding wires and surrogate exploding wires in direct contact with conventional ice cubes in order to determine the influence of fusing wave-shape and method of contact on the fracturing of ice. The surrogate exploding wire used consist of a layer of polypropylene with ∼100 Å aluminum coating, and are referred to as metallized polypropylene film (MPPF). While the MPPF acts like a fuse just as a thin wire does, its properties can be manipulated to produce a controlled characteristic current wave shape for the desired application. This allows for the determination of what waveform profile, if any, results in the fracturing of ice. Then, the placement of the wire or MPPF with respect to the ice was varied to determine the best orientation to successfully fracture ice.
{"title":"Determination of fracturing mechanisms in ice using pulsed power","authors":"J. Zirnheld, S. Olabisi, B. Onyenucheya, E. Halstead, A. Halstead, H. Moore, H. Singh","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346057","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of this research is to study mechanisms that constitute ice fracturing via pulsed electric power. Ice serves as an especially attractive test medium due to its accessibility, it use as a model solid, and its applicability in real-world problems such as ice-breaking ships or the extraction of water from possible ice sheets on non-Earth environments. The experiments described herein utilize exploding wires and surrogate exploding wires in direct contact with conventional ice cubes in order to determine the influence of fusing wave-shape and method of contact on the fracturing of ice. The surrogate exploding wire used consist of a layer of polypropylene with ∼100 Å aluminum coating, and are referred to as metallized polypropylene film (MPPF). While the MPPF acts like a fuse just as a thin wire does, its properties can be manipulated to produce a controlled characteristic current wave shape for the desired application. This allows for the determination of what waveform profile, if any, results in the fracturing of ice. Then, the placement of the wire or MPPF with respect to the ice was varied to determine the best orientation to successfully fracture ice.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129172410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345779
C. Farnell, John D. Williams
A genetic algorithm was used to optimize ion thruster grid sets with regard to maximizing impulse per unit area, essentially equivalent to maximizing propellant throughput capability per unit area. The genetic algorithm presented herein made use of the ffx ion optics simulation code for grid lifetime predictions. Grid sets were optimized for several combinations of net accelerating voltage and current density, and grid feature recommendations are made concerning how future missions can be met.
{"title":"Genetic algorithm for ion thruster grid design","authors":"C. Farnell, John D. Williams","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345779","url":null,"abstract":"A genetic algorithm was used to optimize ion thruster grid sets with regard to maximizing impulse per unit area, essentially equivalent to maximizing propellant throughput capability per unit area. The genetic algorithm presented herein made use of the ffx ion optics simulation code for grid lifetime predictions. Grid sets were optimized for several combinations of net accelerating voltage and current density, and grid feature recommendations are made concerning how future missions can be met.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133685099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346094
D. Nelson, E. Ormond, S. Cordova, I. Molina, J. Smith, G. Corrow, M. Hansen, D. Henderson, C. Mitton
The Cygnus Dual Beam Radiographic Facility consists of two radiographic sources (Cygnus 1, Cygnus 2) each with a dose rating of 4 rads at 1 m, and a 1-mm diameter spot size. The electrical specifications are: 2.25 MV, 60 kA, 60 ns. This facility is located in an underground environment at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). These sources were developed as a primary diagnostic for subcritical tests, which are single-shot, high-value events. In such an application there is an emphasis on reliability and reproducibility. A robust, low-jitter trigger system is a key element for meeting these goals. The trigger system was developed with both commercial and project-specific equipment. In addition to the traditional functions of a trigger system there are novel features added to protect the investment of a high-value shot. Details of the trigger system, including elements designed specifically for a subcritical test application, will be presented. The individual electronic components have their nominal throughput, and when assembled have a system throughput with a measured range of jitter. The shot-to-shot jitter will be assessed both individually and in combination. Trigger reliability and reproducibility results will be presented for a substantial number of shots executed at the NTS.
Cygnus双光束放射设备由两个放射源(Cygnus 1, Cygnus 2)组成，每个放射源在1米处的剂量等级为4拉德，直径为1毫米。电气规格:2.25 MV, 60 kA, 60 ns。该设施位于内华达州试验场(NTS)的地下环境中。这些源是作为亚临界试验的主要诊断而开发的，亚临界试验是单次高值事件。在这样的应用程序中，强调可靠性和可重复性。一个健壮的、低抖动的触发系统是实现这些目标的关键因素。该触发系统是由商用和项目专用设备共同开发的。除了触发系统的传统功能外，还增加了新颖的功能，以保护高价值镜头的投资。将介绍触发系统的细节，包括专门为亚临界测试应用设计的元件。单个电子元件有其标称吞吐量，组装时具有测量抖动范围的系统吞吐量。镜头到镜头的抖动将被单独和组合评估。在NTS执行的大量射击中，将呈现触发器可靠性和再现性结果。
{"title":"Cygnus trigger system","authors":"D. Nelson, E. Ormond, S. Cordova, I. Molina, J. Smith, G. Corrow, M. Hansen, D. Henderson, C. Mitton","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346094","url":null,"abstract":"The Cygnus Dual Beam Radiographic Facility consists of two radiographic sources (Cygnus 1, Cygnus 2) each with a dose rating of 4 rads at 1 m, and a 1-mm diameter spot size. The electrical specifications are: 2.25 MV, 60 kA, 60 ns. This facility is located in an underground environment at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). These sources were developed as a primary diagnostic for subcritical tests, which are single-shot, high-value events. In such an application there is an emphasis on reliability and reproducibility. A robust, low-jitter trigger system is a key element for meeting these goals. The trigger system was developed with both commercial and project-specific equipment. In addition to the traditional functions of a trigger system there are novel features added to protect the investment of a high-value shot. Details of the trigger system, including elements designed specifically for a subcritical test application, will be presented. The individual electronic components have their nominal throughput, and when assembled have a system throughput with a measured range of jitter. The shot-to-shot jitter will be assessed both individually and in combination. Trigger reliability and reproducibility results will be presented for a substantial number of shots executed at the NTS.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133615144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345786
N. Seddon, C. Spikings, J. E. Dolan
This paper describes a novel pulse forming technique that has been developed to produce powerful RF signals in short duration pulses. The technique is based on modulation of a flat top ‘video’ pulse by a nonlinear dispersive transmission line (NLTL). Typical parameters for existing equipment are - centre frequency 1GHz, pulse length 30ns, peak power 20MW and pulse repetition rate 1kHz. The circuits are electronically tuneable by ±20% about the centre frequency and can be operated in phased arrays. This technology provides a route to produce very powerful microwave transmitters with high repetition rate, electronic tunability and electronic beam steering.
{"title":"RF pulse formation in nonlinear transmission lines","authors":"N. Seddon, C. Spikings, J. E. Dolan","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345786","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a novel pulse forming technique that has been developed to produce powerful RF signals in short duration pulses. The technique is based on modulation of a flat top ‘video’ pulse by a nonlinear dispersive transmission line (NLTL). Typical parameters for existing equipment are - centre frequency 1GHz, pulse length 30ns, peak power 20MW and pulse repetition rate 1kHz. The circuits are electronically tuneable by ±20% about the centre frequency and can be operated in phased arrays. This technology provides a route to produce very powerful microwave transmitters with high repetition rate, electronic tunability and electronic beam steering.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122216321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651963
A. Jones, A. Stevens, J. Threadgold
Used to conduct research into the intense flash x-ray source, the self-magnetic pinch diode[1], EROS [2] delivers approximately 100kA across a 4MV gap with a 150ns pulselength. Prior to reaching the load, this power flow enters a vacuum region where intense electric fields cause electron emission from many of the metal surfaces; these electrons are then subject to intense electromagnetic fields. Included are 2D particle in cell models of the electron power flow outside the diode and comparison with electrical diagnostics.
{"title":"Power flow in the vacuum section of the EROS accelerator","authors":"A. Jones, A. Stevens, J. Threadgold","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651963","url":null,"abstract":"Used to conduct research into the intense flash x-ray source, the self-magnetic pinch diode[1], EROS [2] delivers approximately 100kA across a 4MV gap with a 150ns pulselength. Prior to reaching the load, this power flow enters a vacuum region where intense electric fields cause electron emission from many of the metal surfaces; these electrons are then subject to intense electromagnetic fields. Included are 2D particle in cell models of the electron power flow outside the diode and comparison with electrical diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116615259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651989
L. Wang
After evaluating the engineering requirements, costs, and performance simulations of various Capacitive and Inductive Energy Storage Pulsed Power Systems concepts, we have settled on some concise design capable of generating peak current pulse of 200 KA, with 6.36 μs rise-time, and di/dt of 139 kA/μs for the Lightning Direct Strike Test Facility at White Sands Missile Range, NM. Unlike the recently refurbished Sandia Lightning Simulator which uses YAG laser induced spark-gap triggering, our design relies on high-power diodes as crowbar switch that automatically shunts the peak current pulse at the desired point in time, and for the desired decay through RL sub-circuitry. Also discussed herein are the various aspects of engineering, performance, and reliability of the diodes, the crucial switching components, and evaluation of the key parameters, such as dynamic resistance during forward recovery transient, and high di/dt impact on modulation conductivity, all of which will eventually be resolved using advanced diffusion physics simulations.
在评估了各种电容式和电感式储能脉冲功率系统概念的工程需求、成本和性能模拟后，我们确定了一些简洁的设计，能够产生峰值电流脉冲200 KA，上升时间6.36 μs, di/dt为139 KA /μs，用于白沙导弹靶场的闪电直接打击试验设施。与最近翻新的桑迪亚闪电模拟器不同，该模拟器使用YAG激光诱导火花隙触发，我们的设计依赖于高功率二极管作为撬杆开关，在所需的时间点自动分流峰值电流脉冲，并通过RL子电路实现所需的衰减。本文还讨论了二极管的工程、性能和可靠性的各个方面，关键的开关元件，以及关键参数的评估，例如正向恢复瞬态期间的动态电阻，以及高di/dt对调制电导率的影响，所有这些最终都将通过先进的扩散物理模拟来解决。
{"title":"A prototype design approach for Lightning Direct Strike Test Facility","authors":"L. Wang","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651989","url":null,"abstract":"After evaluating the engineering requirements, costs, and performance simulations of various Capacitive and Inductive Energy Storage Pulsed Power Systems concepts, we have settled on some concise design capable of generating peak current pulse of 200 KA, with 6.36 μs rise-time, and di/dt of 139 kA/μs for the Lightning Direct Strike Test Facility at White Sands Missile Range, NM. Unlike the recently refurbished Sandia Lightning Simulator which uses YAG laser induced spark-gap triggering, our design relies on high-power diodes as crowbar switch that automatically shunts the peak current pulse at the desired point in time, and for the desired decay through RL sub-circuitry. Also discussed herein are the various aspects of engineering, performance, and reliability of the diodes, the crucial switching components, and evaluation of the key parameters, such as dynamic resistance during forward recovery transient, and high di/dt impact on modulation conductivity, all of which will eventually be resolved using advanced diffusion physics simulations.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"845 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132782043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651823
D. Morgan, D. Macy, M. Madlener, J. Morgan
A new, fast, single-pulse diagnostic for determining phase transitions and measuring the bulk temperature of polycrystalline metal objects has been developed. The diagnostic consists of a 37-stage Marx bank with a cable-coupled X-ray diode that produces a 35-ns pulse of mostly 0.71-Å monochromatic X rays and a P-43 fluor coupled to a cooled, charge-coupled device camera by a coherent fiber-optic bundle for detection of scattered X rays. The X-ray beam is collimated to a 1° divergence in the scattering plane with the combination of a 1.5-mm tungsten pinhole and a 1.5-mm-diameter molybdenum anode. X rays are produced by a high-energy electron beam transiting inward from the cathode to the anode in a needle-and-washer configuration. The anode’s characteristic K-α X-ray emission lines are utilized for this diffraction system. The X-ray anode is heavily shielded in all directions other than the collimated beam. The X-ray diode has a sealed reentrant system, allowing X rays to be produced inside a vacuum containment vessel, close to the sample under study.
{"title":"Flash X-ray diffraction system for fast, single-pulse temperature and phase transition measurements","authors":"D. Morgan, D. Macy, M. Madlener, J. Morgan","doi":"10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651823","url":null,"abstract":"A new, fast, single-pulse diagnostic for determining phase transitions and measuring the bulk temperature of polycrystalline metal objects has been developed. The diagnostic consists of a 37-stage Marx bank with a cable-coupled X-ray diode that produces a 35-ns pulse of mostly 0.71-Å monochromatic X rays and a P-43 fluor coupled to a cooled, charge-coupled device camera by a coherent fiber-optic bundle for detection of scattered X rays. The X-ray beam is collimated to a 1° divergence in the scattering plane with the combination of a 1.5-mm tungsten pinhole and a 1.5-mm-diameter molybdenum anode. X rays are produced by a high-energy electron beam transiting inward from the cathode to the anode in a needle-and-washer configuration. The anode’s characteristic K-α X-ray emission lines are utilized for this diffraction system. The X-ray anode is heavily shielded in all directions other than the collimated beam. The X-ray diode has a sealed reentrant system, allowing X rays to be produced inside a vacuum containment vessel, close to the sample under study.","PeriodicalId":275106,"journal":{"name":"2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":"58 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124325227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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